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43-855: The name of the range originated in the Even language . The Okhandya Range rises in the southeastern area of the Chersky Range , to the north of the Upper Kolyma Highlands and east of the valley of the Byoryolyokh , the main tributary of the Ayan-Yuryakh . The Okhandya Range stretches in a roughly northwest–southeast direction for about 80 kilometers (50 mi) from the source of the Bolshoi Maldyak River near 1,844 metres (6,050 ft) high Mount Nenkat in

86-687: A copulative or copular verb . In English primary education grammar courses, a copula is often called a linking verb . In other languages, copulas show more resemblances to pronouns , as in Classical Chinese and Guarani , or may take the form of suffixes attached to a noun, as in Korean , Beja , and Inuit languages . Most languages have one main copula (in English, the verb "to be"), although some (like Spanish , Portuguese and Thai ) have more than one, while others have none . While

129-488: A nominative-accusative alignment with subject-object-verb word order . There exists an obligatory copula , but it can be omitted if a noun in the predicate is inflected for the third person. Nouns in Even are marked for 13 cases , including the nominative , accusative , dative , lative , two forms of the locative , prolative , three forms of the ablative , instrumental , and comitative . They are also inflected for

172-452: A subject complement , such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase was not being in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things. A copula is often a verb or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case. A verb that is a copula is sometimes called

215-422: A class or a subset relationship: She was a nurse. Cats are carnivorous mammals. Similarly they may express some property, relation or position, permanent or temporary: The trees are green. I am your boss. The hen is next to the cockerel. The children are confused. Some languages use different copulas, or different syntax, to denote a permanent, essential characteristic of something versus

258-552: A copula. Some co-occurrences are common. The English verb to be is also used as an auxiliary verb , especially for expressing passive voice (together with the past participle ) or expressing progressive aspect (together with the present participle ): The man was killed. (passive) It is raining. (progressive) Other languages' copulas have additional uses as auxiliaries. For example, French être can be used to express passive voice similarly to English be ; both French être and German sein are used to express

301-430: A human ' , (te) ember vagy ' you are a human ' , mi emberek vagyunk ' we are humans ' , (ti) emberek vagytok ' you (all) are humans ' . The copula also reappears for stating locations: az emberek a házban vannak ' the people are in the house ' , and for stating time: hat óra van ' it is six o'clock ' . However, the copula may be omitted in colloquial language: hat óra (van) ' it

344-429: A human ' ; Arabic: أنا إنسان , ʾana ʾinsān ' I (am a) human ' ; Hebrew: אני אדם , ʔani ʔadam ' I (am a) human ' ; Geʽez: አነ ብእሲ/ብእሲ አነ , ʔana bəʔəsi / bəʔəsi ʔana ' I (am a) man ' / ' (a) man I (am) ' ; Southern Quechua : payqa runam ' s/he (is) a human ' . The usage is known generically as the zero copula. In other tenses (sometimes in forms other than third person singular),

387-412: A non-copular use as an existential verb, meaning "to exist". This use is illustrated in the following sentences: I want only to be , and that is enough ; I think therefore I am ; To be or not to be , that is the question. In these cases, the verb itself expresses a predicate (that of existence ), rather than linking to a predicative expression as it does when used as a copula. In ontology it

430-585: A noun, but they may still behave otherwise like ordinary verbs: -u- in Inuit languages . In some other languages, like Beja and Ket , the copula takes the form of suffixes that attach to a noun but are distinct from the person agreement markers used on predicative verbs . This phenomenon is known as nonverbal person agreement (or nonverbal subject agreement ), and the relevant markers are always established as deriving from cliticized independent pronouns. In some languages, copula omission occurs within

473-485: A particular grammatical context. For example, speakers of Bengali , Russian , Indonesian , Turkish , Hungarian , Arabic , Hebrew , Geʽez and Quechuan languages consistently drop the copula in present tense: Bengali: আমি মানুষ , Aami manush, 'I (am a) human'; Russian: я человек , ya chelovek ' I (am a) human ' ; Indonesian: saya seorang manusia ' I (am) a human ' ; Turkish: o insan ' s/he (is a) human ' ; Hungarian: ő ember ' s/he (is)

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516-453: A temporary state. For examples, see the sections on the Romance languages , Slavic languages and Irish . In many languages the principal copula is a verb , like English (to) be , German sein , Mixtec kuu , Touareg emous , etc. It may inflect for grammatical categories like tense , aspect and mood , like other verbs in the language. Being a very commonly used verb, it

559-481: A unified theory of copular sentences, it has been proposed that the English there -sentences are subtypes of inverse copular constructions . Predicates formed using a copula may express identity: that the two noun phrases (subject and complement) have the same referent or express an identical concept: I want only to be myself. The Morning Star is the Evening Star. They may also express membership of

602-719: Is a Tungusic language spoken by the Evens in Siberia . It is spoken by widely scattered communities of reindeer herders from Kamchatka and the Sea of Okhotsk in the east to the Lena river in the west and from the Arctic coast in the north to the Aldan river in the south. Even is an endangered language with only some 5,700 speakers (Russian census, 2010). These speakers are specifically from

645-410: Is a human ' ; but: (paykuna) runakunam kanku ' (they) are human ' . In Māori , the zero copula can be used in predicative expressions and with continuous verbs (many of which take a copulative verb in many Indo-European languages) — He nui te whare , literally ' a big the house ' , ' the house (is) big ' ; I te tēpu te pukapuka , literally ' at (past locative particle)

688-482: Is also used by a variety of other English speakers. An example is the sentence "I saw twelve men, each a soldier." In Ancient Greek, when an adjective precedes a noun with an article, the copula is understood: ὁ οἴκος ἐστὶ μακρός , "the house is large", can be written μακρός ὁ οἴκος , "large the house (is)." In Quechua ( Southern Quechua used for the examples), zero copula is restricted to present tense in third person singular ( kan ): Payqa runam ' (s)he

731-559: Is big ' ; Ko te pukapuka kei te tēpu ' It is the book (that is) on the table ' ; Ko au kei te kai ' It is me eating ' . However, when expressing identity or class membership, ko must be used: Ko tēnei tāku pukapuka ' This is my book ' ; Ko Ōtautahi he tāone i Te Waipounamu ' Christchurch is a city in the South Island (of New Zealand) ' ; Ko koe tōku hoa ' You are my friend ' . When expressing identity, ko can be placed on either object in

774-479: Is likely that the copula has irregular inflected forms; in English, the verb be has a number of highly irregular ( suppletive ) forms and has more different inflected forms than any other English verb ( am , is , are , was , were , etc.; see English verbs for details). Other copulas show more resemblances to pronouns . That is the case for Classical Chinese and Guarani , for instance. In highly synthetic languages , copulas are often suffixes , attached to

817-399: Is often considered to be part of the predicate , the remainder being called a predicative expression . A simple clause containing a copula is illustrated below: The book is on the table. In that sentence, the noun phrase the book is the subject, the verb is serves as the copula, and the prepositional phrase on the table is the predicative expression. In some theories of grammar,

860-451: Is omitted when introducing oneself. Bora ben ' I am Bora ' is grammatically correct, but Bora ben im (same sentence with the copula) is not for an introduction (but is grammatically correct in other cases). Further restrictions may apply before omission is permitted. For example, in the Irish language , is , the present tense of the copula, may be omitted when the predicate

903-467: Is six o'clock ' . Hungarian uses copula lenni for expressing location: Itt van Róbert ' Bob is here ' , but it is omitted in the third person present tense for attribution or identity statements: Róbert öreg ' Bob is old ' ; ők éhesek ' they are hungry ' ; Kati nyelvtudós ' Cathy is a linguist ' (but Róbert öreg volt ' Bob was old ' , éhesek voltak ' they were hungry ' , Kati nyelvtudós volt ' Cathy

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946-582: Is sometimes suggested that the "is" of existence is reducible to the "is" of property attribution or class membership; to be, Aristotle held, is to be something . However, Abelard in his Dialectica made a reductio ad absurdum argument against the idea that the copula can express existence. Similar examples can be found in many other languages; for example, the French and Latin equivalents of I think therefore I am are Je pense, donc je suis and Cogito ergo sum , where suis and sum are

989-478: Is to denote an obligatory action or expected occurrence: "I am to serve you". "The manager is to resign". This can be put also into past tense: "We were to leave at 9". For forms like "if I was/were to come", see English conditional sentences . (By certain criteria, the English copula be may always be considered an auxiliary verb; see Diagnostics for identifying auxiliary verbs in English .) The English to be and its equivalents in certain other languages also have

1032-829: The Magadan region, the Chukot region and the Koryak region. The dialects are Arman (transitional between Even and Evenki ), Indigirka, Kamchatka, Kolyma-Omolon, Okhotsk, Ola, Tompon, Upper Kolyma, Sakkyryr and Lamunkhin. In the regions where the Evens primarily reside, the Even language is generally taught in pre-school and elementary school alongside the national language, Russian . Where Even functioned primarily as an oral language for communication between reindeer herding brigades, textbooks began circulating throughout these educational institutions from around 1925 to 1995. The syntax of

1075-410: The perfect forms of certain verbs (formerly English be was also): Je suis arrivé(e) French for ' I have arrived ' , literally ' I am arrived ' . The auxiliary functions of these verbs derived from their copular function, and could be interpreted as special cases of the copular function (with the verbal forms it precedes being considered adjectival). Another auxiliary usage in English

1118-661: The Chersky Mountains, stretches southeastwards in the same direction. Rivers Omulyovka , Byoryolyokh and Okhandya have their sources in the range. Lake Momontai (Озеро Момонтай) is located to the east of the eastern slopes of the Okhandya Range. Even language The Even language / ə ˈ v ɛ n / ə- VEN , also known as Lamut , Ewen , Eben , Orich , Ilqan ( Russian : Эве́нский язы́к , romanized :  Evénsky yazýk , historically also Ламутский язы́к , Lamutsky yazýk ),

1161-615: The Even language follows the nominative case and subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, with the attribute preceding the dependent member. In some remote Arctic villages, such as Russkoye Ustye , whose population descended from Russian-Even intermarriage, the language spoken into the 20th century was a dialect of Russian with a strong Even influence. [q] , and [ɣ] are allophones of /k/ and /g/ , respectively. Even parts of speech include postpositions , conjunction , particles , and adverbs , as well as nouns and verbs; nouns in Even can function as adjectives and adverbs. Even features

1204-411: The cause of the riot is (not are ) these pictures of the wall . Compare Italian la causa della rivolta sono queste foto del muro ; notice the use of the plural sono to agree with plural queste foto ' these photos ' rather than with singular la causa ' the cause ' . In instances where an English syntactical subject comprises a prepositional object that is pluralized, however,

1247-506: The clause without changing the meaning ( ko tēnei tāku pukapuka is the same as ko tāku pukapuka tēnei ) but not on both ( ko tēnei ko tāku pukapuka would be equivalent to saying "it is this, it is my book" in English). In Hungarian, zero copula is restricted to present tense in third person singular and plural: Ő ember / Ők emberek  — ' s/he is a human ' / ' they are humans ' ; but: (én) ember vagyok ' I am

1290-437: The copula in bold and the predicative expression in italics: Mary and John are my friends . The sky was blue . I am taller than most people . The birds and the beasts were there . The three components (subject, copula and predicative expression) do not necessarily appear in that order: their positioning depends on the rules for word order applicable to the language in question. In English (an SVO language),

1333-412: The copula usually reappears. Some languages drop the copula in poetic or aphoristic contexts. Examples in English include Such poetic copula dropping is more pronounced in some languages other than English, like the Romance languages . In informal speech of English, the copula may also be dropped in general sentences, as in "She a nurse." It is a feature of African-American Vernacular English , but

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1376-410: The difficulty of maintaining, in the case of such sentences, the usual division into a subject noun phrase and a predicate verb phrase . Another issue is verb agreement when both subject and predicative expression are noun phrases (and differ in number or person): in English, the copula typically agrees with the syntactical subject even if it is not logically (i.e. semantically ) the subject, as in

1419-470: The equivalents of English "am", normally used as copulas. However, other languages prefer a different verb for existential use, as in the Spanish version Pienso, luego existo (where the verb existir ' to exist ' is used rather than the copula ser or estar ' to be ' ). Another type of existential usage is in clauses of the there is ... or there are... type. Languages differ in

1462-412: The history of Even writing: Modern Even alphabet Long vowels are indicated by a macron above the corresponding letter. This language-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Copula (linguistics) In linguistics , a copula /‘kɒpjələ/ ( pl. : copulas or copulae ; abbreviated cop ) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to

1505-594: The north, to the mouth of the Okhandya River in Lake Malyk at the southern limit. The highest peak is a 2,337 metres (7,667 ft) high unnamed peak, the highest point of Magadan Oblast. The range has also two other high peaks reaching 2,253 metres (7,392 ft) and 2,243 metres (7,359 ft) that are also unnamed. At the southeastern end of the Okhandya Range the Cherge Range , another subrange of

1548-421: The ordering given above is the normal one, but certain variation is possible: It is also possible, in certain circumstances, for one (or even two) of the three components to be absent: Inverse copular constructions , in which the positions of the predicative expression and the subject are reversed, are found in various languages. They have been the subject of much theoretical analysis, particularly in regard to

1591-497: The prepositional object agrees with the predicative expression, e.g. "What kind of birds are those?" The definition and scope of the concept of a copula is not necessarily precise in any language. As noted above, though the concept of the copula in English is most strongly associated with the verb to be , there are many other verbs that can be used in a copular sense as well. And more tenuously A copular verb may also have other uses supplementary to or distinct from its uses as

1634-662: The singular or plural number and for possession, as well as for the subjective, which indicates that the subject noun has no object. Noun inflection is exclusively suffixing. Its pronouns are distinguished between personal, reflexive , and possessive forms, with a distinction between alienable and inalienable forms . Verbs can be conjugated with prefixes for 15 aspects and feature 6 distinctions in voice , with specific negative and interrogative forms. There are 14 ways to form participles , 8 being transgressives . At present, Even writing functions in Cyrillic. There are 3 stages in

1677-477: The table the book ' , ' the book (was) on the table ' ; Nō Ingarangi ia , literally ' from England (s)he ' , ' (s)he (is) from England ' , Kei te kai au , literally ' at the (act of) eating I ' , ' I (am) eating ' . Alternatively, in many cases, the particle ko can be used as a copulative (though not all instances of ko are used as thus, like all other Māori particles, ko has multiple purposes): Ko nui te whare ' The house

1720-399: The term copula is generally used to refer to such principal verbs, it may also be used for a wider group of verbs with similar potential functions (like become , get , feel and seem in English); alternatively, these might be distinguished as "semi-copulas" or "pseudo-copulas". The principal use of a copula is to link the subject of a clause to a subject complement . A copular verb

1763-476: The way they express such meanings; some of them use the copular verb, possibly with an expletive pronoun like the English there , while other languages use different verbs and constructions, like the French il y a (which uses parts of the verb avoir ' to have ' , not the copula) or the Swedish finns (the passive voice of the verb for "to find"). For details, see existential clause . Relying on

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1806-429: The whole expression is on the table may be called a predicate or a verb phrase . The predicative expression accompanying the copula, also known as the complement of the copula, may take any of several possible forms: it may be a noun or noun phrase, an adjective or adjective phrase, a prepositional phrase (as above), or an adverb or another adverbial phrase expressing time or location. Examples are given below, with

1849-425: Was a linguist ' ). In Turkish, both the third person singular and the third person plural copulas are omittable. Ali burada and Ali burada dır both mean ' Ali is here ' , and Onlar aç and Onlar aç lar both mean ' They are hungry ' . Both of the sentences are acceptable and grammatically correct, but sentences with the copula are more formal. The Turkish first person singular copula suffix

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