Misplaced Pages

#265734

25-397: The okuri-inu closely follows people who are walking along mountain paths at nighttime. If by chance the person falls over they will be immediately eaten up, but if they pretend to be having a short rest they will not be attacked. It is important not to look too tired, though. These features are common to every region, but the dog's behaviour does sometimes vary – for instance in some places it

50-408: A sexual population is the area where interbreeding is possible between any opposite-sex pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. In humans , interbreeding is unrestricted by racial differences, as all humans belong to the same species of Homo sapiens. In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area can be estimated using

75-476: A few programs, most notably the Chinese government's one-child per family policy, have resorted to coercive measures. In the 1970s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights -based approach. Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in

100-648: A mountain path and gave birth there and then. Night fell, and many okuri-inu gathered around. Terrified, the woman said "If you're going to eat us then eat us!", but rather than attacking, they actually protected the mother and child from the wolves that lurked in the mountain. The husband was reunited with his wife and child, and fed the okuri-inu red rice, which is reserved for auspicious occasions. The book also says that in Koumi , yama-inu (see above) are classified either as okuri-inu or mukae-inu ( 迎え犬 ; literally, 'welcoming dog'), with okuri-inu being said to protect people like

125-503: A multitude), which itself is derived from the Latin word populus (a people). In sociology and population geography , population refers to a group of human beings with some predefined feature in common, such as location, race , ethnicity , nationality , or religion . In ecology , a population is a group of organisms of the same species which inhabit the same geographical area and are capable of interbreeding . The area of

150-482: A safe journey home, then offer the okuri-inu some kind of gift. After this, it will supposedly leave. Koyama Masao's Chiisagata-gun mindanshū ( 小県郡民譚集 ; literally, 'Collection of folk stories from Chiisagata District '), a book published in the early Shōwa period , contains accounts of okuri-inu. It describes a woman from Shioda (now Ueda ) who, leaving her husband at home, went to her parents' house to give birth to her child. On her way there, she went into labour on

175-497: Is a district located in Nagano Prefecture , Japan . As of February 1, 2006, the district has an estimated population of 12,039 with a density of 49.94 persons per km . The total area is now down to 241.04 km . The district consists of one town and one village: 36°18′50″N 138°04′58″E  /  36.313762°N 138.082867°E  / 36.313762; 138.082867 Population Population

200-487: Is actually the Japanese wolf, and that tales of strange goings on or protecting people are merely convenient interpretations of the Japanese wolf's nature and traits. The Japanese expression 'okuri-ōkami', which refers to people who gain a person's good will whilst harbouring bad intentions, or a man who follows a woman, originates from these legends. Chiisagata District Chiisagata ( 小県郡 , Chiisagata-gun )

225-609: Is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates. Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years. Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in

250-611: Is often referred to as the demographic transition . Human population planning is the practice of altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented with the goal of limiting the rate of population growth. In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation , and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction,

275-502: Is said that the okuri-inu will charge into you, and if you fall a pack of dogs will quickly appear and attack you. There are also regions that have stories about what happens once you safely make it to the end of the mountain path. For example, one tells that if you reach the end of the trail, saying something like 'goodbye' or 'thank you for escorting me' will cause the okuri-inu to stop following you. Another one claims that upon returning home you should first wash your feet, give thanks for

SECTION 10

#1732793484266

300-470: Is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the size of a resident population within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals , microorganisms , and plants , and has specific uses within such fields as ecology and genetics . The word population is derived from the Late Latin populatio (a people,

325-715: Is very likely that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century. Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before 2100. Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern Europe, the Baltics and in the former Commonwealth of Independent States. The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years has been marked by gradually declining birth rates. These followed an earlier sharp reduction in death rates. This transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

350-563: The Honchō shokkan ( 本朝食鑑 ; literally, 'A record of Japanese food'), if you beg for your life without fighting back, the okuri-ōkami will save you from harm from the beasts in the mountain. The Wakan Sansai Zue ' s entry on the wolf states that as the okuri-ōkami will jump many times over the heads of those travelling on mountain trails at night, it will not do any harm provided you are not afraid and do not resist. However, it will eat those who become scared and fall down. Also, they will flee at

375-478: The Lincoln index to calculate the total population of an area based on the number of individuals observed. In genetics, a population is often defined as a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. They can thus routinely exchange gametes in order to have usually fertile progeny, and such a breeding group is also known therefore as a gamodeme. This also implies that all members belong to

400-569: The 1960s, made by the Green Revolution . In 2017 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population would reach about 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. In the future, the world's population is expected to peak at some point, after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it

425-496: The United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after the world population reached 5 billion in 1987, and six years after the world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of countries such as Nigeria

450-480: The breaking up of a large sexual population (panmictic) into smaller overlapping sexual populations. This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: (1) the component gamodemes vary (through gamete sampling) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original (this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation ); and (2)

475-541: The case from Shioda, and mukae-inu attacking people. From the Kantō region to the Kinki region , along with Kōchi Prefecture , there are legends of okuri-ōkami ( 送り狼 ; literally, 'sending off wolf'). Like the okuri-inu, they are feared as a yōkai that stalk you on mountain roads and passes that are said to eat its victims when they fall over, but can actually protect people from danger if they are treated correctly. According to

500-463: The level of homozygosity rises in the entire collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). All homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the gamodemes collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some dispersion lines will be superior to

525-455: The okuri-itachi ( 送り鼬 ; literally, 'sending off weasel'), said to be a friend of the okuri-inu. Also a yōkai that follow travellers at night, if you throw a sandal at it, it will supposedly catch it and go away. Furthermore, it is said that the Japanese wolf had a trait of following humans in order to monitor them. Yōkai investigator Kenji Murakami, too, has hypothesised that the okuri-ōkami

SECTION 20

#1732793484266

550-418: The panmictic original, while some will be about the same, and some will be inferior. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations. In plant and animal breeding , procedures have been developed which deliberately utilize the effects of dispersion (such as line breeding, pure-line breeding, backcrossing). Dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance (ΔG=change in

575-771: The phenotypic mean), and is much more powerful than selection acting without attendant dispersion. This is so for both allogamous (random fertilization) and autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes. According to the UN, the world's population surpassed 8 billion on 15 November 2022, an increase of 1 billion since 12 March 2012. According to a separate estimate by the United Nations, Earth's population exceeded seven billion in October 2011. According to UNFPA , growth to such an extent offers unprecedented challenges and opportunities to all of humanity. According to papers published by

600-829: The same species. If the gamodeme is very large (theoretically, approaching infinity), and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, the gamodeme is said to be panmictic. Under this state, allele ( gamete ) frequencies can be converted to genotype ( zygote ) frequencies by expanding an appropriate quadratic equation , as shown by Sir Ronald Fisher in his establishment of quantitative genetics. This seldom occurs in nature: localization of gamete exchange – through dispersal limitations, preferential mating, cataclysm, or other cause – may lead to small actual gamodemes which exchange gametes reasonably uniformly within themselves but are virtually separated from their neighboring gamodemes. However, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbors. This may be viewed as

625-472: The smell of a burning fuse, so people travelling in the country should carry one at all times. As well as that, it says that doing something like speaking to the okuri-ōkami or casually smoking tobacco will cause it to escort you home without attacking you. Giving it its favourite food or a single sandal as thanks will then satisfy it and it will leave. In places like the Izu peninsula and Toda , there are tales of

#265734