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96-679: The fortress was founded by Erik Axelsson Tott in 1475 under the name Sankt Olofsborg in an effort to profit from the political turmoil following Ivan III 's conquest of the Novgorod Republic . It was sited in Savonia so as to lay claim to the Russian side of the border established by the Treaty of Nöteborg . One of Tott's letters from 1477 includes a passing mention of foreign builders invited to Olofsborg, probably from Reval , where

192-601: A Marollien accent from his maternal grandmother. A younger brother, Paul, was born five years after Georges. Like most Belgians, his family belonged to the Roman Catholic Church , though they were not particularly devout. He later characterised his life in Etterbeek as dominated by a monochrome grey, considering it extremely boring. Biographer Benoît Peeters suggested that this childhood melancholy might have been exacerbated through being sexually abused by

288-478: A collaborator and traitor by many; La Soir and La Cité publicly criticised the decision without referring to him by name while Le Quotidien and Le Drapeau Rouge specifically singled him out for denunciation. Hergé believed that the children's author Jeanne Cappe was behind many of these accusations, and threatened her with a lawsuit. Unhappy with life in Belgium, Hergé made plans to emigrate to Argentina,

384-642: A collaborator by a newspaper closely associated with the Belgian Resistance, La Patrie , which issued a satirical strip titled The Adventures of Tintin in the Land of the Nazis . The period witnessed widespread recriminations against accused collaborators, with military courts condemning 30,000 on minor charges and 25,000 on more serious charges; of those, 5,500 were sentenced to life imprisonment or capital punishment . A judiciary inquiry into Hergé's case

480-547: A comic strip authored by one of the paper's sport columnists, which told the story of two boys, one of their little sisters, and her inflatable rubber pig. Hergé was unsatisfied, and eager to write and draw a comic strip of his own. He was fascinated by new techniques in the medium – such as the systematic use of speech bubbles – found in such US comics as George McManus ' Bringing Up Father , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat and Rudolph Dirks 's The Katzenjammer Kids , copies of which had been sent to him from Mexico by

576-539: A comic strip for Le Boy-Scout Belge , Les Aventures de Totor ( The Adventures of Totor ), which continued intermittent publication until 1929. Revolving around the adventures of a Boy Scout patrol leader, the comic initially featured written captions underneath the scenes, but Hergé began to experiment with other forms of conveying information, including speech balloons . Illustrations were also published in Le Blé qui lève ( The Wheat That Grows ) and other publications of

672-399: A confectionery factory, whilst his Flemish mother, Elisabeth Dufour, was a housewife. Married on 18 January 1905, they moved into a house at 25 rue Cranz (now 33 rue Philippe Baucq), where Georges was born, although a year later they moved to a house at 34 rue de Theux. His primary language was his father's French , but growing up in the bilingual Brussels, he also learned Dutch, developing

768-624: A friend whom he had met through Van Melkebeke, Edgar P. Jacobs , to aid him as a cartoonist and colourist. Jacobs could only work on the project part-time, and so in March 1942, Hergé also employed a woman named Alice Devos to aid him. In July 1942, Hergé then procured an agent, Bernard Thièry, who took 40% of his commissions; their working relationship would be strained. With their assistance, from 1942 to 1947, Hergé adapted most of his previous Adventures of Tintin into 62-page colour versions. Hergé's next Adventure of Tintin would be The Secret of

864-400: A group of associates to aid him, including Van Melkebeke, Jacobs, Paul Cuvelier, and Jacques Laudy. Van Melkebeke was initially appointed editor-in-chief, although he was arrested for having worked for the collaborationist Le Nouveau journal shortly after, with his involvement in the project thus being kept secret so as to avoid further controversy. Van Melkebeke continued to provide work for

960-536: A lengthy search, Leblanc had found a publisher willing to produce an edition of Tintin magazine in France: Georges Dargaud's Le Lombard , which began production of a French edition in October 1948. However, Hergé was unhappy that Leblanc had appointed André Frenez as Van Melkebeke's replacement as editor-in-chief, describing Frenez as "a cold functionary". Hergé was stubborn and uncompromising as

1056-469: A lower-middle-class family in Etterbeek , Brussels , Hergé began his career by contributing illustrations to Scouting magazines, developing his first comic series, The Adventures of Totor , for Le Boy-Scout Belge in 1926. Working for the conservative Catholic newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle , he created The Adventures of Tintin in 1929 on the advice of its editor Norbert Wallez . Revolving around

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1152-694: A married woman, although again informed Germaine before setting off to spend time in the Ardennes . In August, the couple sought to reunite by holidaying together in Brittany , but there they broke up again and Hergé returned to his lover in Switzerland. In September he finally returned to Brussels, but he then spent time with his close friend Marcel Dehaye in a retreat at the Abbey of Notre-Dame-de-Scourmont . That month, he revived Land of Black Gold  –

1248-578: A massive boost to Hergé's book sales too. In 1947 a Belgian film adaptation of The Crab with the Golden Claws was produced, and believing that cinematic adaptations were a good way to proceed, Hergé contacted Disney Studios in the United States; they declined his offer to adapt The Adventures of Tintin for the silver screen. In May 1947 the artistic collaboration between Hergé and Jacobs ended after an argument. Hergé had been jealous of

1344-549: A maternal uncle, Charles Arthur Dufour. Remi developed a love of cinema, favouring Winsor McCay 's Gertie the Dinosaur and the films of Charlie Chaplin , Harry Langdon and Buster Keaton ; his later work in the comic strip medium displayed an obvious influence from them in style and content. Although not a keen reader, he enjoyed the novels of British and US authors, such as Huckleberry Finn , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe and The Pickwick Papers , as well as

1440-513: A more child-appropriate story for them. The result was The Adventures of Jo, Zette, and Jocko , a series about a young brother and sister, plus their pet monkey and the parents. The series began with The Secret Ray , which was serialised in Cœurs Vaillants and then Le Petit Vingtième , and continued with The Stratoship H-22 and finally The Valley of the Cobras . Hergé nevertheless disliked

1536-468: A nation that was welcoming many Europeans who had supported the defeated Axis powers and which had a thriving comic book scene. Ultimately, he changed his mind, for reasons that have remained unknown; it is possible that he was unable to secure any promise of work in the South American country. I've just discovered ... that Tintin is no longer me, and that though he continued to live it is through

1632-762: A number of texts for "The Children's Corner" and the literary pages; the illustrations of this period show his interest in woodcuts and the early prototype of his ligne claire style. Beginning a series of newspaper supplements in late 1928, Wallez founded a supplement for children, Le Petit Vingtième ( The Little Twentieth ), which subsequently appeared in Le Vingtième Siècle every Thursday. Carrying strong Catholic and fascist messages, many of its passages were explicitly anti-semitic . For this new venture, Hergé illustrated L'Extraordinaire Aventure de Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet ( The Extraordinary Adventure of Flup, Nénesse, Poussette and Cochonnet ),

1728-744: A scenario of his own choice, although he used the work to push an anti-capitalist, anti-consumerist agenda in keeping with the paper's ultra-conservative ideology. Although the Adventures of Tintin had been serialised in the French Catholic Cœurs Vaillants ("Brave Hearts") since 1930, he was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers too. Though wealthier than most Belgians at his age, and despite increasing success, he remained an unfazed "conservative young man" dedicated to his work. Hergé sought work elsewhere too, creating The Lovable Mr. Mops cartoon for

1824-514: A sort of artificial respiration that I must keep up constantly, and that is exhausting me more and more. Hergé, in a letter to his wife, 1947 In May, Hergé and Germaine holidayed near to Gland on Lake Geneva , Switzerland, where they were accompanied by a friend of theirs, a young woman named Rosane. During the holiday, Hergé and Rosane embarked on an extra-marital affair. He felt guilty, and returned to Brussels in June. Privately, he expressed

1920-733: A stance Hergé supported, creating the Mr Bellum strip to argue this position. Hergé was invited to visit China by Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek , who had enjoyed The Blue Lotus , although due to the political situation in Europe, this was not possible. He was re-mobilized in December, and stationed in Antwerp , from where he continued to send the Tintin strip to Le Petit Vingtième . However, he fell ill with sinusitis and boils and

2016-577: A strong influence on the comic book medium, particularly in Europe. He is widely celebrated in Belgium: a Hergé Museum was established in Louvain-la-Neuve in 2009. Georges Prosper Remi was born on 22 May 1907 in his parental home in Etterbeek , a central suburb in Brussels , the capital city of Belgium. His was a lower-middle-class family. His Walloon father, Alexis Remi, worked in

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2112-486: A token of appreciation Hergé added a fictional " Chang Chong-Chen " to The Blue Lotus , a young Chinese boy who meets and befriends Tintin. For The Blue Lotus , Hergé devoted far more attention to accuracy, resulting in a largely realistic portrayal of China. As a result, The Blue Lotus has been widely hailed as "Hergé's first masterpiece" and a benchmark in the series' development. Casterman published it in book form, also insisting that Hergé include colour plates in both

2208-482: A train, members of the press were labelled as 'traitors'. Hergé In October 1945, Hergé was approached by Raymond Leblanc , a former member of a conservative Resistance group, the National Royalist Movement , and his associates André Sinave and Albert Debaty. The trio were planning on launching a weekly magazine for children, and Leblanc – who had fond childhood memories of Tintin in

2304-562: A traitor and collaborator. With Raymond Leblanc he established Tintin magazine in 1946, through which he serialised new Adventures of Tintin stories. As the magazine's artistic director, he also oversaw the publication of other successful comics series, such as Edgar P. Jacobs ' Blake and Mortimer . In 1950 he established Studios Hergé as a team to aid him in his ongoing projects; prominent staff members Jacques Martin and Bob de Moor greatly contributed to subsequent volumes of The Adventures of Tintin . Amid personal turmoil following

2400-710: A traitor" for his work at Le Soir . The decision as to whether Hergé would stand trial belonged to the general auditor of the Military Tribunal, Walter Jean Ganshof van der Meersch. He closed the case on 22 December 1945, declaring that "in regard to the particularly inoffensive character of the drawings published by Remi, bringing him before a war tribunal would be inappropriate and risky". Now free from threat of prosecution, Hergé continued to support his colleagues at Le Soir who were being charged as collaborators; six of them were sentenced to death, and others to lengthy prison sentences. Among those sentenced to death

2496-600: The Adventure of Tintin that had been interrupted by the German invasion of 1940 – and began serialising it in Tintin magazine. However, the story was again interrupted, this time for 12 weeks as Hergé took a further unannounced holiday to Gland, greatly annoying many of his colleagues. Although they retained respect for each other, Hergé's repeated absences had created a tense situation between himself and Leblanc. After

2592-631: The Adventures . This story, like the subsequent Adventures of Tintin published in Le Soir , would reject the political themes present in earlier stories, instead remaining firmly neutral. Hergé also included new Quick & Flupke gags in the supplement, as well as illustrations for serialised stories by Edgar Allan Poe and the Brothers Grimm . In May 1941, a paper shortage led to the Soir-Jeunesse being reduced to four pages, with

2688-541: The Bon Marché department store, and The Adventures of Tim the Squirrel Out West for the rival L'Innovation department store. At the offices of Le Petit Vingtième in 1928, Hergé met the woman who would become his first wife, Germaine Kieckens (1906 – 26 October 1995). A redhead described by Pierre Assouline as "elegant and popular", she had obtained work as the secretary for Norbert Wallez. At

2784-674: The Catholic Action for the Belgian Youth  [ fr ] ( Action catholique de la jeunesse belge ), and Hergé produced a book jacket for Weverbergh's novel, The Soul of the Sea . Being young and inexperienced, still learning his craft, Hergé sought guidance from an older cartoonist, Pierre Ickx, and together they founded the short-lived Atelier de la Fleur de Lys (AFL), an organisation for Christian cartoonists. After graduating from secondary school in 1925, Hergé enrolled in

2880-709: The German occupation of Belgium in 1940, Le Vingtième Siècle was closed, but Hergé continued his series in Le Soir , a popular newspaper controlled by the Nazi administration. After the Allied liberation of Belgium in 1944, Le Soir was shut down and its staff – including Hergé – accused of having been collaborators . An official investigation was launched, and although no charges were brought against Hergé, in subsequent years he repeatedly faced accusations of having been

2976-797: The New Order . For many people democracy had proven deceptive, and the New Order brought fresh hope. In Catholic circles such views were widely held. Given everything that happened, it was naturally a terrible error to have believed even for an instant in the New Order. Hergé, 1973 As the Belgian Army clashed with the invading Germans, Hergé and his wife fled by car to France along with tens of thousands of other Belgians, first staying in Paris and then heading south to Puy-de-Dôme , where they remained for six weeks. On 28 May, King Leopold III of

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3072-503: The 14th of September 1504, Eric Bielke was able to sign a truce lasting 20 years with the Russians. The next major war between Sweden and Russia would not come until 1554 . Despite this, there was no guaranteed peace on the border between them, and among other things a letter from 1509 tells that "the enemies of God and Christendom, the intransigent Russians" have ravaged Finland. The castle hosts several small exhibitions. These include

3168-608: The Abbé Norbert Wallez , a vocal fascist who kept a signed photograph of the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini on his desk. Impressed by Hergé's repertoire, Wallez agreed to give him a job as a photographic reporter and cartoonist for the paper, something for which Hergé always remained grateful, coming to view the Abbé as a father figure. Supplemented by commissions for other publications, Hergé illustrated

3264-524: The Belgians surrendered the country to the German army to prevent further killing; a move that Hergé supported. He followed the king's request that all of those Belgians who had fled the country return, arriving back in Brussels on 30 June. There, he found that his house had been occupied as an office for the German army's Propagandastaffel , and also faced financial trouble, as he owed back taxes yet

3360-563: The Castle Museum which displays artifacts found in the castle or related to it, and the Orthodox Museum which displays icons and other religious artifacts both from Finland and Russia. Olavinlinna is the initial model for Kropow Castle in the bande dessinée King Ottokar's Sceptre , an album in the series of Adventures of Tintin created by Hergé . Erik Axelsson Tott Too Many Requests If you report this error to

3456-551: The French pronunciation of his reversed initials RG , was a Belgian comic strip artist. He is best known for creating The Adventures of Tintin , the series of comic albums which are considered one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century. He was also responsible for two other well-known series, Quick & Flupke (1930–1940) and The Adventures of Jo, Zette and Jocko (1936–1957). His works were executed in his distinctive ligne claire drawing style. Born to

3552-555: The Indies , appeared at Brussels' Theatre des Galeries in April 1941, while the second, Mr Boullock's Disappearance , was performed there in December. From October 1941 to May 1942, Le Soir serialised Hergé's next Tintin adventure, The Shooting Star , followed by publication as a single volume by Casterman. In keeping with Le Soir ' s editorial standpoint, The Shooting Star espoused an anti-Semitic and anti-American attitude, with

3648-528: The Land of the Soviets  – thought Hergé would be ideal for it. Hergé agreed, and Leblanc obtained clearance papers for him, allowing him to work. Concerned about the judicial investigation into Hergé's wartime affiliations, Leblanc convinced William Ugeux, a leader of the Belgian Resistance who was now in charge of censorship and certificates of good citizenship, to look into the comic creator's file. Ugeux concluded that Hergé had been "a blunderer rather than

3744-406: The Nazis were motivated "by undoubted good will, [they were also] extremely out of touch with reality". Although Hergé was close to De Becker, he decided to remain at the newspaper, which came under the editorship of Max Hodeige. In autumn 1943, Hergé had decided that he wanted Jacobs to collaborate with him on The Adventures of Tintin . Although initially hesitant, Jacobs eventually agreed, adopting

3840-697: The Saint-Roch Church in Laeken . Spending their honeymoon in Vianden , Luxembourg , the couple moved into an apartment in the rue Knapen, Schaerbeek . In November 1932 Hergé announced that the following month he would send Tintin on an adventure to Asia. Although initially titled The Adventures of Tintin, Reporter, in the Orient , it would later be renamed Cigars of the Pharaoh . A mystery story,

3936-677: The Scouts, he travelled to summer camps in Italy , Switzerland , Austria and Spain , and in the summer of 1923 his troop hiked 200 miles across the Pyrenees . His experiences with Scouting would have a significant influence on the rest of his life, sparking his love of camping and the natural world, and providing him with a moral compass that stressed personal loyalty and keeping one's promises. His Scoutmaster, Rene Weverbergh, encouraged his artistic ability, and published one of Remi's drawings in

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4032-629: The Unicorn , serialised in Le Soir from June 1942. He had collaborated closely with Van Melkebeke on this project, who had introduced many elements from the work of Jules Verne into the detective story, in which Tintin and Haddock searched for parchments revealing the location of hidden pirate treasure. The Secret of the Unicorn marked the first half of a story arc that was completed in Red Rackham's Treasure , serialised in Le Soir from February 1943; in this story, Tintin and Haddock search for

4128-667: The United States, Wallez instead ordered him to set his adventure in the Soviet Union , acting as a work of anti-socialist propaganda for children. The result, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , began serialisation in Le Petit Vingtième on 10 January 1929, and ran until 8 May 1930. Popular in Francophone Belgium, Wallez organized a publicity stunt at the Gare de Nord station, following which he organized

4224-574: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 975021653 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:51:01 GMT Herg%C3%A9 Georges Prosper Remi ( French: [ʒɔʁʒ pʁɔspɛʁ ʁəmi] ; 22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), known by the pen name Hergé ( / ɛər ˈ ʒ eɪ / air- ZHAY , French: [ɛʁʒe] ), from

4320-844: The actions of boy reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy , the series' early instalments – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , Tintin in the Congo , and Tintin in America  – were designed as conservative propaganda for children. Domestically successful, after serialisation the stories were published in book form, with Hergé continuing the series and also developing both the Quick & Flupke and Jo, Zette and Jocko series for Le Vingtième Siècle . Influenced by his friend Zhang Chongren , from 1934 Hergé placed far greater emphasis on conducting background research for his stories, resulting in increased realism from The Blue Lotus onward. Following

4416-400: The antagonist being a wealthy Jewish American businessman; it would thus prove particularly controversial in the post-war period, although Hergé denied any malicious anti-Semitic intention. Casterman felt that the black-and-white volumes of The Adventures of Tintin were not selling as well as colour comic books, and thus that the series should be produced in colour. At the same time, Belgium

4512-417: The border posts to include the town within Russian territory. Of the 1,000 Russians that took part in the fighting, only about 200 are said to have been equipped with firearms; the others fought with axes and sabers. In the following battles, the Russians suffered heavy casualties and were repulsed. While further details on the battles are not known, they seem to have been limited to the area around Nyslott. On

4608-511: The boredom of this position, he enlisted for military service before he was called up, and in August 1926 was assigned to the Dailly barracks at Schaerbeek . Joining the first infantry regiment, he was also bored by his military training, but continued sketching and producing episodes of Totor . Toward the end of his military service, in August 1927, Hergé met the editor of Le Vingtième Siècle ,

4704-434: The city fortifications were being extended. It was the first Swedish castle provided with a set of thickset circular towers that could withstand cannon fire. It is not by accident that a network of lakes and waterways forms the setting for the castle, for these would seriously impede a prospective Russian offensive. The three-towered keep was completed in 1485, and the construction of the outer curtain walls with two towers

4800-520: The collapse of his first marriage, he produced Tintin in Tibet , his personal favourite of his works. In later years he became less prolific, and unsuccessfully attempted to establish himself as an abstract artist . Hergé's works have been widely acclaimed for their clarity of draughtsmanship and meticulous, well-researched plots. They have been the source of a wide range of adaptations, in theatre, radio, television, cinema, and computer gaming. He remains

4896-552: The conclusion of the Russo-Swedish War 1495-1497 , Sten Sture returned to Sweden and discovered that a large revolt had begun against him, resulting in the Battle of Rotebro where he was deposed in favor of King Hans of Denmark . In August of 1499, the governor of Vyborg , Eric Bielke , received alarming reports about battles against Russian forces who believed Nyslott was rightfully Russian and were attempting to move

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4992-521: The entire staff of Le Soir were fired and a new editorial team introduced, while on 8 September the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) issued a proclamation announcing that "any journalist who had helped produce a newspaper during the occupation was for the time being barred from practising his profession." Blacklisted, Hergé was now unemployed. Further, he was publicly lampooned as

5088-613: The fictional Eastern European country of Syldavia from being invaded by its expansionist neighbour, Borduria; the event was an anti-fascist satire of Nazi Germany 's expansion into Austria and Czechoslovakia. In May 1939, Hergé moved to a new house in Watermael-Boitsfort , although following the German invasion of Poland , he was conscripted into the Belgian army and temporarily stationed in Herenthout . Demobbed within

5184-473: The first Casterman book was the collected volume of Cigars . Continuing to subsidise his comic work with commercial advertising, in January 1934 he also founded the "Atelier Hergé" advertising company with two partners, but it was liquidated after six months. After Wallez was removed from the paper's editorship in August 1933 following a scandal, Hergé became despondent; in March 1934 he tried to resign, but

5280-408: The immediate success of Jacobs' Blake and Mortimer series, and had turned down Jacobs' request that he be credited as co-creator of the new Adventures of Tintin . That same month, Hergé broke from his manager, Thiery, after discovering that the latter had been siphoning off money for himself. Many Belgians were highly critical of the magazine due to its connections with Hergé, who was still deemed

5376-515: The length of the Tintin strip being cut by two thirds. Several weeks later the supplement disappeared altogether, with The Crab with the Golden Claws being moved into Le Soir itself, where it became a daily strip. While some Belgians were upset that Hergé was willing to work for a newspaper controlled by the occupying Nazi administration, he was heavily enticed by the size of Le Soir 's readership, which reached 600,000. With Van Melkebeke, Hergé put together two Tintin plays. The first, Tintin in

5472-636: The magazine also included Laudy's The Legend of the Four Aymon Brothers and Jacobs' The Secret of the Swordfish , the first in his new Blake and Mortimer series. While the magazine was in competition with a number of rivals, most notably Spirou , famous for serialising the Lucky Luke and Buck Danny comics, it proved an immediate success, with 60,000 copies being sold in three days of its release. Its publication resulted in

5568-407: The magazine under pseudonyms, although this ceased during his imprisonment from December 1947 to October 1949. The first issue of Tintin magazine was published on 26 September 1946. Hergé was assigned to produce a two-page spread each week, and began by concluding The Seven Crystal Balls before embarking on its successor story, Prisoners of the Sun . Alongside Hergé's Adventures of Tintin ,

5664-418: The magazine's artistic director, known for strongly criticising the work of old friends like Pierre Ickx if he felt that they did not meet his exacting standards. He was particularly critical of the work of two of the newly hired staff at Tintin and Kuifje , Jacques Martin and Willy Vandersteen , encouraging them to change their artistic style to better reflect his own preferences. To Leblanc, he expressed

5760-412: The month, he returned to Brussels and adopted a more explicit anti-German stance when beginning his next Tintin adventure, Land of Black Gold , which was set in the Middle East and featured Dr. Müller sabotaging oil lines. During this period, Hergé also contributed to L'Ouest ( The West ), a newspaper run by his friend Raymond De Becker . L'Ouest urged Belgium to remain neutral in World War II ,

5856-400: The newsletter of the Saint-Boniface Scouts, Jamais Assez ( Never Enough ): his first published work. When Weverbergh became involved in the publication of Boy-Scout , the newsletter of the Federation of Scouts, he published more of Remi's illustrations, the first of which appeared in the fifth issue, from 1922. Remi continued publishing cartoons, drawings and woodcuts in subsequent issues of

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5952-411: The newsletter, which was soon renamed Le Boy-Scout Belge ( The Belgian Boy Scout ). During this time, he experimented with different pseudonyms, using "Jérémie" and "Jérémiades" before settling on "Hergé", the French pronunciation of his reversed initials (R.G.) His work was first published under this name in December 1924. Alongside his stand-alone illustrations, in July 1926 Hergé began production of

6048-406: The novels of Frenchman Alexandre Dumas . Drawing as a hobby, he sketched out scenes from daily life along the edges of his school books. Some of these illustrations were of German soldiers, because his four years of primary schooling at the Ixelles Municipal School No. 3 coincided with World War I , during which Brussels was occupied by the German army . In 1919, his secondary education began at

6144-466: The paid position in January 1944. Jacobs and Hergé became close collaborators and greatly influenced each other, while together they developed the plot for the next Adventure of Tintin , The Seven Crystal Balls , which began serialisation in Le Soir in December 1943. As the Allied troops liberated Brussels from German occupation, Le Soir ceased publication on 2 September 1944, partway through its serialisation of The Seven Crystal Balls . Hergé

6240-584: The paper's reporter Léon Degrelle , stationed there to report on the Cristero War . Hergé developed a character named Tintin as a Belgian boy reporter who could travel the world with his fox terrier , Snowy  – "Milou" in the original French – basing him in large part on his earlier character of Totor and also on his own brother, Paul. Degrelle later falsely claimed that Tintin had been based on him, while he and Hergé fell out when Degrelle used one of his designs without permission; they settled out-of-court. Although Hergé wanted to send his character to

6336-423: The pirate's treasure in the Caribbean, with the character of Professor Calculus being introduced to the series. Following Red Rackham's Treasure , Hergé drew illustrations for a serialised story titled Dupont et Dupond, détectives ("Thomson and Thompson, Detectives"), authored by the newspaper's crime editor, Paul Kinnet. In September 1943, De Becker was removed as editor of Le Soir for stating that although

6432-422: The plot began in Egypt before proceeding to Arabia and India, during which the recurring characters of Thomson and Thompson and Rastapopoulos were introduced. Through his friend Charles Lesne, Hergé was hired to produce illustrations for the company Casterman , and in late 1933 they proposed taking over the publication of both The Adventures of Tintin and Quick and Flupke in book form, to which Hergé agreed;

6528-411: The poet's "green paradise" was rather gray ... My childhood, my adolescence, Boy Scouting, military service – all of it was gray. Neither a sad boyhood nor a happy one – rather a lackluster one. Hergé Aged 12, Remi joined the Boy Scout brigade attached to Saint-Boniface School, becoming troop leader of the Squirrel Patrol and earning the name "Curious Fox" ( Renard curieux ). With

6624-419: The position. Instead, he took up a position with Le Soir , Belgium's largest Francophone daily newspaper. Confiscated from its original owners, the German authorities had permitted Le Soir to be re-opened under the directorship of De Doncker, although it remained firmly under Nazi control, supporting the German war effort and espousing anti-Semitism. After joining the Le Soir team on 15 October, Hergé

6720-552: The press, Hergé continued to re-draw and colour the older Adventures of Tintin for publication in book form by Casterman, completing the second version of Tintin in the Congo and starting on King Ottokar's Sceptre . Casterman supported Hergé throughout his ordeal, for which he always remained grateful. Attempting to circumvent his blacklisting, with Jacobs he began producing comics under the anonymous pseudonym of "Olav", but upon sending them to publishers found none who would accept them. Although this period allowed him an escape from

6816-428: The pressure of daily production which had affected most of his working life, he also had to deal with family problems: His brother Paul returned to Brussels from a German prisoner-of-war camp , although their mother had become highly delusional and was moved to a psychiatric hospital . [During the occupation] I worked, just like a miner, a tram driver or baker! But, while one found it normal for an engineer to operate

6912-441: The pseudonym Tantine. The first 500 copies of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets were numbered and signed by Hergé using Tintin's signature, with Snowy's paw print being drawn next to it by Kieckens. In 1930, Hergé escorted her home from work almost every night, though she expressed little romantic interest in him at the time. Instead she desired an older, or more mature man, such as the Abbé himself. Wallez however encouraged

7008-419: The publication of the story in book form. The popularity of the story led to an increase in sales, and so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants, Eugène Van Nyverseel and Paul "Jam" Jamin. In January 1930, Hergé introduced Quick & Flupke ( Quick et Flupke ), a new comic strip about two street kids from Brussels, in the pages of Le Petit Vingtième . At Wallez's direction, in June he began serialisation of

7104-613: The second Tintin adventure, Tintin in the Congo , designed to encourage colonial sentiment towards the Belgian Congo . Authored in a paternalistic style that depicted the Congolese as childlike idiots, in later decades it would be accused of racism; however, at the time it was un-controversial and popular, with further publicity stunts held to increase sales. For the third adventure, Tintin in America , serialised from September 1931 to October 1932, Hergé finally got to deal with

7200-430: The second time on 8 August 1743, with the latter conflict's peace treaty in form of the Treaty of Åbo leading to the castle and the entire region being seceded to Empress Elizabeth of Russia. During the Russian era Alexander Suvorov personally inspected rearmament of the fortress. Several devastating fires destroyed much of the castle's decor in the 19th century, all of its original furnishings were destroyed. After

7296-565: The secular Place de Londres in Ixelles , but in 1920 he was moved to Saint-Boniface School, an institution controlled by the archbishop where the teachers were Roman Catholic priests. Remi proved a successful student, being awarded prizes for excellence. He completed his secondary education in July 1925 at the top of his class. My childhood was extremely ordinary. It happened in a very average place, with average events and average thoughts. For me,

7392-500: The series, commenting that the characters "bored me terribly." Now writing three series simultaneously, Hergé was working every day of the year, and felt stressed. The next Tintin adventure was The Black Island (1937–1938), which saw the character travel to Britain to battle counterfeiters and introduced a new antagonist, the German Dr. Müller. Hergé followed this with King Ottokar's Sceptre (1938–1939), in which Tintin saves

7488-445: The time of her birth, her parents were relatively elderly and, having lost an earlier child, they were particularly overprotective of her. Greatly admiring Wallez, whom she looked up to as a father figure , she adopted his fascist political beliefs. She was appointed editor of Votre Vingtième, Madame , a supplement for women for which Hergé sometimes drew the cover. She also began writing articles for Le Petit Vingtième using

7584-464: The two to enter into a relationship, and one evening at the Taverne du Palace she indicated to Hergé that she would be interested in a relationship. On 20 July 1932 Hergé and Kieckens were married; although neither of them was entirely happy with the union, they had been encouraged to do so by Wallez, who insisted that all his single staff married and who personally carried out the wedding ceremony at

7680-579: The view that he had been led to commit such an act, which he viewed as immoral, through the influence of "amoral friends" with whom he was associating. Hoping to reignite the passion and stability of his marriage, he arranged to return to Switzerland with Germaine soon after; here they argued and embarked on a temporary separation. Remaining in Switzerland, he visited King Leopold III, who was then holidaying in Prégny , before briefly returning to Brussels in July. Back in Switzerland, he embarked on an affair with

7776-506: The volume and in reprints of America and Cigars . In 1936, they also began production of Tintin merchandise, something Hergé supported, having ideas of an entire shop devoted to The Adventures of Tintin , something that would come to fruition 50 years later. Nevertheless, while his serialised comics proved lucrative, the collected volumes sold less well, something Hergé blamed on Casterman, urging them to do more to market his books. Hergé's next Tintin story, The Broken Ear (1935–1937),

7872-465: The École Saint-Luc art school, but finding the teaching boring, he left after one lesson. He hoped for a job as an illustrator alongside Ickx at Le Vingtième Siècle ( The Twentieth Century ) – a conservative "Catholic Newspaper of Doctrine and Information" – but no positions were available. Instead he got a job in the paper's subscriptions department, starting in September 1925. Despising

7968-471: Was Hergé's friend, Jamin, although his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. In May 1946, Hergé was issued a certificate of good citizenship, which became largely necessary to obtain employment in post-war Belgium. Celebrations were marred by his mother's death in April 1946; she was aged 60. Harry Thompson has described this post-war period as the "greatest upheaval" of Hergé's life. Hergé later described it as "an experience of absolute intolerance. It

8064-667: Was arrested on 3 September, having been named as a collaborator in a Resistance document known as the "Gallery of Traitors". This would be the first of four incidents in which Hergé was arrested – by the State Security, the Judiciary Police, the Belgian National Movement , and the Front for Independence respectively – during the course of which he spent one night in jail. On 5 September

8160-549: Was converted into a Vaubanesque fort in the late 18th century with bastions. Olofsborg withstood several sieges by the Russians during the First and Second Russian-Swedish wars . A brisk trade developed under the umbrella of the castle towards the end of the 16th century, giving birth to the town of Savonlinna , which was chartered in 1639. While the castle was never captured by force, its garrison agreed to terms of surrender twice; first to invading Russians on 28 July 1714 and

8256-582: Was declared unfit for military service in May 1940. That same day, Germany invaded Belgium . Le Vingtième Siècle was shut down, part way through the serialisation of Land of Black Gold . It is certain that Raymond De Becker sympathized with the National Socialist system, and on this point he was in agreement with Henri de Man . I admit that I believed myself that the future of the West could depend on

8352-566: Was encouraged to stay after his monthly salary was increased from 2000 to 3000 francs and his workload was reduced, with Jamin taking responsibility for the day-to-day running of Le Petit Vingtième . From February to August 1934 Hergé serialised Popol Out West in Le Petit Vingtième , a story using animal characters that was a development of the earlier Tim the Squirrel comic. From August 1934 to October 1935, Le Petit Vingtième serialised Tintin's next adventure, The Blue Lotus , which

8448-488: Was facing a paper-shortage, with Casterman wishing to cut down the volumes from 120-pages in length to 62. Hergé was initially sceptical, but ultimately agreed to their demands in February 1942. For these new editions, Casterman introduced a four-colour system, although Hergé insisted that colour should remain secondary to line, and that it would not be used for shading. To cope with this additional workload, Hergé approached

8544-453: Was horrible, horrible!" He considered the post-war trials of alleged collaborators a great injustice inflicted upon many innocent people, and never forgave Belgian society for the way that he had been treated, although he hid this from his public persona. Sinave devised the idea of naming their new magazine Tintin , believing that this would attract a wide audience. The Dutch-language edition produced for release in Belgium's Flemish north

8640-475: Was initiated immediately. They were completed in 1495. The castle is roughly a truncated rhomboid with keep on the western side of the island and the curtain walls and outer bailey to east. One of the towers of the keep, St. Erik's Tower, has a bad foundation and has since collapsed. One of the towers of Bailey, the Thick Tower, exploded in the 18th century. A bastion has been built on its place. The castle

8736-522: Was involved in the creation of a children's supplement, Soir-Jeunesse , aided by Jamin and Jacques Van Melkebeke . He relaunched The Adventures of Tintin with a new story, The Crab with the Golden Claws , in which Tintin pursued drug smugglers in North Africa; the story was a turning point in the series for its introduction of Captain Haddock , who would become a major character in the rest of

8832-425: Was launched by the deputy public prosecutor, Mr Vinçotte, although in his report he urged lenience, stating that "I am inclined to close the case. I believe it would bring ridicule on the judicial system to go after an inoffensive children's book author and illustrator. On the other hand, Hergé worked for Le Soir during the war, and his illustrations are what made people buy the newspaper." Although unable to work for

8928-569: Was set in China and dealt with the recent Japanese invasion of Manchuria . Hergé had been greatly influenced in the production of the work by his friend Zhang Chongren , a Catholic Chinese student studying at Brussels' Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts , to whom he had been introduced in May 1934. Zhang gave him lessons in Taoist philosophy, Chinese art and Chinese calligraphy, influencing not only his artistic style, but also his general outlook on life. As

9024-523: Was the first for which the plot synopsis had been outlined from the start, being a detective story that took Tintin to South America. It introduced the character of General Alcazar , and also saw Hergé introduce the first fictional countries into the series, San Theodoros and Nuevo Rico, two republics based largely on Bolivia and Paraguay. The violent elements within The Broken Ear upset the publishers of Cœurs Vaillants , who asked Hergé to create

9120-495: Was titled Kuifje after the character's Dutch-language name. Adopting the slogan of "The Newspaper for the Young Aged 7 to 77", the magazine also used a logo featuring the Tintin character himself. The capital for the project had been put up by those involved: as executive director, Leblanc provided 50%, while its managing director Georges Lallemand provided 40% and Hergé, its artistic director, provided 10%. Hergé assembled

9216-493: Was unable to access his financial reserves. All Belgian publications were now under the control of the German occupying force, who refused Le Petit Vingtième permission to continue publication. Instead, Hergé was offered employment as a cartoonist for Le Pays Réel by its editor, the Rexist Victor Matthys , but Hergé perceived Le Pays Réel as an explicitly political publication, and thus declined

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