Misplaced Pages

#865134

65-502: Old gold is a dark yellow , which varies from light olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow, generally on the darker side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a color name in English was in the early 19th century (exact year uncertain). Yellow Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of light . It is evoked by light with a dominant wavelength of roughly 575–585 nm . It

130-400: A daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow. Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different color wheels , painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet. Lasers emitting in the yellow part of

195-490: A house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as "buttery yellow". Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also chrome yellow , first made in 1809; and cadmium yellow , first made in 1820. In 1895 a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color comic strip . It took advantage of

260-568: A magenta logo . It has sought to prevent use of any similar color by other businesses, even those in unrelated fields, such as the insurance company Lemonade . Magenta was the English name of Tokyo's Oedo subway line color. It was later changed to ruby . It is also the color of the Metropolitan line of the London Underground . In aircraft autopilot systems, the path that pilot or plane should follow to its destination

325-557: A new color printing process, which used color separation and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the Yellow Kid , from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as " yellow journalism ". In

390-441: A particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, "Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!" In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine,

455-469: A political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the Song dynasty , laws banned the use of certain bright yellow shades by anyone but the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet. In current Chinese pop culture , the term "yellow movie" ( 黃色電影 ) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature, analogous to the English " blue movie ". This

520-407: A quinacridone dye is often used for magenta. Various tones of magenta—light, bright, brilliant, vivid, rich, or deep—may be formulated by adding varying amounts of white to quinacridone artist's paints. Another dye used for magenta is Lithol Rubine BK . One of its uses is as a food coloring. In color printing , the color called process magenta , pigment magenta , or printer's magenta is one of

585-718: A red variety of carotenoid natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by

650-586: A reddish-purple dye which he called " fuchsine ", after the color of the flower of the fuchsia plant. He quit the Rafard factory and took his color to a firm of paint manufacturers, Francisque and Joseph Renard, who began to manufacture the dye in 1859. In the same year, two British chemists, Edward Chambers Nicholson and George Maule, working at the laboratory of the paint manufacturer George Simpson, located in Walworth, south of London, made another aniline dye with

715-416: A series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue. Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles. It often replaced red as

SECTION 10

#1732787171866

780-519: A similar red-purple color, which they began to manufacture in 1860 under the name "roseine". In 1860, they changed the name of the color to "magenta", in honor of the Battle of Magenta fought by the armies of France and Sardinia against Austrians at Magenta, Lombardy the year before, and the new color became a commercial success. Starting in 1935, the family of quinacridone dyes was developed. These have colors ranging from red to violet, so nowadays

845-630: A slight yellowish hue when the Sun is near the horizon, due to atmospheric scattering of shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet). Because it was widely available, yellow ochre pigment was one of the first colors used in art; the Lascaux cave in France has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old. Ochre and orpiment pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in

910-405: A specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are complementary . This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists Grassmann and Helmholtz did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is,

975-528: A transitional phase between blue supergiants and red supergiants . Some yellow supergiants, the Cepheid variables , pulsate with a period proportional to their absolute magnitude ; hence, if their apparent magnitude is known, the distance to them can be calculated with great precision. Cepheid variables were hence used to determine distances within and beyond the Milky Way galaxy. The most famous example

1040-408: A wavelength that today's color scientists would call violet or purple. Helmholtz says "Yellow and indigo blue" are complements. Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says "This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie." Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite

1105-490: A yellow carpet. According to surveys in Europe, Canada, the United States and elsewhere, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, happiness, and spontaneity; however it can also be associated with duplicity, envy, jealousy, greed, justice, and, in the U.S., cowardice. In Iran it has connotations of pallor/sickness, but also wisdom and connection. In China and many Asian countries, it

1170-562: Is a primary color in subtractive color systems, used in painting or color printing. In the RGB color model , used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a secondary color made by combining red and green at equal intensity. Carotenoids give the characteristic yellow color to autumn leaves , corn , canaries , daffodils , and lemons, as well as egg yolks , buttercups , and bananas. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photo damage in some cases. Sunlight has

1235-576: Is a color of virtue and nobility. Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where huáng ( 黃 or 黄 ) is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. Although huáng originally and occasionally still covers a range inclusive of tans and oranges , speakers of modern Standard Mandarin tend to map their use of huáng to shades corresponding to English yellow. In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red, and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. After

1300-654: Is called magenta in X11 and fuchsia in HTML . In the RGB color model, it is created by combining equal intensities of red and blue light. The two web colors magenta and fuchsia are exactly the same color. Sometimes the web color magenta is called electric magenta or electronic magenta . While the magenta used in printing and the web color have the same name, they have important differences. Process magenta (the color used for magenta printing ink—also called printer's or pigment magenta)

1365-484: Is called red-purple . If the spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet. Violet and red, the two components of magenta, are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum and have very different wavelengths. The additive secondary color magenta is made by combining violet and red light at equal intensity; it is not present in the spectrum itself. The web colors fuchsia and magenta are identical, made by mixing

SECTION 20

#1732787171866

1430-523: Is denoted by E number E110. In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color. In a year 2000 survey, only 6% of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color, compared with 45% for blue, 15% for green, 12% for red, and 10% for black. For 7% of respondents, it was their least favorite color. Yellow is considered a color of ambivalence and contradiction. It is associated with optimism and amusement, but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy. However, in China and other parts of Asia, yellow

1495-526: Is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is "considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly". The 19th-century British painter J. M. W. Turner was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway was dominated by glowing yellow clouds. Georges Seurat used

1560-612: Is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii . During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of Judas Iscariot , the disciple who betrayed Jesus Christ , even though the Bible never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with envy , jealousy and duplicity. The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with

1625-403: Is much less vivid than the color magenta achievable on a computer screen. CMYK printing technology cannot accurately reproduce on paper the color on the computer screen. When the web color magenta is reproduced on paper, it is called fuchsia and it is physically impossible for it to appear on paper as vivid as on a computer screen. Colored pencils and crayons called "magenta" are usually colored

1690-426: Is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there may be variations in the printed color that is pure magenta ink. The web color magenta is one of the three secondary colors in the RGB color model . On the RGB color wheel , magenta is the color between rose and violet , and halfway between red and blue . This color

1755-409: Is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink. The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See RGB color model ). Traditionally,

1820-502: Is related to other Germanic words for yellow , namely Scots yella , East Frisian jeel , West Frisian giel , Dutch geel , German gelb , and Swedish and Norwegian gul . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the oldest known use of this word in English is from The Epinal Glossary in 700. Yellow is found between green and red on the spectrum of visible light. It

1885-545: Is seen as the color of royalty, nobility, respect, happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom. The word yellow is from the Old English geolu, geolwe ( oblique case ), meaning "yellow, and yellowish", derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz "yellow". It has the same Indo-European base, gel- , as the words gold and yell ; gʰel- means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out. The English term

1950-478: Is stimulated in the brain when the eye reports input from short wave blue cone cells along with a sub-sensitivity of the long wave cones which respond secondarily to that same deep blue color, but with little or no input from the middle wave cones. The brain interprets that combination as some hue of magenta or purple, depending on the relative strengths of the cone responses. In the Munsell color system , magenta

2015-552: Is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a dominant wavelength between 570 and 590 nanometers. In color printing, yellow is one of the three subtractive primary colors of ink along with magenta and cyan . Together with black , they can be overlaid in the right combination to print any full color image. (See the CMYK color model ). A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as "pigment yellow", "printer's yellow", and "canary yellow"). Process yellow

Old gold - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-446: Is the current North Pole star, Polaris . Autumn leaves , yellow flowers, bananas, oranges and other yellow fruits all contain carotenoids , yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae , some bacteria and some fungi. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis , and they protect

2145-467: Is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably Mountain Dew ), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green. It

2210-518: Is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5 nm ("yellow"). This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a helium–neon laser . However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590 nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies

2275-492: Is typically labelled on food packages as "color", "tartrazine", or "E102". In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels. Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as orange yellow S , FD&C yellow 6 and C.I. 15985 ) It is manufactured from aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum. When added to foods sold in Europe, it

2340-629: The Pennsylvania Dutch community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called Indian saffron is often really turmeric. The most common yellow food coloring in use today is called Tartrazine . It is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye . It is also known as E number E102, C.I. 19140, FD&C yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate. It

2405-521: The 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in Nazi Germany and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing. In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter Piet Mondrian made

2470-651: The Italian town of Magenta in Lombardy . A virtually identical color, called roseine, was created in 1860 by two British chemists, Edward Chambers Nicholson, and George Maule. The web color magenta is also called fuchsia . Magenta is an extra-spectral color , meaning that it is not a hue associated with monochromatic visible light . Magenta is associated with perception of spectral power distributions concentrated mostly in two bands: longer wavelength reddish components and shorter wavelength blueish components. In

2535-469: The RGB color system, used to create all the colors on a television or computer display, magenta is a secondary color, made by combining equal amounts of red and blue light at a high intensity. In this system, magenta is the complementary color of green, and combining green and magenta light on a black screen will create white. In the CMYK color model , used in color printing, it is one of the three primary colors, along with cyan and yellow, used to print all

2600-442: The boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450 nm, are derivable from the modern CIE 1931 system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580 nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 K or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with

2665-443: The carotenoid group. The name is from Greek xanthos ( ξανθος , "yellow") + phyllon ( φύλλον , "leaf"). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add xanthophylls , usually lutein , to make

Old gold - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-413: The carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown. Yellow, in the form of yellow ochre pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old. In Ancient Egypt , yellow was associated with gold, which

2795-420: The classic autumn leaf color . Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to carrots, maize, daffodils , rutabagas , buttercups and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked lobsters , the pink of flamingoes and salmon and the yellow of canaries and egg yolks . Xanthophylls are the most common yellow pigments that form one of two major divisions of

2860-403: The color of process magenta ( printer's magenta ). Magenta is a common color for flowers, particularly in the tropics and sub-tropics. Because magenta is the complementary color of green, magenta flowers have the highest contrast with the green foliage, and therefore are more visible to the animals needed for their pollination. The German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom uses

2925-508: The color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in Las Vegas and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color. In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the "Eye Saver Yellow" slide rule , which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy. The 21st century saw

2990-479: The color yellow. In 16th-century Spain , those accused of heresy and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the Spanish Inquisition dressed in a yellow cape. The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The National Pawnbrokers Association 's logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that

3055-528: The complementary color of yellow is purple; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters. Vincent van Gogh , an avid student of color theory, used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony. Hunt defines that "two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli." That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match

3120-583: The development of the theory of five elements , the Chinese reckoned various correspondences. On a five season model, late summer was characterized by yellowing leaves. Yellow was taken as the color of the fifth direction of the compass, the central. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world. The legendary first emperor of China

3185-407: The egg yolks more yellow. Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; hormones in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several enzymes . These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of

3250-453: The green chlorophyll from photodamage. In late summer, as daylight hours shorten and temperatures cool, the veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating

3315-409: The hall was covered with a huge mirror , in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light. Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from carotenoid pigments. Egg yolks gain their color from xanthophylls , also a type of carotenoid pigment. Yellow is a common color of flowers. The color of saffron comes from crocin ,

SECTION 50

#1732787171866

3380-685: The murals in Roman villas. In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the Pope and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but it was also associated with Judas Iscariot and used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a yellow star . In China, bright yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on

3445-450: The new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or zinc chromate , which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown. The painter Vincent van Gogh was

3510-566: The patron saint of pawnbroking, St. Nicholas , holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the House of Medici , a famous fifteenth-century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders. The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances. c.  1776 , Jean-Honoré Fragonard painted A Young Girl Reading . She

3575-406: The rest of the colors. If magenta, cyan, and yellow are printed on top of each other on a page, they make black. In this model, magenta is the complementary color of green. If combined, green and magenta ink will look dark brown or black. The magenta used in color printing, sometimes called process magenta, is a darker shade than the color used on computer screens. In terms of physiology , the color

3640-479: The same proportions of blue and red light. In design and printing, there is more variation. The French version of fuchsia in the RGB color model and in printing contains a higher proportion of red than the American version of fuchsia. The color magenta was the result of the industrial chemistry revolution of the mid-nineteenth century, which began with the invention by William Perkin of mauveine in 1856, which

3705-515: The spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors. In commercial products diode pumped solid state ( DPSS ) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76 THz and 223.39 THz: 1064 nm and 1342 nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light

3770-463: The three primary pigment colors which, along with yellow and cyan , constitute the three subtractive primary colors of pigment. (The secondary colors of pigment are blue, green, and red.) As such, the hue magenta is the complement of green : magenta pigments absorb green light; thus magenta and green are opposite colors. The CMYK printing process was invented in the 1890s, when newspapers began to publish color comic strips . Process magenta

3835-555: The use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was The weather project , by Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson , which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's Tate Modern in 2003. Eliasson used humidifiers to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of monochromatic lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of

3900-478: Was F. G. W. Struve in 1827. One of his classifications was flavae , or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0. The Strömgren photometric system for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550 nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30 nm. Supergiant stars are rarely yellow supergiants because F and G class supergiants are physically unstable; they are most often

3965-484: Was called the Yellow Emperor and the last, Puyi (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. "It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human." The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both

SECTION 60

#1732787171866

4030-566: Was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant orpiment , though it was made of arsenic and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun . Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent gold and also in skin tones. It

4095-405: Was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589 nm, which is considered a true yellow color. The use of yellow lasers at 589 nm and 594 nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of optogenetics . Stars of spectral classes F and G have color temperatures that make them look "yellowish". The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color

4160-546: Was the basis of the 2007 " very erotic very violent " meme, with the word "erotic" calquing Chinese "yellow". Magenta Magenta took its name from an aniline dye made and patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin, who originally called it fuchsine . It was renamed to celebrate the Italian-French victory at the Battle of Magenta fought between the French and Austrians on 4 June 1859 near

4225-435: Was the first synthetic aniline dye . The enormous commercial success of the dye and the new color it produced, mauve , inspired other chemists in Europe to develop new colors made from aniline dyes. In France, François-Emmanuel Verguin, the director of the chemical factory of Louis Rafard near Lyon , tried many different formulae before finally in late 1858 or early 1859, mixing aniline with carbon tetrachloride , producing

#865134