86-603: The Old Ghost Road is a mountain bike and tramping trail part-funded as one of the projects of the New Zealand Cycle Trail (NZCT) system in the Buller District of New Zealand. Of all NZCT projects, it is the technically most difficult one to ride and is rated "advanced" (Grade 4 out of 5). The highest point of the trail is at 1,280 metres (4,200 ft). During the West Coast gold rush in
172-467: A suspension fork , large knobby tires , more durable wheels , more powerful brakes, straight, wide handlebars to improve balance and comfort over rough terrain, and wide-ratio gearing optimized for topography , application (e.g., steep climbing or fast descending) and a frame with a suspension mechanism for the rear wheel. Rear suspension is ubiquitous in heavier-duty bikes and now common even in lighter bikes. Dropper seat posts can be installed to allow
258-419: A 10-speed, 11-speed or 12-speed cassette, and the intricacies of a 10-speed, 11-speed or 12-speed rear derailleur were originally not found to be suitable combined with front shifters, although 10, 11 and 12 speed cassettes are now commonplace in single front chainring bicycles, and are also found on some mountain bikes. However, many pro-level mountain bikers have taken to using a narrower 10-speed road chain with
344-411: A 9-speed setup in an effort to reduce the weight of their bike. In early 2009, component group SRAM announced their release of their XX groupset, which uses a 2-speed front derailleur, and a 10-speed rear derailleur and cassette, similar to that of a road bike. Mud-shedding capabilities of their 10-speed XX cassette are made suitable for MTB use by extensive Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining of
430-481: A Schwinn Varsity frame. Mert Lawwill had Terry Knight of Oakland build the frames. The bikes sold for about $ 500 new and were made from 1979 though 1980 (approximate run of 600 bikes). The first mass production mountain bike was the Specialized Stumpjumper , first produced in 1981. With the rising popularity of mountain bikes, Randolph (Randy) Ross, executive vice president of Ross Bicycles Inc. ,
516-454: A bicycle frame builder, used this idea and developed what is considered the first mountain bike. It was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that road bicycle companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials, such as M4 aluminum. The first production mountain bike available was the 1979 Lawwill Pro Cruiser. The frame design was based on a frame that Don Koski fabricated from electrical conduit and
602-464: A cost estimate and with financial help from Meridian Energy, a DoC field work specialist—Mal Hansen—was flown into the south branch. Hansen, Stack and Boatwright explored the surveyed route from where Slate Creek flowed into the Mōkihinui to Lyell Saddle and concluded that the route would have been difficult in the 1880s but had become untenable through the two 20th century earthquakes. They then explored in
688-450: A downstream direction and stopped counting at 35 required bridges and flew out from Silver Creek, less than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) downstream (as the crow flies) from the confluence with Slate Creek. Based on this incomplete survey, a DoC staff member estimated the trail costs at NZ$ 7.3m. The trust then engaged an outdoor recreation specialist—Kay Booth—with forecasting potential user numbers, and an economist—Geoff Butcher—with estimating
774-473: A geologist—Brian Adams—who set out from Bald Hill above the Lyell Saddle to meet in the middle. The route looked feasible and when Dickson and his superior did a flyover, support from DoC was also given. Everybody agreed that the new route was a game changer, with the challenge of building the route through an alpine environment being intense. The resulting feasibility study produced by Adams was accepted by
860-462: A lodge. They purchased the land and built the lodge themselves; it opened in December 2006. A local artist was asked to paint a mural of the Mōkihinui above the lodge's fireplace. The artist's partner, Steve Stack, a local West Coaster with an intimate knowledge of the back-country, subsequently became friends with Boatwright. Before the lodge opened, Boatwright and Cook learned that Meridian Energy
946-556: A longer dray road that had never been completed. Shortly after in early 2007, Boatwright was handed the original of an 1886 survey plan for a "Lyell and Mokihinui Road"; the owner of the map had been told that the Rough & Tumble lodge is an appropriate place for preserving local historic artefacts. The map showed the proposed alignment that Dickson had mentioned; it followed the Mōkihinui River, then its south branch before climbing over
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#17327805690861032-605: A moving peg in November 1976, causing the actual value of the peg to be periodically adjusted. The New Zealand dollar contributes greatly to the total global exchange market—far in excess of New Zealand's relative share of population or global GDP. According to the Bank for International Settlements , the New Zealand dollar's share of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2016 was 2.1% (up from 1.6% in 2010) giving it
1118-504: A newspaper and met a very negative public reaction. The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations. In 1986, New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf 's new portrait of the Queen. The 1c and 2c coins were last minted for circulation in 1987, with collector coins being made for 1988. The coins were demonetised on 30 April 1990. The lack of 1c and 2c coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to
1204-421: A notable New Zealander, while the reverse featured a native New Zealand bird and New Zealand scenery. The Queen remained on the $ 20 note. In 1999, series 6 polymer notes replaced the paper notes. The designs remained much the same, but were changed slightly to accommodate new security features, with the most obvious changes being the two transparent windows. In 2015–16, new Series 7 notes were issued, refreshing
1290-613: A response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from "riskier" currencies such as the NZ$ . The NZ$ bottomed out at approximately US$ 0.50 on 6 March 2009. However, it rebounded strongly as the year progressed, reaching the US$ 0.75 range by November 2009. By late 2012, the dollar was holding above 80 US cents, occasionally reaching 85¢, prompting calls from the Green Party for quantitative easing . Unions also called on
1376-418: A seat tube angle around 73 degrees, with a head tube angle of anywhere from 60 to 73 degrees. The intended application of the bike affects its geometry very heavily. In general, steeper angles (closer to 90 degrees from the horizontal) are more efficient for pedaling up hills and make for sharper handling. Slacker angles (leaning farther from the vertical) are preferred for high speeds and downhill stability. In
1462-625: A working group to progress the idea of a long-distance track. The environmental manager for the Solid Energy 's Stockton coal mine , Phil Rossiter, joined first. Rossiter was a keen mountain biker and played rugby, and his employer was looking for opportunities to "give back to the community". The next to join was Wayne Pratt who had been intimately involved in creating the Hump Ridge Track ; Pratt had recently purchased Helicharter Karamea and could provide helicopter access. When Dickson,
1548-437: Is especially noticeable when cycling on roads and hard trails. At first, early rear suspension designs were overly heavy, and susceptible either to pedaling-induced bobbing or lockout. Most new mountain bikes use disc brakes. They offer much improved stopping power (less lever pressure is required providing greater braking modulation) over rim brakes under all conditions especially adverse conditions, because they are located at
1634-616: Is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory, the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($ ). The abbreviations " $ NZ " or " NZ$ " are used (outside New Zealand) when necessary to distinguish it from other dollar -denominated currencies. The New Zealand dollar
1720-465: Is the tenth most traded currency in the world, representing 2.1% of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2019. Prior to the introduction of the New Zealand dollar in 1967, the New Zealand pound was the currency of New Zealand, which had been distinct from the pound sterling since 1933. The pound used the £sd system, in which the pound was divided into 20 shillings and one shilling
1806-674: Is used in the ETRTO tire and rim sizing system), and the average 29″ mountain bike tire is (in ISO notation) 59-622 corresponds to an outside diameter of about 29.15 inches (740 mm). 622 mm wheels are standard on road bikes and are commonly known as 700C. In some countries, mainly in Continental Europe , 700C (622 mm) wheels are commonly called 28 inch wheels. 24 inch wheels are used for dirt jumping bikes and sometimes on freeride bikes, rear wheel only, as this makes
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#17327805690861892-559: The FMB World Tour and the Red Bull Rampage . Mountain bikes can usually be divided into four broad categories based on suspension configuration: Since the 1980s, mountain bikes have had anywhere from 7 to 36 speeds, with 1 to 4 chain-rings on the crankset and 5 to 12 sprockets in the cogset . 30-speed, 33-speed and 36-speed mountain bikes were originally found to be unworkable, as the mud-shedding capabilities of
1978-401: The "Old Ghost Road". Mountain bike A mountain bike ( MTB ) or mountain bicycle is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share some similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, which often makes them heavier, more complex and less efficient on smooth surfaces. These typically include
2064-456: The $ 5 replacing their pound predecessors. The original series of dollar notes featured on the obverse a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II wearing Queen Alexandra 's Kokoshnik tiara, King George's VI festoon necklace, and Queen Mary's floret earrings, while the reverse featured native birds and plants. The notes were changed slightly in 1981 due to a change of printer (from De La Rue to Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co.)—the most noticeable difference being
2150-411: The 1.90 to 2.10 in (48 to 53 mm ) size, to 2.35 and 3.00 in (60 and 76 mm) widths popular with freeride and downhill bicycles. Although heavier wheelsets are favored in the freeride and downhill disciplines, advances in wheel technology continually shave weight off strong wheels. This is highly advantageous as rolling weight greatly affects handling and control, which are very important to
2236-451: The 17 bridges that had to be built. The trustees agreed to split tasks: Rossiter would deal with administrative work, negotiate with partners, and write the DoC environmental impact report. Stack would become a paid full-time employee of the trust and lead the crew of track workers. Boatwright would be in charge of the team that built huts that could give track workers accommodation. In addition,
2322-413: The 27.5-inch wheel diameter with ≈2.25 widths (ISO 584 mm rim diameter), particular on smaller frame sizes for shorter riders. Mountain bikes with 24-inch wheels are also available, sometimes for dirt jumping, or as a junior bike. Bicycle wheel sizes are not precise measurements: a 29-inch mountain bike wheel with a 622 millimetres (24.5 in) bead seat diameter (the term, bead seat diameter (BSD),
2408-498: The 50c, 20c and 10c coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter. After a three-month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005, the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March that it would go ahead with the proposed changes. The changeover period started on 31 July 2006, with the old coins usable until 31 October 2006. The old 50c, 20c, 10c and 5c pieces are now no longer legal tender , but are still redeemable at
2494-512: The 5c, 10c, and 20c were the same size as the sixpence, shilling and florin that they respectively replaced, and until 1970, the ten-cent coin bore the additional legend "One Shilling". The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin 's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND [date]. The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally intended for them. Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to
2580-542: The DoC manager, supported that a track be investigated, the group formed the Mokihinui-Lyell Backcountry Trust (MLBT) and had it incorporated in July 2008. Meridian Energy paid for the establishment costs and agreed in consultation with the group that should their dam proposal go ahead, they would establish a track above the new water level as a compensation measure. The trust embarked on getting
2666-582: The Government and the Reserve Bank to take action, but as of February 2013 both had declined. As of early June 2017, the NZD was trading at approximately US$ 0.71, and in early November 2019 it was valued as US$ 0.63 = NZ$ 1. On the introduction of the dollar, coins came in denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 20c, and 50c. The 1c and 2c coins were bronze, the others were cupro-nickel . To ease transition,
Old Ghost Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
2752-499: The Lyell Range to stay above Lyell Creek to the site of Lyell township. In July 2007, Boatwright and Stack set out to tramp the route from Lyell to the Rough & Tumble lodge. Their objectives were to find out how much of the road had been built, how accessible it was, and whether it offered an attractive environment for tramping. They found that the track from Lyell stopped at Lyell Saddle and that nothing had ever been built along
2838-464: The Lyell Range; he had often wondered whether one could go along the tops rather than following the river. And on that flight, the eventual route would be agreed on – from the Lyell Saddle to Goat Creek Hut where the track would rejoin the Mōkihinui River's south branch. It looked perfect, but the challenges of building it would nearly break the trustees in years to come. A week later, Stack and Boatwright walked south from Goat Creek Hut to meet Rossiter and
2924-680: The Lyell-part of the track. Buller District Council took on maintenance support for the alpine sections and the track along the south branch. In addition, the New Zealand Cycle Trail team accepted that the Mōkihinui Gorge section would be left unresolved until the Meridian Energy proposal for a dam had been resolved. Subsequently, Rossiter's wife Di took on the task of applying for grants and secured funding for 15 of
3010-402: The Mōkihinui Gorge and Boatwright mobilised himself and three friends to build Specimen Point Hut as a winter base for the track builders. The Mōkihinui River river catchment area is a largely unmodified landscape of open tussock, podocarp-beech forests, and the pristine river itself. The area was highly rated for its biodiversity values, but prior to 2019, it was classified as stewardship land −
3096-577: The NZCT. The third hurdle was to have agreed co-funding in place and in May 2010, all partners committed to their share. Development West Coast (DWC), a charitable trust set up by the government in 2001 with a fund of $ 92 million for the West Coast to stop native logging, would commit their funding. Solid Energy would fund the back-country huts. The Department of Conservation took on the ongoing maintenance of
3182-592: The New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound (one dollar to ten shillings, ten cents to one shilling, 5 ⁄ 6 cent to a penny). Some 27 million new banknotes were printed and 165 million new coins were minted for the changeover. The New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to both the British pound sterling and the United States dollar at NZ$ 1 = UK£ 1 ⁄ 2 = US$ 1.40. On 21 November 1967 sterling
3268-400: The Reserve Bank. Prior to the change over, these coins were similar, save for the legend and reverse artwork, to international (mainly Commonwealth ) coins of the same British-derived sizes, which led to coins from other currencies, particularly older coins, being accepted by vending machines and many retailers. Commemorative coins, with face values of 50c, were issued in 2015 and 2018 to mark
3354-748: The acronym "ATB" are used as synonyms for "mountain bike", but some authors consider them passé. The original mountain bikes were modified heavy cruiser bicycles used for freewheeling down mountain trails. The sport became popular in the 1970s in Northern California, USA, with riders using older, single-speed balloon tire bicycles to ride down rugged hillsides. These modified bikes were called "ballooners" in California, "klunkers" in Colorado, and "dirt bombers" in Oregon. Joe Breeze ,
3440-441: The bike more maneuverable. 29 inch wheels were once used for only cross country purposes, but are now becoming more commonplace in other disciplines of mountain biking. A mountain bike with 29″ wheels is often referred to as a 29er , and a bike with 27.5-inch wheels is called a 27.5 Mountain bike or as a marketing term ″650B bike". Wheels come in a variety of widths, ranging from standard rims suitable for use with tires in
3526-559: The breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, both Australia and New Zealand converted the mostly-fixed foreign exchange regimes to a moving peg against the US dollar. In September 1974, Australia moved to a peg against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index (TWI) in an effort to reduce fluctuations associated with its peg to the US dollar. The peg to the TWI was changed to
Old Ghost Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
3612-491: The building of the Lyell Saddle Hut. The hut was only just ready when the crew finished the track from below. With the new base established, Stack and his crew tackled the six kilometres of track up Bald Hill. The geology changed from greywacke to mudstone at the Lyell Saddle and construction became difficult as the weight of the digger would turn the mudstone into mud, making track building impossible. The solution
3698-499: The cassette. Due to the time and cost involved in such a product, they were only aimed at top-end XC-racers. However, 10-speed has become the norm by 2011 and the market leader Shimano even offers its budget groupset "Alivio" in a 10-speed version. In July 2012, SRAM announced a 1×11 drivetrain called XX1 that does not make use of a front derailleur for lighter weight and simplicity. In the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow all leading riders used 1×11 drivetrains. SRAM's new 1×12 gearing
3784-547: The centenary of the Gallipoli landings and of Armistice Day . After the death of Queen Elizabeth II in September 2022, the Reserve Bank said it would exhaust its existing coin stocks before introducing new coins featuring King Charles III . Based on current stock levels, this would likely be several years away. In 1967, notes were introduced in denominations of $ 1 , $ 2 , $ 5 , $ 10 , $ 20 and $ 100 , with all except
3870-443: The center of the wheel (on the wheel hub). They therefore remain drier and cleaner than wheel rims, which are more readily soiled or damaged. The disadvantage of disc brakes is their increased cost and often greater weight. Disc brakes do not allow heat to build up in the tires on long descents; instead, heat builds up in the rotor, which can become extremely hot. There are two different kinds of disc brakes: hydraulic, which uses oil in
3956-472: The chairmanship of the trust moved from Boatwright to Rossiter as the initial chair was to permanently relocate back to North Carolina. Boatwright would come back to the West Coast for a few weeks at a time whenever a hut needed to be built. Stack led a crew to build and restore the remaining Lyell track above the slips. Boatwright, on a stint back from the United States during March and April 2011, led
4042-431: The crumbly nature of this particular rock would respond best to chipping and prising away rather than explosives. A camp-site was built on the track that could sleep 14 volunteers and over several weekends, the crew hand-benched a track across the slips. In late 2009, the trust heard that the New Zealand Cycle Trail (NZCT) project had $ 50m funding available for projects. Dickson cautioned that, based on what DoC knew about
4128-566: The development of the sport of mountain biking in the 1970s, many new subtypes of mountain biking have developed, such as cross-country (XC) , trail , all-mountain , enduro , freeride , downhill , and a variety of track and slalom types. Each of these place different demands on the bike, requiring different designs for optimal performance. MTB development has led to an increase in suspension travel, now often up to 8 inches (200 mm), and gearing up to 13 speed, to facilitate both climbing and rapid descents. Advances in gearing have also led to
4214-445: The dollar's value was determined from a trade-weighted basket of currencies. On 4 March 1985, the NZ$ was floated at the initial rate of US$ 0.4444. Since then the dollar's value has been determined by the financial markets, and has been in the range of about US$ 0.39 to 0.88. The dollar's post-float low was US$ 0.3922 on 22 November 2000, and it reached a post-float high on 9 July 2014 of US$ 0.8821. Much of this medium-term variation in
4300-552: The early 1860s, the town of Lyell on the Buller River was founded. A dray road was built at the time towards the Lyell Saddle to give access to several mines and gold towns. There was also a dray road that started south of Seddonville and went along the Mōkihinui River ; the first land access to Karamea was via this route. In 1886, a survey was carried out to connect these two routes. Over time, knowledge of how much of
4386-498: The economic benefits for the local community. Booth was optimistic about the project but Butcher was sceptical. Towards the end of 2008, the trust made the decision to drop any further exploration work along the Mōkihinui River due to the uncertainty caused by Meridian Energy's dam proposal, but also because the trust had fallen out of favour with some groups due to its close working relationship with Meridian Energy. Instead, they proposed to DoC's Dickson that they concentrate on clearing
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#17327805690864472-491: The exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates. The New Zealand dollar is among the 10 most-traded currencies. On 11 June 2007 the Reserve Bank sold an unknown worth of New Zealand dollars for nine billion USD in an attempt to drive down its value. This is the first intervention in the markets by the Bank since the float in 1985. Two suspected interventions followed, but they were not as successful as
4558-413: The existing dray road from Lyell up to the first slip. Dickson suggested that they clear a helicopter landing area at the saddle for safer access from above but also large enough for a hut to be built there. Prior to this, the helicopter could only set down one skid at a rock outcrop, with members having to leave the craft "commando-style". 18 January 2009 saw the clearing of an area at the Lyell Saddle; this
4644-467: The first instance, NZCT wanted applicants to tell the story of their project, how much money they requested, and where the necessary co-funding would come from. Boatwright wrote the application and the trustees settled on asking for $ 2m. John Dunn, the NZCT project manager, informed Boatwright that of the 18 proposals that had been accepted, the Old Ghost Road was the top ranked one. The next step
4730-407: The first: the first appeared to be initially effective, with the dollar dropping to approximately US$ 0.7490 from near US$ 0.7620. However, within little more than a month it had risen to new post-float highs, reaching US$ 0.8103 on 23 July 2007. After reaching its post-float record high in early 2008, the value of the NZ$ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as
4816-495: The front and rear wheel are fitted with a shock absorber in some form as the wheel attaches to the bike. This provides a smoother ride as the front and rear wheels can now travel up and down to absorb the force of obstacles striking the tires. Dual suspension bikes of a similar quality are considerably more expensive, but this price increase brings an enormous off-road performance upgrade as dual suspension bikes are much faster on downhill and technical/rough sections, than other forms of
4902-403: The hardtail design has the benefits of lower cost, less maintenance, and better pedaling efficiency, it is slowly losing popularity due to improvements in full suspension designs. Front fork suspensions are now available with 8 inches (200 mm) of travel or more (see above under Designs .) Many new mountain bikes integrate a "full suspension" design known as dual suspension, meaning that both
4988-467: The help of his brother and a builder friend. In January 2012, Boatwright built Ghost Lake Hut with two friends over 19 days. The hut sits at just over 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) elevation on top of a 100 metres (330 ft) vertical cliff. On 22 May 2012, Meridian Energy announced that they had cancelled the Mokihinui Hydro proposal. The trust responded by moving crews from the high country into
5074-440: The lines to push the brake pads against the rotors to stop the bike. They cost more but work better. Mechanical, which uses wires in the lines to pull the pads against the rotors. Typical features of a mountain bike are very wide tyres. The original 26 inch wheel diameter with ≈2.125″ width ( ISO 559 mm rim diameter) is increasingly being displaced by 29-inch wheels with ≈2.35″ width (ISO 622 mm rim diameter), as well as
5160-407: The lowest level of protection for publicly-owned conservation land. Following the cancellation of the Mokihinui Hydro project, work began to add the catchment area to the adjacent Kahurangi National Park . In 2019, 64,400 ha (159,000 acres) of land in the Mōkihinui River catchment, including 15 km (9.3 mi) of river bed, were added to the national park. The addition increased the size of
5246-535: The mountain bike. This is because when the wheel strikes an obstacle its tendency is to bounce up. Due to some forward energy being lost in the upward movement some speed is lost. Dual suspension bikes solve this problem by absorbing this upward force and transmit it into the shocks of the front and rear wheels, drastically decreasing the translation of forward momentum into useless upward movement. Disadvantages of rear suspension are increased weight, increased price, and with some designs, decreased pedaling efficiency, which
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#17327805690865332-429: The nearest 5c (10c from 2006), a process known as Swedish rounding . On 11 February 1991, aluminium-bronze $ 1 and $ 2 coins were introduced to replace existing $ 1 and $ 2 notes. In 1999, Ian Rank-Broadley 's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read " NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II ". On 11 November 2004 the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5c coin out of circulation and to make
5418-483: The note design and improving security features. As of 2021, Series 6 and 7 notes are currently legal tender. In September 2022, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Reserve Bank said it would exhaust its existing stocks of $ 20 notes before introducing new notes featuring King Charles III. The most recent issue of New Zealand banknotes is the seventh series, first released in October 2015 and May 2016. With
5504-452: The park by 14%. The area added to the park includes a large portion of the route of the Old Ghost Road. In late 2007, Boatwright thought about a name for the track and notioned the Lyell and Mokihinui Road as a ghost of a road; from this came the idea of "Ghost Road". Discussing the potential name with other trust members, Richard Little suggested that it be preceded by the word 'old' to become
5590-478: The past mountain bikes had a rigid frame and fork. In the early 1990s, the first mountain bikes with suspension forks were introduced. This made riding on rough terrain easier and less physically stressful. The first front suspension forks had about 1 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 inches (38 to 50 mm) of suspension travel. Once suspension was introduced, bikes with front suspension and rigid, non-suspended rear wheels, or "hardtails", became popular nearly overnight. While
5676-437: The portrait based upon a photograph by Peter Grugeon, in which Queen Elizabeth II is wearing Grand Duchess Vladimir's tiara and Queen Victoria's golden jubilee necklace. The $ 50 note was added in 1983 to fill the long gap between the $ 20 and the $ 100 notes. $ 1 and $ 2 notes were discontinued in 1991 after being replaced with coins. A new series of notes, known as Series 5 was introduced in 1992. The obverse of each note featured
5762-510: The project, the trust would have a "snowball's chance in hell" to receive any grants. Undeterred, Boatwright went to a workshop help by the NZCT team in Christchurch and he was the odd one out. Of the circa 30 attendees, all others were representing district or city councils developing projects to suit the available funding. Boatwright represented the only group of volunteers and they were the only ones already working on an actual project. In
5848-421: The rider to quickly adjust the seat height (an elevated seat position is more effective for pedaling, but poses a hazard in aggressive maneuvers). Mountain bikes are generally specialized for use on mountain trails, single track , fire roads , and other unpaved surfaces. In addition to being used to travel and recreate on those surfaces, many people use mountain bikes primarily on paved surfaces; some may prefer
5934-406: The route had been built has been lost and the slips and landslides caused by the 1929 Murchison earthquake made those parts that had been built inaccessible. The 1968 Inangahua earthquake caused further damage. In 2002, Marion Boatwright from North Carolina and his wife Susan Cook from Christchurch came across overgrown farmland at the end of the Mōkihinui Gorge that they thought suitable for
6020-533: The same intended application, more expensive tires tend to be lighter and have less rolling resistance. Sticky rubber tires are now available for use on freeride and downhill bikes. While these tires wear down more quickly, they provide greater traction in all conditions, especially during cornering. Tires and rims are available in either tubed or tubeless designs, with tubeless tires recently (2004) gaining favor for their pinch flat resistance. Tires also come with tubes, tubeless and tubeless-ready. Tires with tubes are
6106-477: The south branch of the Mōkihinui. The area downstream from Mountain Creek was known to Stack and the track started again several kilometres downstream from Mōkihinui Forks. Their six-day tramp confirmed that over half of the surveyed road had never been built. And most of the part that had been built along the Mōkihinui River was threatened to be flooded by the Meridian Energy dam proposal. Boatwright set about to form
6192-959: The standard design and the easiest to use and maintain. Tubeless tires are significantly lighter and often have better performance because you can run them at a lower tire pressure which results in better traction and increasing rolling resistance. Tubeless-ready tires are tires that can use tubes or go tubeless. A liquid sealant is used without the tube to secure the seal to the rim. Popular tire manufacturers include Wilderness Trail Bikes , Schwalbe, Maxxis, Nokian, Michelin, Continental, Tioga, Kenda, Hutchinson, Specialized and Panaracer. Mountain bikes are available in tandem configurations. For example, Cannondale and Santana Cycles offer ones without suspension, while Ellsworth , Nicolai, and Ventana manufacture tandems with full suspension. [REDACTED] Media related to Mountain bikes at Wikimedia Commons New Zealand dollar The New Zealand dollar ( Māori : tāra o Aotearoa ; sign : $ ; code : NZD )
6278-686: The technical nature of freeride and downhill riding. The widest wheel/tire widths, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger, are sometimes used by icebikers who use their mountain bikes for winter-time riding in snowy conditions. Manufacturers produce bicycle tires with a wide variety of tread patterns to suit different needs. Among these styles are: slick street tires, street tires with a center ridge and outer tread, fully knobby, front-specific, rear-specific, and snow studded. Some tires can be specifically designed for use in certain weather (wet or dry) and terrain (hard, soft, muddy, etc.) conditions. Other tire designs attempt to be all-around applicable. Within
6364-427: The track. Over a five-week period, the track was restored. With the constant gradient of the track restored and having become obvious again, Rossiter proposed to the trust a change of scope from a tramping route to a mountain biking track; this was accepted. This left the challenge on the Lyell track to overcome – two large slips that left near-vertical rock faces behind. Rossiter, a geologist by training, explained that
6450-443: The ubiquity of "1x" drivetrains (pronounced "one-by"), simplifying the gearing to one chainring in the front and a wide range cassette at the rear, typically with 9 to 12 sprockets . 1x gearing reduces overall bike weight, increases ground clearance, and greatly simplifies the process of gear selection, but 2- or 3-ring drivetrains are still common on entry-level bikes. The expressions "all terrain bicycle", "all terrain bike", and
6536-593: The upright position, plush ride, and stability that mountain bikes often have. Mountain biking terrain commonly has rocks, roots, loose dirt, and steep grades. Many trails have additional technical trail features (TTF) such as log piles , log rides , rock gardens , skinnies , gap jumps , and wall-rides . Mountain bikes are built to handle these types of terrain and features. The heavy-duty construction combined with stronger rims and wider tires has also made this style of bicycle popular with urban riders and couriers who must navigate through potholes and over curbs. Since
6622-478: Was devalued from UK£1 = US$ 2.80 to US$ 2.40 (see Bretton Woods system ), but the New Zealand dollar was devalued even more from NZ$ 1 = US$ 1.40 to US$ 1.12, to match the value of the Australian dollar . In 1971 the US devalued its dollar relative to gold , leading New Zealand on 23 December to peg its dollar at US$ 1.216 with a 4.5% fluctuation range, keeping the same gold value. From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985
6708-455: Was divided into 12 pence, a system which by the 1950s was considered complicated and cumbersome. Switching to decimal currency had been proposed in New Zealand since the 1930s, although only in the 1950s did any plans come to fruition. In 1957, a committee was set up by the Government to investigate decimal currency. The idea fell on fertile ground, and in 1963, the Government decided to decimalise New Zealand currency. The Decimal Currency Act
6794-438: Was introduced in 1967. It is subdivided into 100 cents . Altogether it has five coins and five banknotes with the smallest being the 10-cent coin ; smaller denominations have been discontinued due to inflation and production costs. In the context of currency trading, the New Zealand dollar is sometimes informally called the "Kiwi" or "Kiwi dollar", since the flightless bird , the kiwi , is depicted on its one-dollar coin . It
6880-430: Was introduced in 2016 as SRAM Eagle. This gives a single chain ring bike better ability to climb. The critical angles in bicycle geometry are the head angle (the angle of the head tube ), and the seat tube angle (the angle of the seat tube ). These angles are measured from the horizontal, and drastically affect the rider position and performance characteristics of the bicycle. Mountain bike geometry will often feature
6966-466: Was passed in 1964, setting the date of transition to 10 July 1967. Words such as "fern", "kiwi" and "zeal" were proposed to avoid confusion with the word "dollar", which many people associate with the United States dollar . In the end, the word "dollar" was chosen anyway, and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called "Mr. Dollar" became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign. On Monday 10 July 1967 ("Decimal Currency Day"),
7052-507: Was quoted in the New York Times saying I'd say these bikes are one of the biggest things that ever happened to the biking industry. Its basic look constitutes "a total shift in image" for the industry. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, mountain biking moved from a little-known sport to a mainstream activity complete with an international racing circuit and a world championship , in addition to various free ride competitions, such as
7138-415: Was the start of construction for the Old Ghost Road. After a few weekends of volunteers chainsawing fallen trees, the route became walkable. By winter 2009, Dickson proposed to hire two diggers to remove slips from the track. When the digger operators had been recruited the project suffered a significant setback, with a once-in-75-year rainstorm event having swept thousands of trees and many tons of debris onto
7224-484: Was to employ the corduroy road construction method with beech trees chainsawed lengthwise to produce the needed logs. One team member was assigned to chainsawing and after a while, he managed to produce enough material for 15 metres (49 ft) of track per day. It was a hard slog and Stack's team spent over a year building the track up to the tops. Later in 2011, Boatwright built the Stern Valley Hut with
7310-409: Was to produce a feasibility study and Stack was sent along the south branch to find a track alignment that would be viable and feasible. The plan was to meet the other trustees at the Lyell Saddle helipad a week later and when he emerged, his face said it all: the south branch of the Mōkihinui River could not fulfil the dream. Pratt, the helicopter pilot, spontaneously invited the others to a flight along
7396-410: Was working on a proposal to dam the Mōkihinui River . Whilst the dam was to go immediately upstream of their property, their land was needed for three years for construction activity and they would have to move away during that time. Boatwright and his wife learned from the local Department of Conservation (DoC) manager, Bob Dickson, that a proposed tramping route along the Mōkihinui Gorge was part of
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