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63-491: Old Hop was the uncle of Attakullakulla , better known as Little Carpenter. Anthropologist and Native American historian Fred Gearing described Old Hop's career: When Cherokees had differences among themselves, Old Hop had a great capacity to bring them together. Typically, he avoided making decisions himself... He was extremely cool-headed and patient with the more precipitate of the Cherokees around him. In short, Old Hop

126-412: A Cherokee family, and raised as Cherokee. Attakullakulla believed he was of Jewish descent. He married Nionne Ollie, the daughter of his cousin, Oconostota . She was said to have been a Black, French speaking Natchez captive adopted by his cousin's wife. The marriage was permissible because the individuals were from different clans ; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan. In 1730, Attakullakulla

189-454: A peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794, Anthony Wayne built a string of forts in the upper Maumee River watershed, including Fort Defiance , across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth. While the British had encouraged

252-803: A practice that ended about 250 CE. The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated. The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the Council of Three Fires . Together they fought the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (who came from the East) and the Dakota people . In 1615 French explorer Samuel de Champlain met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call les cheueux releuez " (modern French: cheveux relevés (hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near

315-461: A verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" was related both to the English meaning of his Cherokee name and a reference to his physical stature. Naturalist William Bartram described the chief as "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame." "...his ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders. He

378-582: Is made up of numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe , characterized by frequent syncope . Odawaa (syncoped as Daawaa , is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word adaawe , meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to

441-780: The Anishinaabeg , related to but distinct from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples. After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on Manitoulin Island , near the northern shores of Lake Huron , and the Bruce Peninsula in the present-day province of Ontario , Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the Ottawa River , and in what became

504-673: The Cree , Algonquin , Nipissing , Innu , Odawa, and Ojibwe. The Potawatomi spelling of Odawa and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The Anishinaabe word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is Wadaawewinini(wag). Fr. Frederic Baraga , a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language as "Watawawininiwok," noting that it meant "men of

567-476: The Eastern Woodlands region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada . Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their peoples are federally recognized as Native American tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized First Nations bands in Canada. They are one of

630-840: The French and Indian War and contributed to the Seven Years' War on the European continent. In 1795, under the Treaty of Greenville , the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa. In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Wyandot people , in signing

693-805: The Ho-Chunk , and Sioux (from Naadawensiw ) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of New France , the Odawa became so important to the French and Canadians in fur trade that before 1670, colonists in Quebec (then called Canada ) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as Anishinaabe ( Neshnabek ) meaning "people." The mostly highly prized fur

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756-651: The Ojibwe language group, noted for its frequent syncope . In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as Nishnabemwin , while the Odawa language is called Daawaamwin . Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in Ontario and Michigan speak this language. The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma has three fluent speakers. According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in Wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls),

819-610: The Overhill Cherokee , in what is now East Tennessee , sometime in the early 1700s, although it is not known exactly when. His son, Turtle-at-Home , said that he was born to a sub-tribe of the Algonquian-speaking Nipissing in the North near Lake Superior . He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought south to Overhill territory, where he was adopted by

882-769: The Shawnee in Southwest Ohio; and the Delaware (Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio." In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their French trading partners against the British in the Seven Years' War , known as the French and Indian War in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief Pontiac has historically been reported to have been born at

945-644: The Treaty of Detroit under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and William Hull , representing the Michigan Territory , gave the United States a large portion of today's Southeastern Michigan and a section of northwest Ohio near the Maumee River . Many Odawa bands moved away from the European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in

1008-812: The 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the Northwest Indian War . The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated. In 1792 President George Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on

1071-515: The British, he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking out for the best interests of the Cherokee. After Connecorte died, Attakullakulla, the diplomat and peace chief, and Oconostota, the war chief, shared power at Chota; they led the Cherokee for a generation. In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), Attakullakulla agreed to a Cherokee land cession to

1134-569: The Carolinas. The Cherokee recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as Superintendent of Southern Indian Affairs. In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the Watauga Association , an organization formed by Anglo-American settlers who wanted to create an independent community in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored

1197-652: The Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle Towns. They were forced to retreat, and the Overhill Cherokee besieged Fort Loudoun, gaining its surrender in August 1760. The Cherokee killed many of the garrison as they retreated to the East. Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this was not achieved until 1761, when the British and South Carolina military conducted a punitive expedition against

1260-505: The Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s. His niece, Nancy Ward , was a ‘beloved woman’, who had the power to free war captives. During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son, Dragging Canoe ,

1323-482: The Cherokee tribes. In the 1750s and 1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British, he was a consummate diplomat, always hoping for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking out for the best interests of the Cherokee. Early in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah. According to anthropologist James Mooney , Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated as "leaning wood", from ada meaning "wood", and gulkalu ,

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1386-669: The Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the Cherokee-American wars , split with his father during this time. After the Cherokee massacred much of the garrison from Fort Loudon , Attakullkulla realized that Capt. John Stuart, Superintendent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, had escaped death. In order to save Stuart, Attakullakulla purchased him from the Cherokee who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After this act, by Cherokee custom, Stuart

1449-675: The English, in exchange for their promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were fighting with the British in the French and Indian War . He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokee for doing so. He also played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other in order to secure fair trading practices for his people. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed by William Henry Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton , Governor of South Carolina, and Attakullakulla, stated that there would “be firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and

1512-531: The Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief Memeskia . He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $ 300,000 worth (in today's dollars ) of trade goods. This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to

1575-566: The French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British. These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, some Cherokee leaders went to Charleston to try to negotiate with South Carolina authorities for peace. The colonial governor, William Henry Lyttelton , seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee surrendered those men responsible for killing white settlers. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1,700 men, Lyttelton set out for Fort Prince George , with

1638-560: The French colonists built Fort Detroit and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula, and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio. With movements of

1701-553: The Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community. Ettawageshik recorded Anishinaabe stories that speak of how the Anishinaabe people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by Howard Webkamigada and published as the book Ottawa Stories from

1764-581: The Middle and Lower Towns. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761. He was robbed and harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement in the western Carolinas and Overhill Territory, and was a frequent guest of colonial officials in Charles Town and Williamsburg . In the 1750–1760s, Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored

1827-706: The Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers , near the future site of Maumee, Ohio and about 11 miles upriver of present-day Toledo . In the winter of 1751–1752, Charles Langlade began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to Pickawillany . They attacked

1890-616: The Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area. After passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of Indian Territory : the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands. The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906,

1953-502: The Odawa as an ally of the British in the American Revolutionary War . He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan. The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States. Following the Revolutionary War, in

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2016-403: The Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers. The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in cornmeal , sunflower oil , furs and skins , rugs and mats , tobacco , and medicinal roots and herbs ." The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of

2079-517: The Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or Turtle Island , and from a region called Dawnland along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples). Directed by the miigis (luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the Saint Lawrence River . At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now Detroit , Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups,

2142-597: The Ojibwe and Odawa on Manitoulin and Cockburn Island were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa. In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of

2205-539: The Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi. There is archaeological evidence that the Saugeen complex people, a Hopewell -influenced group who were located on the Bruce Peninsula during the Middle Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork mounds for burials,

2268-616: The bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the Ottawa River . But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the Matàwackariniwak, a historical Algonquin band who lived along the Ottawa River. The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians ; the rest are considered Ottawa. Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to

2331-486: The city of Ottawa , Ontario , and the Ottawa River . The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them. Ottawa, Ohio , is the county seat of Putnam County , developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an Ottawa, Kansas . The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of

2394-540: The confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern Defiance, Ohio , later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a rebellion against the British , but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region. A decade later, Chief Egushawa (also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie (where Toledo later developed) led

2457-536: The federally recognized Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada. There has been one major anthropological study of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians . Jane Willetts Ettawageshik devoted approximately two years of study in

2520-472: The fort by waving a bridle over his head. He incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated and executed all the remaining Cherokee hostages. In response, the Cherokee launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokee blamed Attakullakulla for the murders of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded

2583-456: The frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements. Attakullakulla had a daughter named Rebecca "Nikiti" Carpenter with his first wife Nionne Ollie and another known as "Weena" with one of

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2646-443: The hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokee would deliver suspected "murderers" in exchange for the nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George. Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota lured Lt. Richard Coytmore out of

2709-542: The lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the Mascouten . In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful Mohawk people (of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the Beaver Wars . The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in

2772-411: The most gifted Cherokee orator from the 1760s to the 1770s. He first appeared in historic records in 1730, noted as accompanying Alexander Cuming , a British treaty commissioner, and six other Cherokee to England. He was one of the signatories of an early Cherokee treaty with Great Britain. By the early 1750s, Attakullakulla, renowned for his oratorical skills, had been appointed a principal speaker for

2835-668: The mouth of the French River . Of these, he said: "Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced." In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the Huron Confederacy . The Jesuit Relations of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in

2898-571: The nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoever”. On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a British expedition dispatched by General Jeffery Amherst and commanded by Colonel James Grant destroyed several Cherokee Lower and Middle towns in

2961-416: The present-day states of Michigan and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the Great Lakes in what became the United States. In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and Oklahoma (former Indian Territory , United States). The Ottawa dialect is part of the Algonquian language family . This large family

3024-537: The primary town of the Overhill settlements . In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began in North America, Cherokee warriors traveled to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and their Native American allies' strongholds. Virginia frontiersmen killed some Cherokee on their way home after these campaigns. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing

3087-415: The promise of British trade goods as compensation for participation in fighting. But this was not enough to satisfy young Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla led a Cherokee war party against

3150-418: The region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking Erie , were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired immunity to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities. In 1701

3213-404: The same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language. Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the North American interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations’ own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include Winnebago (from Wiinibiigoo ) for

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3276-406: The so-called Transylvania Purchase , by which North Carolina colonel Richard Henderson bought twenty million acres in present-day Kentucky and Middle Tennessee from the Cherokee. In May 1775, Attakullakulla, Oconostota and other elderly chiefs relinquished the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation (now roughly the states of Kentucky and Tennessee) for £10,000. Connecotre (Old Hop), the headman of

3339-400: The survivors of the Loudon battle. Attakullakulla is believed to have died between 1777 and 1780 in North Carolina, in territory that would later become Tennessee. He was succeeded as First Beloved Man of Chota by Oconostota . Ottawa (tribe) The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa / oʊ ˈ d ɑː w ə / ) are an Indigenous American people who primarily inhabit land in

3402-472: The territory of the Maumee River. Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River. In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting reservations at Blanchard's Creek and the Little Auglaize River in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against

3465-404: The tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern: "Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the English, in the south and east, the Miami settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the Wyandot settled in Central Ohio;

3528-400: The tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'" The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over

3591-436: The village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen Miami men and captured five English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped

3654-440: Was a member of a delegation of Cherokee leaders who traveled to England . In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the Overhill tribes. Three or four years later, he was captured by the Ottawa , who were allies of the French. They held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of Chota , which had become

3717-411: Was an influential Cherokee leader and the tribe's First Beloved Man , serving from 1761 to around 1775. His son was Dragging Canoe , the first leader of the Chickamauga faction of the Cherokee tribes. While Attakullakulla was "a man of remarkably small stature, he was noted for his maturity, wisdom, and graciousness." Attakullakulla knew some English but was not fluent. He was, however, considered

3780-472: Was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and alcohol." Up to the time of Nicolas Perrot , the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through Green Bay, Wisconsin , or Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan . They allegedly did "their best to exploit"

3843-408: Was mild-mannered, brilliant, and witty..." Contemporary Felix Walker also described Attakullakulla by the following: just “as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation”. He was known to excel at building houses. Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of

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3906-422: Was the near-perfect embodiment of the Cherokee ideas about proper leadership behavior, that is, unusually circumspect. This biographical article about an Indigenous person of North America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Attakullakulla Attakullakulla ( Cherokee ”Tsalagi”, (ᎠᏔᎫᎧᎷ) Atagukalu and often called Little Carpenter by the English) (c. 1715 – c. 1777)

3969-399: Was to be considered his eldest brother. Their lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English. The life of Capt. Stuart being again menaced, for refusing to aid in the mediated reduction of Fort George , Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or die trying. He told his fellow Cherokee that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. The distance to

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