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30-502: The Ol Chiki ( ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ) script, also known as Ol Chemetʼ ( ᱚᱞ ᱪᱮᱢᱮᱫ ; ol 'writing', chemetʼ 'learning'), Ol Ciki , Ol , and sometimes as the Santali alphabet is the official writing system for Santali , an Austroasiatic language recognized as an official regional language in India . It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925. It has 30 letters, the design of which

60-558: A Norwegian, studied the Santali language and needed to decide how to transcribe it (in producing his widely followed and widely respected reference books such as A Santal Dictionary ), he decided to transcribe Santhali in the Roman alphabet: despite his observation that Roman script lacks many of the advantages of the Indic scripts, he concluded that the Indic scripts could not adequately serve

90-462: A bicameral stage over time). As the development of a lowercase form is contributed to developing a standardized cursive form (in those writing systems which use one), the evolution of lowercase is likely to allow standardizing cursive to the point of making it type able alongside more rigid "block" printed letterforms forms So far, only Ol Chiki (Chapa) letters are used in keyboarding, typesetting, and publishing (in effect, producing capitals-only text for

120-544: A double daṇḍa is used to delimit verses, and a single daṇḍa to delimit a pada , line, or semi-verse. In prose, the double daṇḍa is used to mark the end of a paragraph, a story, or section. The Devanagari character can be found at code point U+0964 ( । ) in Unicode . The "double daṇḍa" is at U+0965 ( ॥ ). The Unicode standard recommends using this character also in other Indic scripts , like Bengali, Telugu, Oriya, and others. Encoding it separately for every Indic script

150-469: A series of lowercase letters, which he has integrated with the already existing font of Ol Chiki. According to him, providing lowercase letters increases the efficiency of keyboarding, both for Ol Chiki (Chapa) and for Ol Chiki (Usara), and allows keyboarding to reach the same speed that can be obtained when typing Santali in Roman-alphabet letters, which are likewise case-sensitive. However, his work

180-624: Is a recognised regional language of India as per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It is spoken by around 7.6 million people in India , Bangladesh , Bhutan and Nepal , making it the third most-spoken Austroasiatic language after Vietnamese and Khmer . Santali was a mainly oral language until developments were made by European missionaries to write it in Bengali , Odia and Roman scripts. Eventually,

210-570: Is a true alphabet: giving the vowels equal representation with the consonants . Before the invention of Ol Chiki script, Santali was written in Bangla, Devanagari, Kalinga and Latin script. However, Santali is not an Indo-Aryan language and Indic scripts did not have letters for all of Santal's phonemes , especially its stop consonants and vowels , which make it difficult to write the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script. For example, when missionary and linguist Paul Olaf Bodding ,

240-518: Is derive from a simple drawing of the meaning of that word or other element. For example, the Santali letter “ol” (representing the sound /l/) is written with a shape originally derived from a simplified outline drawing of a hand holding a pen, because the name of this letter is also the Santali word for “writing.” The existence of these two styles of Ol Chiki was mentioned by the script’s creator: Guru Gonke Pandit Raghunath Murmu (also known as Pandit Murmu) in his book Ol Chemed which explains and teaches

270-404: Is intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right, and has two styles (the print Chapa style and cursive Usara style). Unicode does not maintain a distinction between these two, as is typical for print and cursive variants of a script. In both styles, the script is unicameral (that is, it does not have separate sets of uppercase and lowercase letters). The shapes of

300-706: Is not used, because it is visually confusible with the găhlă ṭuḍăg mark (ᱹ).; therefore, instead of periods, the script uses single or two Ol Chiki short dandas : Ol Chiki script was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. The Unicode block for Ol Chiki is U+1C50–U+1C7F: Although Ol Chiki (Chapa) and Ol Chiki (Usara) are normally never mixed, and the original inventor never mentioned mixing these letter styles, there have been some works that mix both forms, using them like English capital and small letters. However, this innovation

330-671: Is yet to be accepted officially. Santali language Santali ( Pronounced: [santaɽi] , Ol Chiki : ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ , Bengali : সাঁওতালী , Odia : ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ , Devanagari : संताली ), also known as Santal or Santhali , is the most widely-spoken language of the Munda subfamily of the Austroasiatic languages , related to Ho and Mundari , spoken mainly in the Indian states of Assam , Bihar , Jharkhand , Mizoram , Odisha , Tripura and West Bengal by Santals . It

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360-504: Is yet to be accepted officially. Since 2017, Santali graphic designer, typographer, and film producer Sudip Iglesias Murmu has been working on design principles to provide a lowercase alphabet form for Ol Chiki, which would permit Ol Chiki writing and keyboarding to use a two-case, or bicameral, format (Using both uppercase and lowercase), as is done in many other written languages, including the Roman-alphabet languages such as English (all of which were once unicameral scripts, but evolved into

390-582: The Ol Chiki script was developed by Raghunath Murmu in 1925. Ol Chiki is alphabetic, sharing none of the syllabic properties of the other Indic scripts, and is now widely used to write Santali in India. According to linguist Paul Sidwell , Munda languages probably arrived on the coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago, and spread after the Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha . Until

420-902: The Jangalmahals region of West Bengal ( Jhargram , Bankura and Purulia districts) and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha . Smaller pockets of Santali language speakers are found in the northern Chota Nagpur plateau ( Hazaribagh , Giridih , Ramgarh , Bokaro and Dhanbad districts), Balesore and Kendujhar districts of Odisha, and throughout western and northern West Bengal ( Birbhum , Paschim Medinipur , Hooghly , Paschim Bardhaman , Purba Bardhaman , Malda , Dakshin Dinajpur , Uttar Dinajpur , Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling districts), Banka district and Purnia division of Bihar ( Araria , Katihar , Purnia and Kishanganj districts), and tea-garden regions of Assam ( Kokrajhar , Sonitpur , Chirang and Udalguri districts). Outside India,

450-410: The 10 aspirated stops which occur primarily, but not exclusively, in Indo-Aryan loanwords and are given in parentheses in the table below. In native words, the opposition between voiceless and voiced stops is neutralised in word-final position. A typical Munda feature is that word-final stops are "checked", i. e. glottalised and unreleased. Santali has eight oral and six nasal vowel phonemes. With

480-494: The Ol Chiki alphabet is considered (by many Santali) to be even more appropriate for the language, because its letter-shapes are derived from the sounds of common Santali words and other frequent Santali morphemes: nouns, demonstratives, adjectives, and verb roots in the Santali language. In other words, each Santali letter’s name is, or is derived from, a common word or other element of the Santali language, and each letter’s shape

510-426: The Ol Chiki script. Chhapa (Santali for 'print') is used for publication, while usaraà (Santali for 'quick') is used for handwriting. Ol Chiki chhapa , or print style, is the more common style for digital fonts, and is used in the printing of books and newspapers. Usaraà or usaraà ol is the cursive style, and is largely limited to pen and paper, though there are digital usaraà typefaces. Differences include

540-602: The Santali language because the Indic scripts lack a way to indicate important features of Santali pronunciation (such as glottalization, combined glottalization and nasalization, and check stops) which can be more easily represented in the Roman alphabet through the use of diacritics. The phonology of the Santali language had also been similarly analyzed by various other authors, including Byomkes Chakrabarti in Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali and Baghrai Charan Hembram in A Glimpse of Santali Grammar . However,

570-476: The diacritic ahad , which in print style is used with ᱜ , ᱡ , ᱦ , ᱫ , and ᱵ , all of which can form ligatures with ᱽ in cursive. Further, cursive usaraà seldom uses several letter-shapes which are formed by combining the letter ᱦ and the four semi-consonants ᱜ , ᱡ , ᱫ , and ᱵ with ahad ; instead, these are generally written in a shorter form, as ᱷ . The values of the Ol Chiki letters are as follows: Aspirated consonants are written as digraphs with

600-563: The end of a sentence or line, comparable to a full stop (period) as commonly used in the Latin alphabet , and is used together with Western punctuation in Hindi and Nepali. The daṇḍa and double daṇḍa are the only punctuation used in Sanskrit texts. No distinct punctuation is used to mark questions or exclamations, which must be inferred from other aspects of the sentence. In metrical texts,

630-425: The entirety of all printed or keyboarded documents). In writing quickly by hand, Ol Chiki (Usara) is used: but, despite Ol Usara’s potential for reaching high speed, the circulation of Ol Usara documents is negligible, and Ol Usara is yet to receive Unicode standardization, thus leaving it still neglected. In hopes to remedy this situation and to harmonize the two scripts, Sudip Iglesias Murmu has innovated by creating

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660-1222: The exception of /e o/, all oral vowels have a nasalized counterpart. There are numerous diphthongs. Santali, like all Munda languages, is a suffixing agglutinating language . Nouns are inflected for number and case. Three numbers are distinguished: singular, dual and plural. The case suffix follows the number suffix. The following cases are distinguished: Transcript version: Santali has possessive suffixes which are only used with kinship terms: 1st person -ɲ , 2nd person -m , 3rd person -t . The suffixes do not distinguish possessor number. The personal pronouns in Santali distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person. The interrogative pronouns have different forms for animate ('who?') and inanimate ('what?'), and referential ('which?') vs. non-referential. The indefinite pronouns are: The demonstratives distinguish three degrees of deixis (proximate, distal, remote) and simple ('this', 'that', etc.) and particular ('just this', 'just that') forms. The basic cardinal numbers (transcribed into Latin script IPA) are: The numerals are used with numeral classifiers . Distributive numerals are formed by reduplicating

690-671: The first consonant and vowel, e.g. babar 'two each'. Numbers basically follow a base-10 pattern. Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed by addition, "gel" ('10') followed by the single-digit number (1 through 9). Multiples of ten are formed by multiplication: the single-digit number (2 through 9) is followed by "gel" ('10'). Some numbers are part of a base-20 number system. 20 can be "bar gel" or "isi". ᱯᱮ pe (3‍     × ᱜᱮᱞ gel 10‍)                or or or                (ᱢᱤᱫ) Danda The daṇḍa marks

720-641: The language is spoken in pockets of Rangpur and Rajshahi divisions of northern Bangladesh as well as the Morang and Jhapa districts in the Terai of Koshi Province in Nepal . Santali is one of India's 22 scheduled languages . It is also recognised as the additional official language of the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Dialects of Santali include Kamari-Santali, Khole, Lohari-Santali, Mahali, Manjhi, Paharia. Santali has 21 consonants, not counting

750-671: The largest number of speakers. According to 2011 census , India has a total of 7,368,192 Santali speakers (including 358,579 Karmali , 26,399 Mahli ). State wise distribution is Jharkhand (2.75 million), West Bengal (2.43 million), Odisha (0.86 million), Bihar (0.46 million), Assam (0.21 million) and a few thousand in each of Chhattisgarh , and in north-eastern states Tripura , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram . The highest concentrations of Santali language speakers are in Santhal Pargana division , as well as East Singhbhum and Seraikela Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand ,

780-465: The letter ᱷ : ᱛᱷ /tʰ/, ᱜᱷ /gʱ/, ᱠᱷ /kʰ/, ᱡᱷ /jʱ/, ᱪᱷ /cʰ/, ᱫᱷ /dʱ/, ᱯᱷ /pʰ/, ᱰᱷ /ɖʱ/, ᱲᱷ /ɽʱ/, ᱴᱷ /ʈʰ/, and ᱵᱷ /bʱ/. Ol Chiki employs several marks which are placed after the letter they modify (there are no combining characters): Ol Chiki has its own numerals: Some Western-style punctuation marks are used with Ol Chiki: the comma (,), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and quotation marks (“ and ”). The period/fullstop (.)

810-419: The letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters. The Ol Chiki script was created in 1925 by Raghunath Murmu for the Santali language , and publicized first in 1939 at a Mayurbhanj State exhibition. Unlike most Indic scripts, Ol Chiki is not an abugida , but

840-550: The nineteenth century, Santali had no written language and all shared knowledge was transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation. European interest in the study of the languages of India led to the first efforts at documenting the Santali language. Bengali , Odia and Roman scripts were first used to write Santali before the 1860s by European anthropologists, folklorists and missionaries including A. R. Campbell, Lars Skrefsrud and Paul Bodding . Their efforts resulted in Santali dictionaries, versions of folk tales, and

870-534: The study of the morphology, syntax and phonetic structure of the language. The Ol Chiki script was created for Santali by Mayurbhanj poet Raghunath Murmu in 1925 and first publicised in 1939. Ol Chiki as a Santali script is widely accepted among Santal communities. Presently in West Bengal , Odisha , and Jharkhand , Ol Chiki is the official script for Santali literature & language. However, users from Bangladesh use Bengali script instead. Santali

900-641: Was honoured in December 2013 when the University Grants Commission of India decided to introduce the language in the National Eligibility Test to allow lecturers to use the language in colleges and universities. Distribution of Santali language in the states of India Santali is spoken by over seven million people across India , Bangladesh , Bhutan , and Nepal , with India being its native country and having

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