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28-406: The foundations of the old cathedral dated back to the fourth century. The church was rebuilt by Saint Vaast in the sixth century. The first plans for a new cathedral were made after a fire in 1148 destroyed the city's 11th century cathedral (rebuilt by bishops Gerard of Florennes and Gerard of Lessines ). By the end of the twelfth century, a chapel dedicated to Saint Gangulph was finished and

56-506: A bronze angel crowned the octagonal stone spire. The choir was completed around 1251 (when the canons took possession of it). There was a clock in the north transept above the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Pitié. The cathedral as a whole was consecrated in 1472. Known as 'the wonder of the low countries', it measured 131 meters in length and 72 meters wide and its highest spire was 114 meters above ground level. Nineteenth century excavations to renew

84-644: A certain Blanquart, a merchant from Saint-Quentin , who demolished it in order to sell off the stone. Its spire survived into the early years of the First French Empire , when attempts were made to save it as a memorial to Fénelon , but the project was abandoned after being judged too costly, and the spire left to be blown down in a storm in 1809. The building is known only through a few surviving documents - two high-precision drawings by Louis XIV 's military painter Van der Meulen , statements made on

112-742: A continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect  (spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian , which is the dominant dialect in Flanders , as well as in the south of the Netherlands. The supra-regional, semi-standardized colloquial form ( mesolect ) of Dutch spoken in Belgium uses

140-484: A glass of wine to sustain him, but found the cask empty. Vedast bid the servant to bring whatever he should find in the vessel. The servant then found the barrel overflowing with excellent wine. He died about 540 at Arras ; that night the locals reportedly saw a luminous cloud ascend from his house, apparently carrying away Vedast's soul. Vedast was buried in the old cathedral in Arras; his relics were later transferred to

168-465: A loanword from French), and duimspijker (a compound of Dutch duim "thumb" and spijker "nail") meaning "thumbtack" (common standard Dutch: punaise , a loanword from French). Among the belgicisms, there are also many words that are considered obsolete, formal, or purist in standard Dutch. Moreover, many belgicisms have their origin in the Belgian official nomenclature . For example, misdaad "felony"

196-483: A road along Place Fénelon rediscovered part of its choir. That choir is sometimes attributed to Villard de Honnecourt , but the sketch of it in his portfolio is inexact and possibly by another architect. Another excavation in 1954, in advance of building work, uncovered the foundations of the south transept and another in the 2000s for the construction of the Lycée Fénelon's gymnasium revealed some buildings from

224-621: A separate language, classified as a part of the Southwestern Dutch family together with the Zeelandic language. According to Glottolog, Western Flemish includes the dialects of French Flemish and West Flemish. Brabantian and East Flemish are classified as Dutch dialects, under the Central Southern Dutch dialect group. Ethnologue considers Limburgish and West Flemish to be separate (regional) languages. Dutch

252-585: Is native to the region known as Flanders in northern Belgium ; it is spoken by Flemings , the dominant ethnic group of the region. Outside of Belgium Flanders, it is also spoken to some extent in French Flanders and the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders . The term Flemish itself has become ambiguous. Nowadays, it is used in at least five ways, depending on the context. These include: Glottolog considers Western Flemish to be

280-552: Is not a legal term in the Netherlands, but it is in Belgium. The English adjective Flemish (first attested as flemmysshe , c.  1325 ; compare Flæming , c.  1150 ), meaning "from Flanders ", was probably borrowed from Old Frisian . The Old Dutch form is flāmisk , which becomes vlamesc , vlaemsch in Middle Dutch and Vlaams in Modern Dutch . The word Vlaams itself

308-480: Is on 6 February. He is a patron saint invoked against eye trouble. Flemish dialects Flemish ( Vlaams [vlaːms] ) is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language . It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch ( Vlaams-Nederlands ), Belgian Dutch ( Belgisch-Nederlands [ˈbɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts] ), or Southern Dutch ( Zuid-Nederlands ). Flemish

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336-474: Is the majority language in northern Belgium, being used in written language by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national and state languages of Belgium, together with French and German , and is the only official language of the Flemish Region . The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and grammatical features that distinguish them from

364-552: Is used a lot in television dramas and comedies. Often, middle-class characters in a television series will be speaking tussentaal , lower-class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set (such as Western Flanders), and upper-class characters will speak Standard Dutch. That has given tussentaal the status of normalcy in Flanders. It is slowly being accepted by the general population, but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes

392-451: The standard language . It incorporates phonetic, lexical and grammatical elements not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects. It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades. Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of (limited) standardisation or that it is evolving into a koiné variety . Tussentaal is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders because it

420-957: The Assumption (August 15). In Cambrai, the work attracted thousands of pilgrims, including Philip the Good (1457), Charles the Bold (1460) and Louis XI of France . The painting was subsequently transferred to the present cathedral. 50°10′34″N 3°13′47″E  /  50.17606°N 3.22968°E  / 50.17606; 3.22968 Vedast Vedast or Vedastus , also known as Saint Vaast (in Flemish , Norman and Picard ) or Saint Waast (also in Picard and Walloon ), Saint Gaston in French, and Foster in English (died c.  540 )

448-590: The adjoining archbishop's palace, a golden key and other finds. The cathedral, “exceeded all others in Christendom with its fine singing, its bright lighting and its sweet bells”, but most significantly, resided leading musicians and composers of the time The old cathedral was host to several notable French and Flemish composers who served as maître de chapelle including Guillaume Dufay , Robert de Févin , Johannes Lupi , and Jean de Bonmarché . Nicolas Malin and Richard Loqueville taught Dufay there; Gilet Velut

476-515: The cathedral by Fursy de Bruille, a cathedral canon. It was installed with great ceremony in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity and became the object of fervent pilgrimage, reflecting a contemporary appetite for new types of devotional imagery. A confraternity was established in 1453 for the "care and veneration" of the relic, which from 1455 was carried in procession through the town on the Feast of

504-754: The feasibility of the Fénelon spire project, a watercolour painted by an English soldier on the fall of the First Empire, and two photographs of the royal engineers' 1695 ' plan-relief ' of the town (the plan-relief itself was taken by the Germans during the Second World War occupation and was destroyed in the Battle of Berlin in 1945). In 1450, a painting of the Madonna and child was presented to

532-449: The model ascetic-bishop for the new Columbanian monk-bishops who occupied many of the sees of Neustria after the unification of the kingdom under Chlothar II in 613." The incident of expelling the bear from the city mirrors Columbanus expelling a bear from his hermitage at Annegray. A Vita of Vedast by Alcuin recounts a story that on one occasion, having spent the day in instructing a nobleman, his host would see him on his way with

560-720: The new Abbey of St. Vaast founded in his honour in Arras. Vedast was venerated in Belgium as well as England (from the 10th century) where he was known as Saint Foster . St. Vedast Church, Vlamertinge is named for him. The spread of his cult was aided by the presence of Augustinians from Arras in England in the 12th century. Three ancient churches in England – St Vedast Foster Lane in London, and in Norwich and Tathwell in Lincolnshire – were dedicated to him. His feast

588-486: The road to Rheims, they encountered a blind beggar at the bridge over the river Aisne . The man besought Vedast's assistance. The priest prayed and blessed the beggar, at which point the man recovered his sight. This increased Vedast's esteem in the eyes of the king and he became one of the King's advisers. Jonas of Bobbio wrote a Vita Vedastis to promote the cult of Vedast at the cathedral in Arras. He "presents Vedast as

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616-549: The standard Dutch. Basic Dutch words can have a completely different meaning in Flemish or imply different context, comparable to the differences between the British and North American variants of English . As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker. All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. East Flemish forms

644-831: The usage of Standard Dutch. Tussentaal is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes (like the news), which normally use Flemish accents with standard Dutch vocabulary. A belgicism is a word or expression that occurs only in the Belgian variant of Dutch. Some are rarely used, others are used daily and are considered part of the Belgian-Dutch standard language. Many belgicisms are loanwords and words or expressions literally translated from French (also called gallicisms ); others, in contrast, are actually remarkably purist , such as droogzwierder (a compound of Dutch droog "dry" and zwierder "spinner") meaning "spin dryer" (common standard Dutch: centrifuge ,

672-521: The vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects. It is often called an "in-between-language" or "intermediate language", intermediate between dialects and standard Dutch. Despite its name, Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the Flemish Dutch tussentaal . It is a rather informal variety of speech , which occupies an intermediate position between vernacular dialects and

700-484: The way. Vedast agreed to accompany the king. It is believed that in 499, Remigius named him the first bishop of Arras , France; around 510, he was also given oversight over Cambrai. However, more modern studies regard Vedast "...as an itinerant bishop who had no clearly defined bishopric." Within Christian sacred tradition extraordinary healings were attributed to his intercession. One account says that while on

728-522: Was an early bishop in the Frankish realm. After the victory of Tolbiac Vedast helped instruct the Frankish king Clovis in the Christian faith of his wife, Queen Clotilde . Opinions differ as to whether Remigius , bishop of Reims , entrusted the diocese of Arras and diocese of Cambrai to Vedast as is traditionally held, or if Vedast was more an itinerant bishop without a specific see. Vedast

756-500: Was likely petit vicaire in 1409. In 1428 Philippe de Luxembourg claimed that the cathedral was the finest in all of Christianity, for the fineness of its singing, its light, and the sweetness of its bells. In 1791, during the French Revolution , the cathedral was used for worship under the "culte constitutionnel" , but only a year later it was damaged. In 1793 it was converted into a granary , and on 6 June 1796 sold to

784-523: Was probably born in the village of Villae in Périgord . As a young man, he moved to Toul , where the bishop , taking notice of his many virtues, ordained him to the priesthood. Clovis, King of Franks, while returning from his victory over the Alemanni , was on his way to Rheims and contemplating baptism to the faith of his wife, Clotilde , and stopped at Toul to request some priest to instruct him on

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