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71-656: Originated at the Old Kyiv Hill (Starokyivska Hora), it was created in contrast to the Lower City, Podil . Presumably it started out from the ancient settlement of Kyi sometime at the start of the 6th century. In the 9–10th centuries it covered only 2 ha (4.9 acres) mostly at the western portion of the Old Kyiv Hill. Today at that location stands the National Historical Museum of Ukraine . The first fortifications supposedly were built during

142-468: A Russian garrison. However soon the garrison was transferred to Pechersk (Caves) and fortifications were decaying and getting ruined. In the 19th century the whole area came under complete reconstruction. It was then that the modern network of streets, squares, and parks was established. 50°27′30″N 30°30′58″E  /  50.45833°N 30.51611°E  / 50.45833; 30.51611 Podil Podil or Podol ( Ukrainian : Поділ ) or

213-564: A campaign to help Subutai , and each Chingizid led with him one or more tumens of the army. The Mongols prepared for an offensive in 1235 and early 1236 and subjugated the Bashkir tribes, who were forced to allocate several detachments to the Mongol army. The Mongols concentrated in the Caspian steppes in the autumn of 1236 under the general leadership of Jochi's son Batu. The first blow of

284-417: A campaign to help Subutai , who was facing a strong resistance from various peoples and cities under Genghis Khan's command. The list of Genghisides who participated in the campaign is present in works such as The Secret Legend , Yuan Shi , and Jami' al-tawarikh . In addition to Batu , other Chingizids who participated in the campaign included the sons of Jochi , Orda , Shiban , Tangkut and Berke ;

355-638: A fountain of the Roman goddess Felicitas in front of the magistracy was built. In 19th century the fountain was reattributed to Samson. The fountain became the first hydro-engineering structure at Podil. Not far from Kontraktova Square at Podil were the Zhytniy (Rye) Fairgrounds that existed at least since the 15th century where the main Roman Catholic cathedral Kosciol of Virgin Mary was located. Before

426-454: A rathaus, later Kyiv magistrate. The center of Podil became the market square later known as Mahistratska and Konstraktova where stood a rathaus and the city's cathedral Pyrohoshcha Church . The first "hostynnyi dvir" (trading courtyard) is known as early as the mid 16th century. In the 15th century there was established the Convent of St Florus . At the beginning of the 17th century, there

497-505: A result, the Russian handicraft industry regressed several centuries, while the guild industry in the West progressed to the era of primitive accumulation. The Russian handicraft industry had to reacquire the gains that had been made before the invasion. As a result of the invasion many people were forced to flee in front of the advancing tumens of Batu, and in northeastern Rus', residents of

568-461: A sharp decline, with their populations shrinking to a fraction of what they were before the invasion. For example, Kiev, which had around 50,000 people, had only about 200 houses left after the invasion, according to the papal legate Giovanni da Pian del Carpine . The decline of cities was also accompanied by a decline in culture, crafts, and trade. The pre-Mongol period was considered the heyday of culture, crafts, and trade in ancient Rus', but after

639-588: A significant impact on Russia's political development, as it paved the way for the emergence of the centralized Moscow state, which gradually absorbed other principalities and became the dominant power in Russia. Overall, the invasion of Batu Khan had a profound and lasting impact on the history of Russia. Stone construction in Russian cities practically ceased for several decades. The production of complex crafts, such as glass jewelry, Cloisonné enamel, niello , granulation , and polychrome glazed ceramics stopped. As

710-415: A state. Under Mongol occupation, for example, Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy, postal road network (based on Mongolian ortoo system, known in Russian as "yam", hence the terms yamshchik , Yamskoy Prikaz , etc.), census , fiscal system and military organization. The period of Mongol rule over the former Rus' polities included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between

781-615: Is connected to the city's metro system by the following three stations on the Obolonsko–Teremkivska line : Tarasa Shevchenka , Kontraktova Ploshcha (named after the Kontraktova Square ) and Poshtova Ploshcha (named after the Poshtova Square ). The Kyiv Funicular provides passenger traffic between Podil and the city's historic Uppertown neighborhood, today it is mostly used by tourists. Some time ago,

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852-400: Is known only to God, and perhaps to wise men learned in books". Although this defeat left the principalities at the mercy of invaders, the Mongol or Tartar forces retreated and did not reappear for another 13 years, during which time the princes of Rus' went on quarreling and fighting as before, until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force. In The Secret History of

923-580: The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the Mongol domination of Russian-inhabited territories, with the requisite demands of tribute, continued until the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. The invasion had significant consequences on the population. Many cities and fortified points were wiped out, with only a fraction surviving. The once flourishing cities of Kiev , Novgorod , and Vladimir suffered

994-680: The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, the Mongolian demands of tribute from Russian princes continued until about 1480. The Mongols had plans to conquer Eastern Europe long before Batu 's campaign in 1237. In 1207, Genghis Khan sent his eldest son Jochi to conquer the tribes north of the Selenga River and in the Irtysh valley, which included the lands of Eastern Europe in the Jochi Ulus . However, these plans were not implemented during

1065-669: The Don , where another concentration of troops took place. The offensive continued until the autumn of 1237 and ended with the defeat of the Cumans and Alans. After that, the Mongols conquered the lands of the Burtas , Mokshas , and Erzyas . The grandiose Zolotarevskoe battle took place near a strategic crossing over the Sura . According to the historian Vadim Kargalov (1932-2009), the fighting in 1237

1136-520: The Great Podil fire of 1811 it was the most populous neighborhood of the city with 2,068 houses out of 3,672 dwellings in all of Kyiv. The fire damaged the neighborhood extensively and changed the appearance of Podil dramatically. After the fire, Podil was reconstructed and a large number of new streets appeared, planned by Scottish architect William Heste and Russian architect Andrey Melensky , which still exist today. At this time such buildings as

1207-530: The Kyiv River Port served passenger traffic on the Dnipro River, but only tourists' excursion boats are available there nowadays. Mongol invasion of Rus%27 The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities including the largest: Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (30,000 inhabitants). The siege of Kiev in 1240 by

1278-681: The Lower city is a historic neighborhood in Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . It is located on a floodplain terrace over the Dnieper between the Kyiv Hills and the lower stream of Pochaina River . Podil is one of the oldest neighborhoods of Kyiv, and the birthplace of the city's trade, commerce and industry. After the Mongol invasion of Rus' and destruction of Kyiv, it served as a city center until

1349-524: The Mongol invasion of Rus' and destruction of Kyiv, Podil transformed into the main and the most populated part of the city. However, the area of Podil shrank, in 16-17th centuries its northwestern border served the Hlybochytsia River that used to drain into Pochaina (today Hlybochytsia in the underground collector). Upon obtaining its Magdeburg rights in the 15th century, in Kyiv was built

1420-480: The Principality of Moscow , began to flourish under the Mongols. Moscow's eventual dominance in northeastern Rus' was in large part attributable to the Mongols. Moscow drew people and wealth, developed trade links, and established an autocratic political system which exerted a powerful influence on Russian society. After the prince of Tver led an uprising in 1327, the rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined

1491-678: The Vladimir-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities sought refuge in more northern lands beyond the Volga . Others fled to sparsely populated areas, taking refuge in dense forests. However, after the departure of the Mongol-Tatars, most of them returned to their former places of residence. In fact, just a year after the fall of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, the number of returnees was so great that Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich

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1562-545: The Volga , and another from the south towards Ryazan . According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani , the Siege of Ryazan was conducted by Batu , Orda , Güyük , Möngke , Kulkan, Kadan , and Büri . The city fell after three days. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders, but they were defeated and ran for their lives. Yuri II also fled Vladimir for Yaroslavl . Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow ,

1633-715: The Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236. It took them only a month to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgars , the Cumans - Kipchaks and the Alans . Immediately prior to the invasion, Friar Julian from Hungary had travelled to the eastern border of the Rus' and learned of the Mongol army, which was waiting for the onset of winter so that they could cross the frozen rivers and swamps. In his letter to

1704-537: The 14th century, the Muscovite princes began "gathering Russian lands" to increase its population and wealth. While the Mongols often raided other territories, they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator. This, in turn, attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful lands of Moscow. Although a Russian army defeated the Golden Horde at

1775-770: The 1660s and its remnants found during archaeological excavations and a cathedral of the Dominican Monastery of St Nicholas that existed in 1400s-1649 and at end of the 17th century became the Orthodox cathedral of the Monastery of Sts Peter and Paul. In 1667 under the Truce of Andrusovo , Kyiv was officially ceded to the Tsardom of Muscovy . Intensive building within Podil took place in the 17th century. An annual fair

1846-432: The 19th century. Here the city administration (magistrate) and the main university were located, and later the city's port and shipyard were established here. Podil contains many architectural and historical landmarks, and new archaeological sites are still being revealed. It is a part of the city's larger administrative Podilskyi District . The name “Podil” means something that is situated downwards. This area used to be

1917-531: The Contract's House (1817), the Hostynnyi Dvir covered market and other buildings were constructed. The Contracts House was built in 1817. Contracts and treaties were signed on the ground floor; on the floor above there was a concert hall. In 1835 the Kyiv magistracy was demolished and the bricks were used to finish building the Hostynnyi Dvir and Contracts House . A small park was established on

1988-711: The Jochid appanage ruled by Batu. Batu sited a semi-nomadic capital, called Sarai or Sarai Batu (Batu's Palaces), on the lower Volga. The Jochid appanage came to be known as the Golden Horde . Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , the pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan , traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote: They [the Mongols] attacked Russia, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev,

2059-533: The Mongol army. In the autumn of 1236, the Mongols concentrated in the Caspian steppes under the general leadership of Jochi's son Batu . The first blow of the united Chingizid army hit the Volga Bulgaria . Until the mid-1220s, the Volga Bulgaria was in constant conflict with the Vladimir-Suzdal and Murom-Ryazan principalities. The parties undertook campaigns, there were constant skirmishes,

2130-490: The Mongol invasion included Novgorod , Pskov , Smolensk , Polotsk , Vitebsk , and probably Rostov and Uglich . The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod, but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the decision to preemptively surrender. In mid-1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia . In the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslavl . While Kiev and its grand prince

2201-737: The Mongols , the only reference to this early battle is: Then he (Genghis Khan) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv, and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus. He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes, crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers, finally going to war with Kiev. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Ögedei sent Batu , Büri , Möngke , and many other princes on

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2272-474: The Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands. By doing so, he eliminated his rival, allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow, and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols. As such, the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Russian princes, which paid further dividends for Moscow's rulers. In

2343-421: The Mongols is generally held to mark the end of the state of Kievan Rus' , which had already been undergoing fragmentation . Many other principalities and urban centres in the northwest and southwest escaped complete destruction or suffered little to no damage from the Mongol invasion, including Galicia–Volhynia , Pskov , Smolensk , Polotsk , Vitebsk , and probably Rostov and Uglich . The campaign

2414-402: The Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov (descendants of Bulgak) and Chaadaev (descendants of Genghis Khan's son Chagatai Khan ). In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century, over 15% of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins. The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade. In

2485-530: The Mongols under Tolui to raze the walls of many cities. The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk , whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus Mstislavich, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4,000. As the story goes, at the news of the Mongol approach, the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake, where, as legend has it, it may be seen to this day. Major principalities and urban centres which escaped destruction or suffered little to no damage from

2556-520: The Mongols, then losing to them his main stronghold, Chernigov . The Mongols approach on Kiev in November 1240 apparently made a grim impression upon its defenders. The chronicler writes: “And nothing could be heard above the squeaking of his carts, the bawling of his [Batu’s] innumerable camels, and the neighing of his herds of horses, and the Land of Rus’ was full of enemies." After many days of siege ,

2627-592: The Pope's legate in Hungary, Julian described meeting Mongol messengers who had been detained by Yuri II of Vladimir on their way to Hungary. Yuri II gave their letter to Julian. In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II and demanded his submission. According to the Laurentian Codex , the Mongols actually came seeking peace, but Yuri II treated them with disdain: As they did before,

2698-726: The Saint Michael's Golden Dome Monastery and the Kopyriv Kinets. After the Mongol devastation of the city, the Upper City lost its significance and the Kyiv city center was transferred to Podil. During the Polish-Russian War in the 17th century, the city was secured by Russia through financial compensation. During that time the Upper city was reinforced with a number of fortifications when Kyiv started to quarter

2769-839: The Slavic and Mongolian ruling classes. By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II , who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames (for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name "Aksak" and his descendants were the Aksakovs ). Many Russian boyar (noble) families traced their descent from

2840-414: The capital of Russia; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and

2911-589: The fact that in its lower strata due to high soil moisture are well-preserved objects of organic matter such as wooden structures. There were researched residential and commercial buildings (predominantly above-ground blockhouses), craftsman shops, port warehouses, burial grounds, segments of streets. There were discovered remnants of five masonry temples of the 12th century. It was established that Podil had built-up manors with consistent courtyard limits. Each resident's manor that had area of 300–400 m (3,200–4,300 sq ft) consisted of 2-3 buildings. After

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2982-463: The first in Kyiv in 1896. It originally was connecting Kontraktova Square and Poshtova Square and later stretched to Kurenivka and then Pushcha-Vodytsia . Until World War II , the section just north of Nyzhniy Val street was called Ploska chast or Ploskaya sloboda. It was home to many poor Jews who lived there in wretched conditions. Numerous tourist attractions (also officially designated as landmarks) of Podil particularly include: Podil

3053-470: The forests that covered the main cities, the cities themselves were fortified, and the garrisons increased. However, all these measures were in vain – the Volga Bulgaria was defeated with lightning speed and completely conquered by the spring of 1237. The next stage of the campaign was an attack on the Cumans and Alans . From the Lower Volga region, the Mongols moved on a broad front to the mouth of

3124-400: The ground". Batu Khan's forces went on to ravage much of Galicia-Volhynia , despite Daniel's fierce resistance. The Tartars then resolved to "reach the ultimate sea", where they could proceed no further and invaded Hungary (under Batu Khan) and Poland (under Baidar and Kaidu ). Batu Khan captured Pest , and then on Christmas Day 1241, Esztergom . The principalities became part of

3195-513: The horde laid siege to Vladimir on 4 February 1238. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince retreated northward. Crossing the Volga, Vladimir mustered a new army, which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on 4 March. And the Tartars took

3266-490: The horde stormed Kiev in December 1240. The city was ransacked and pillaged immensely, although the building of St. Sophia Cathedral survived intact. Historian Serhii Plokhy relates the description of one Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , an ambassador of Pope Innocent IV who passed through Kiev six years later: "When we were journeying through that land, we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on

3337-458: The inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories was uneven. Colin McEvedy estimates the population dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to seven million afterwards. Centres such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack. The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper, and a new entity,

3408-402: The introduction of the concept of " oriental despotism " into Russia. However, most historians agree that Kievan Rus' was not a homogenous entity in a political, cultural, or ethnic sense, and that the invasions only accelerated the period of feudal fragmentation that had begun prior to the invasions. Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as

3479-418: The invasion of Europe took place, repeated these goals. The campaign of Subutai and his 30,000 troops to the Caspian steppes was a new step in the conquest of Eastern Europe, and it began in the late 1220s. In 1235, a kurultai was convened to outline a general Mongol campaign, in which the troops of other uluses (clans or tribes) were to take part. Ögedei sent Batu , Büri , Möngke , and other princes on

3550-482: The invasion, many cities fell into decay, and stone construction was halted for a long time. Economic ties between cities and surrounding villages were severed, and it took more than 100 years for Russian cities to recover from the invasion of Batu Khan and its consequences. The destruction of cities and the decline in culture and economy had long-term consequences for Russia. The country was left behind in terms of economic development. The Mongol-Tatar invasion also had

3621-586: The legendary churches of Turov and Novgorod also existed at Podil. The Soviet "Outline of Ancient History of the Ukrainian SSR" of 1957 ( Ukrainian : Нариси стародавньої історії УРСР ) mentions that the Novgorod traders had own church in Kyiv. The Pochaina River served the city's harbour. Podil has accumulated a cultural layer built up of 6–12 metres (20–39 feet) saturated with a great abundance of artefacts of 9–18th centuries. Its uniqueness consists of

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3692-579: The lifetime of Genghis Khan. In 1222–1224, Subutai and Jebe conducted a campaign with a 30,000-strong army in Transcaucasia and Southeastern Europe, which is traditionally considered as a reconnaissance. However, the Secret History and Rashid ad-Din state that the purpose of this campaign was to be supported by the forces of Jochi and included Cumania , Alania , Hungary , and Rus' , including Kiev . The kurultai of 1235, after which

3763-412: The magistracy site. In 1938 a British Mark V tank was put in the park. It had been taken as a trophy from the Russian White Guards during the Russian Civil War . The tank remained in the park for a few years after World War II . In 1977 the Hryhoriy Skovoroda monument was built in the park. The Kyiv tramway was among the first in the Russian Empire . The tram commuting started at Podil among

3834-544: The main city's posad which was connected with the Upper city ( Old Kyiv Hill) by Borychiv Descent . According to archaeological data, Podil appeared at the end of the 9th century. In 12-13th centuries its total area was reaching 200 ha (490 acres). In documentary sources there is mention of "Stolpiye" (wooden fortifications) that protected Podil from northwest, Fairgrounds (later Zhytniy Fairgrounds, main city market), Church of Saint Elijah (the oldest Christian temple mentioned in 945), and Pyrohoshcha Church . Probably,

3905-656: The messengers came, those evil bloodsuckers, saying: "Make peace with us". He did not want that, as the prophet said: "Glorious war is better than disgraceful peace". These godless men with their deceitful peace will cause great dismay to our lands, as they have already done much evil here. Regardless of what impression Yuri II may have given the Mongol delegations, of which several are mentioned, he did his best to avoid direct conflict. He sent them away with what were described as gifts, which were essentially tribute or bribes to keep them from invading. The Mongols attacked from several directions. One section attacked Suzdal , one from

3976-416: The reign of Volodymyr the Great , creating what is known as the city of Volodymyr that covered already 12 ha (30 acres). However already at times of Yaroslav the Wise in 1037 the area of the Upper City consisted of 80–98 ha (200–240 acres). The city of Yaroslav included monasteries such as the Sophia monastery, monasteries of Saint George and Saint Iryna. It also included the city of Iziaslav around

4047-413: The religious sphere, St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak , or tax collector, while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde. In the judicial sphere, under Mongol influence capital punishment, which during the times of Kievan Rus' had only been applied to slaves, became widespread, and

4118-440: The second half of the 13th century. As a result, many of their inhabitants gradually moved either to the vicinity of Moscow and Tver , or to the north in regions such as Yaroslavl , Galich , Veliky , Ustyug , and more. Historians have debated the long-term influence of Mongol rule on society. The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus' and the breakup of a "Russian" nationality into three components, and

4189-412: The son of Chagatai , Baidar , and the grandson of Chagatai , Büri ; the sons of Ögedei , Güyük and Kadan ; the sons of Tolui , Möngke and Ariq Böke ; the son of Genghis Khan, Külkhan, and the grandson of Genghis Khan's brother, Argasun. In 1235 and early 1236, the assembled army prepared for an offensive, and then subjugated the Bashkir tribes , who were forced to allocate several detachments to

4260-605: The town [of Ryazan] on December 21... They likewise killed the [Prince] and Knyaginya, and men, women and children, monks, nuns and priests, some by fire, some by the sword and violated nuns, priests' wives, good women and girls in the presence of their mothers and sisters. Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen cities of northeastern Rus': Rostov , Uglich , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Kashin , Ksnyatin , Gorodets , Galich , Pereslavl-Zalessky , Yuryev-Polsky , Dmitrov , Volokolamsk , Tver , and Torzhok . Chinese siege engines were used by

4331-438: The trading and crafting center of Kyiv. The names of some Podil neighborhoods reflect this fact: "Dehtyari" (those who work with tar), "Honchari" (potters), "Kozhemyaki" (craftsmen working with leather). On the territory of Podil ancient constructions were found. Some of them date back to the first half of the first millennium BC . It is first mentioned, however, in chronicles around 945. At times of Ancient Rus , Podil served as

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4402-499: The united Chingizid army hit the Volga Bulgaria . The Mongols (called " Tartars " in contemporary accounts) had already defeated a united Rus' army led by Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old on 1 April 1223, at the Battle of the Kalka River . In 1237, they besieged and took Ryazan , and Vladimir fell in early February 1238. "For our sins", wrote a chronicler, "unknown nations arrived. No one knew their origin or whence they came, or what religion they practiced. That

4473-611: The use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure. Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves (with execution for a third arrest). Donald Ostrowski argues that Muscovy's adoption of Mongol institutions and practices may demonstrate the pragmatism of the Muscovite leaders, which enabled them to eventually "triumph over their competitors in northeastern Rus'". According to Charles J. Halperin (2011), Fomenko and Nosovskii's popular pseudohistorical Novaia khronologiia ( New Chronology ), which received some attention in

4544-434: The victories in which were mainly won by Rus' troops. However, with the appearance of the Mongols at their borders, the Bulgars began to seek peace, which was met with understanding and support from the Rus' princes. Over the course of several years, the Rus' and the Bulgars normalized relations, which allowed the Volga Bulgaria to devote all its forces to preparing to repel the alleged Mongol invasion. Ramparts were created in

4615-447: Was able to gather a large army among them for a campaign against the Lithuanians . Meanwhile, the inhabitants of South Russia's principalities, such as Kiev , Pereyaslav , and Chernigov , fled to northeastern Russia immediately after the invasion. However, this was not the end of population migrations. Vladimir , Suzdal , Pereslavl-Zalessky , and other cities of northeastern Rus' were repeatedly targeted by Mongol-Tatar campaigns in

4686-405: Was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan . Even those principalities who avoided physical conquest, were eventually forced to accept Mongol supremacy in the form of tribute – as in the case of Galicia-Volhynia , Polotsk and Novgorod – if not outright vassalage, of the Golden Horde , until well into the 14th century. Although a Russian army defeated the Mongols at

4757-399: Was established Epiphany Monastery of the Kyiv Orthodox Brotherhood, which also later contained the Kyiv Mohyla Academy . Until middle of the 17th century there was an Armenian community in Podil with its own Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Also during the first half of the 17th century two Roman Catholic places of worship were built in stone, the cathedral church that was destroyed in

4828-405: Was held from 1797 to 1929 at the Kontraktova Square (Square of Contracts). Before the building of the Contract House, the Kontraktova Square was known as Mahistratska Square. At the western end of the square was the Pyrohoshcha Church mentioned in the 12th century epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign . Following traditions of medieval cities, in the 18th century a rotunda was built along with

4899-496: Was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several principalities as well as the remnants of the Cumans under Köten . The Mongols retreated, having gathered their intelligence, which was the purpose of the reconnaissance-in-force . A full-scale invasion by Batu Khan followed, with most of Kievan Rus' overran in 1237–1238. The Mongols captured Kiev in 1240 and moved west into Hungary and Poland . The invasion

4970-471: Was still formally acknowledged as senior amongst the principalities of Rus', frequent internecine dynastic feuding among rival claimants had left the city weakened. Indeed, by the time Kiev fell to the Mongols, the head of the city's defenses owed allegiance to Prince Daniel of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia . Prince Daniel had taken Kiev under his protection the previous year by arrangement with Prince Michael of Kiev , who fled after originally resisting

5041-541: Was undertaken to create a springboard for a campaign against Rus'. By the end of the year, a huge Mongol army and detachments allied with Batu stood on the borders of Russia . Preparations for a winter campaign against Northeastern Rus' by the Mongols began in the autumn of 1237. Their troops were grouped near Voronezh , and detachments that had previously fought with the Cumans and Alans were drawn there. The vast Mongolian Great Khanate army of around 120,000 mounted archers , commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai , crossed

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