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28-600: In June 1927, the electronics plant that became Oktava opened in Tula , producing radio components, and in four years grew from a local workshop into a large plant supplying microphones across the Soviet Union, attached to the Ministry of Postal Services. Around 1932, the plant focused on the production of acoustical-electrical transducers, microphones and loudspeakers, and their first prototype tuned radio frequency receiver

56-409: A "zero-defect" production system , and their TM-4 miniature telephone and ML-16 ribbon microphones received state quality marks. During this period Oktava was providing equipment for Kremlin meeting rooms and Ostankino Technical Center , the state's biggest TV studio. Oktava loudspeakers were installed in large arenas and squares around the country. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Oktava began producing

84-600: A brick citadel, or kremlin , was constructed in 1514–1521. It was a key fortress of the Great Abatis Belt and successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars in 1552. In 1607, Ivan Bolotnikov and his supporters seized the citadel and withstood a four-months siege by the Tsar 's army. In the 18th century, some parts of the kremlin walls were demolished. Despite its archaic appearance, the five-domed Assumption Cathedral in

112-535: A high share of the military-industrial complex and food manufacturing. A musical instrument, the Tula accordion , is named after the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian pryanik , cookies made with honey and spices (see Tula pryanik ). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of arms manufacturing, mainly by TT pistol , as well as samovar production:

140-661: A number of new model microphones. Many of these were recognised at the National Exhibition of Industrial Achievements, including the TG-12 headphones and MD-82 microphone (bronze medal, 1983), MCE-9 microphone (bronze medal, 1984), TDS-2 telephone (bronze medal, 1985), and MD-86 microphone (2nd Diploma, 1986). In the same period, they also began producing hearing aids, with the Electronica and Y-03 hearing aids going into production in 1993. Oktava started exporting during

168-482: A population of over 50,000 as of the 2021 Census . The figures are for the population within the limits of the city/town proper, not the urban area or metropolitan area . The list includes Sevastopol and settlements within the Republic of Crimea which are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and were not subject to the 2010 census. The city of Zelenograd (a part of the federal city of Moscow ) and

196-636: A workers' study circle . During World War II , the city was important in the production of armaments . Tula became the target of a German offensive to break Soviet resistance in the Moscow area between 24 October and 5 December 1941. According to Erik Durschmied in The Weather Factor: How Nature has Changed History , one German general reached the southwestern outskirts of Tula on 29–30 October 1941. The heavily fortified city held out, however, and Guderian 's Second Panzer Army

224-622: Is also located within the city, built in the mid-19th century and consecrated in 1860. Old Believers ' community services are performed in the church of St. John Chrysostom. The only Roman Catholic church in Tula is the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Since the 1990s, several Protestant denominations have grown, the largest of which is a Baptist church with a prayer house in Tula. Representatives of other Protestant churches in Tula are Seventh-day Adventists , Presbyterians (Church of

252-551: Is home to the Klokovo air base, Tula State University , the Tula Kremlin , Tula State Museum of Weapons, and Kazanskaya Embankment. Tula has a historical association with the samovar , a metal container used to heat and boil water; the city was a major center of Russian samovar production. Yasnaya Polyana , the former home of the writer Leo Tolstoy , is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of Tula. Additionally, Tula

280-643: Is known for its imprinted gingerbread ( pryanik ), which has been made in Tula since the 17th century. The name of the city is likely pre-Russian, probably of Baltic origin. Tula was first mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle (year 1146). In the Middle Ages , Tula was a minor fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan . As soon as it passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow ,

308-649: Is the largest city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast in Russia , located 193 kilometers (120 mi) south of Moscow . Tula is located in the northern Central Russian Upland on the banks of the Upa River , a tributary of the Oka . At the 2010 census , Tula had a population of 501,169, an increase from 481,216 in 2002, making it the 32nd-largest city in Russia by population. A primarily industrial city , Tula

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336-557: The 1938 Technology of Communication exhibition. In October 1941 the plant evacuated to Perm , but technicians and engineers were able to return early the following year to reconstruct the plant, which re-opened in May, producing mine-detectors, horn loudspeakers, and dynamic microphones. In 1943 the company developed a crystal loudspeaker and won first prize in a national competition. Another similar prize followed in 1945, and 169 staff members won medals in recognition of "excellent work". In 1946

364-805: The Holy Trinity, The Glorious Jesus the Lord, the Good News), Pentecostals (Tula Christian Center, Church of the New Testament) and other evangelical churches (Word of Life, the Vine Gypsy Church). The city also has a synagogue and the Jewish Community House. In Russian fist fighting , Tula was considered to have some of the most famous fighters. The city association football club, FC Arsenal Tula , played in

392-545: The Russian Premier League in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 seasons. Tula has a humid continental climate , featuring warm summers, and cold, but not particularly severe winters by Russian standards. Tula is twinned with: List of cities and towns in Russia by population This is a list of cities and towns in Russia and parts of the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine with

420-522: The Russian equivalent of "coals to Newcastle" is "You don't take a samovar to Tula". (The saying is falsely ascribed to the writer and playwright Anton Chekhov, whose made a satirical portrait of one of his characters saying "Taking your wife to Paris is the same as taking your own samovar to Tula".) The most popular tourist attraction in Tula Oblast is Yasnaya Polyana , the home and burial place of

448-536: The city houses their family vault. The first factory to produce samovars industrially was also established there in the course of the 18th century. After the Demidovs moved the center of their manufacture to the Urals , Tula continued as a center of heavy industry , particularly in the manufacture of matériel . In the 1890s, Ivan Savelyev, a medical orderly, became the founder of social democracy in Tula and set up

476-777: The city include Muslims , Jews , Hare Krishna , Buddhists and Taoists . All Orthodox organizations in Tula and the Tula Oblast are under the Diocese of Tula and Yefremov . The oldest churches in Tula include the Saints' Cathedral (built from 1776-1800), the Annunciation Church (1692), and the Assumption Cathedral of the Tula Kremlin (1762-1764). The Shcheglovsky Monastery of Holy Mother of God

504-402: The city. City transport is provided by trams , trolleybuses , buses , and marshrutkas . Tula trams, trolleybuses, and bus routes are operated by "Tulgorelectrotrans" (Tula city electrotransport company). The Russian Air Force base Klokovo is located nearby. Most of Tula's churches are Russian Orthodox churches . Next in number are Catholics and Protestants . Other religions present in

532-539: The kremlin was built as late as 1764. In 1712, Tula was visited by Peter the Great , who commissioned the Demidov blacksmiths to build the first armament factory in Russia. Several decades later, Tula was turned by the Demidovs into the greatest ironworking center of Eastern Europe. The oldest museum in the city, showcasing the history of weapons, was inaugurated by the Demidovs in 1724, and Nicholas-Zaretsky Church in

560-515: The mid-1990s after modernizing the factory, and their microphones were well received in the west for their reasonable quality and competitive price. Between 2009 and 2017 Oktava was integrated into the Ruselectronics -Group. Since 2017 Oktava is directly controlled by the governmental conglomerate Rostec , which makes 87% of their turnover in the military sector. Tula, Russia Tula ( Russian : Ту́ла , IPA: [ˈtulə] )

588-412: The municipal cities/towns of the federal city of St. Petersburg are also excluded, as they are not enumerated in the 2021 census as stand-alone localities. Note that the sixteen largest cities have a total population of 35,509,177, or roughly 24.1% of the country's total population. Cities in bold symbolize the capital city of its respective federal subject . Three capitals are too small to make

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616-597: The plant adopted the name Oktava (meaning "octave"), and in 1948 they began production of a 100-watt loudspeaker, the first batch of which were installed in Red Square , Moscow . In 1949 the plant began producing their carbon powder microphone and electromagnetic inset receiver, and also received their first export order, for the SDM microphone. 1951 saw the creation of a 25-watt radial moving-coil loudspeaker, for that year's Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow. From around 1954,

644-694: The plant began to modernise and focus exclusively on telephone and microphone production. In 1957, Oktava small telephones and moving coil radial loudspeakers were displayed in the Russian section at the 1958 exhibition in Brussels . In 1961 Oktava introduced the D2 miniature telephone and began supplying dynamic microphones to the Kremlin . The plant also commenced a second round of modernisation and began producing electro-acoustic measuring instruments to test microphones and telephones. From 1964 Oktava began implementing

672-412: The status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division, the territories of Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction and of Leninsky District are incorporated as Tula Urban Okrug . For more than four centuries Tula has been known as a center of crafts and metalworking. Tula is a developed industrial center. Importance in the industrial structure of Tula are metallurgy, machinery and metal with

700-528: The writer Leo Tolstoy . It is situated 14 kilometres ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) southwest of the city. It was here that Tolstoy wrote his celebrated novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina . The largest public park in Tula is the P. Belousov Central Park of Culture and Recreation . Tula is home to: Since 1867, there has been a railway connection between Tula and Moscow. Tula is a major railway junction with trains to Moscow, Oryol , Kursk and Kaluga . The Moscow to Simferopol M2 motorway runs past

728-599: Was a fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan . The city was seized by Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606 during the Time of Troubles and withstood a four-month siege by the Tsar's army. Historically, Tula has been a major centre for the manufacture of armaments . The Demidov family built the first armament factory in Russia in the city, in what would become the Tula Arms Plant , which still operates to this day. Tula

756-500: Was produced that year. In 1934 the plant designed and manufactured a 30-watt dynamic loudspeaker, and the first batch of 100 was installed in Moscow squares. A 10-watt horn loudspeaker followed the next year, which would remain in production until 1945. 1936 saw the release of a dynamic microphone and the T35 radio receiver. The T37 radio receiver, released two years later, won second prize at

784-496: Was stopped near Tula. The city secured the southern flank during the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive. Tula was awarded the title Hero City in 1976. It is home to the Klokovo air base and the Tula Arms Plant . Tula serves as the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with

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