69-622: James Francis Edward Stuart (10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the House of Stuart claimant to the thrones of England , Ireland and Scotland from 1701 until his death in 1766. The only son of James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena , he was Prince of Wales and heir until his Catholic father was deposed and exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . His Protestant half-sister Mary II and her husband William III became co-monarchs. As
138-663: A warming pan . Protestants found it suspicious that everyone attending the birth was Catholic. Another rumour was that James II had not been the father; he was said to be impotent after a bout with venereal disease years earlier. In an attempt to quash these rumours, James published the testimonies of over seventy witnesses to the birth. The line of succession to the throne was thrust into doubt. James II's eldest legitimate daughters, Mary and Anne , had been raised as Protestants. British Protestants had expected Mary, from his father's first marriage, to succeed their father. This possibility had kept Protestants somewhat content, with his rule
207-762: A Catholic, he was subsequently excluded from the succession by the Act of Settlement 1701 . Raised primarily in France and Italy , when his father died in September 1701 James claimed the thrones. As part of the War of the Spanish Succession , in 1708 Louis XIV of France backed a landing in Scotland on his behalf. This failed, as did further attempts in 1715 and 1719 . Led by his elder son Charles Edward Stuart ,
276-625: A French-backed independent Ireland, though that too was aborted after Charles showed up at a meeting with the French to discuss the plan late, argumentative, and idealistic in expectations, so that the French dismissed the possibility of Jacobite assistance. After a lingering illness, James died aged 77 on 1 January 1766, at his home, the Palazzo Muti in Rome, and was buried in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in present-day Vatican City . His grave
345-487: A German-speaking Lutheran who was the closest Protestant relative of the now-deceased Queen Anne, became king of the recently created Kingdom of Great Britain as George I. James denounced him, noting "we have beheld a foreign family, aliens to our country, distant in blood, and strangers even to our language, ascend the throne". Following George's coronation in October 1714, major riots broke out in provincial England. In
414-604: A consolation for her parents at the time of their deepest distress, in exile and hopelessness. In later years, she was often referred to as La Consolatrice . The new-born princess was given the name Louisa Maria in baptism , while Teresa (sometimes spelt Theresa) was added later, at the time of her confirmation . Her godparents were King Louis XIV of France (in whose honour she was named), and King Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine , Duchess of Orléans . James II had fathered numerous children by his two wives, but only four of them survived infancy, and
483-521: A devout Catholic, replied to Torcy: "I have chosen my own course, therefore it is for others to change their sentiments." In March came James's refusal to convert, following which Harley and Bolingbroke reached the opinion that James's accession was not feasible, though they maintained their correspondence with him. As a result, in August 1714, James's second cousin, the Elector of Hanover , George Louis ,
552-561: A half-sister, came from Wisbech in England to visit him. Learning of the approach of government forces, he returned to France, sailing from Montrose on 5 February 1716. The abandonment of his rebel allies caused ill-feeling against him in Scotland; nor was he welcomed on his return to France. His patron, Louis XIV , had died on 1 September 1715, and the French government found him a political embarrassment. When France, hitherto his main protector, allied with Britain , this effectively secured
621-462: A large number of other Protestant ladies. The Whig historian Macaulay later commented on James's precaution: Had some of those witnesses been invited to Saint James's on the morning of the tenth of June 1688, the House of Stuart might, perhaps, now be reigning in our island. But it is easier to keep a crown than to regain one. It might be true that a calumnious fable had done much to bring about
690-452: A letter wrote in the king of France's own hand, upon the death of her sister; in which there was the highest character that ever was given to any princess of her age. Mr. Richard Hill came straight from the Earl of Godolphin 's... to me with the news, and said it was the worst that ever came to England. I asked him why he thought so. He said it had been happy if it had been her brother; for then
759-462: A member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland , also descended from James II , being Mary's heir presumptive . Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley 's ennoblement for his part at
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#1732765618044828-433: A popular stop for English travellers making a Grand Tour , regardless of political affiliation. For many, it functioned as an unofficial consulate. Those in need of medical attention preferred being treated by one of their own countrymen. In 1735 court physicians tended to Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby , and thirty years later to James Boswell . James remained well-treated in Rome until his death. He
897-630: A series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms . The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum . Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles , as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck 's occupying army. During this period,
966-488: A temporary inconvenience. Now that Mary or Anne's succession was in doubt with this new Catholic son and heir, discontent grew, already stoked by James II's actions which had alienated Tory Anglicans who had previously been inclined to honour him as sovereign even if they differed in religion. This movement would become the Glorious Revolution ; Mary's husband William of Orange landed in England, backed by an army of English and Scottish exiles, as well as Dutch soldiers. Much of
1035-456: A title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. Louisa Maria Stuart Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart ( French : Louise Marie Thérèse ; 28 June 1692 – 18 April 1712), known to Jacobites as The Princess Royal , was the last child of James II and VII , the deposed King of England , Scotland and Ireland , by his second wife Mary of Modena . Like her brother James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender), Louisa Maria
1104-686: A very high character from those who had an opportunity of appreciating it, and was a princess justly esteemed for her wit, and all those qualities worthy of her high birth. Like many other churches in Paris, the Church of the English Benedictines was desecrated and vandalised during the French Revolution . According to Jules Janin, writing in 1844, the remains of Princess Louisa Maria and her father King James II were then resting in
1173-573: Is marked by the Monument to the Royal Stuarts . His claimed reign had lasted for 64 years, 3 months and 16 days, longer than any British monarch until Queen Elizabeth II 's reign surpassed it on 23 May 2016. Following James's death the pope refused to recognise the claim to the British and Irish thrones of his elder son Charles, which had severely exacerbated the hostility between England and
1242-547: Is the current senior heir. From the Acts of Union 1707 , which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. Round provided a family tree to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below. Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox) Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held
1311-497: The 1745 Rising was the last serious effort to restore the House of Stuart . James Francis Edward Stuart was born on 10 June 1688, at St. James's Palace , first and only son of James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena , both Catholics . As the eldest surviving son of the reigning monarch he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, and was created Prince of Wales in July 1688. His birth
1380-596: The Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault , the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart . Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this
1449-583: The Duchy of Brittany ; Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire . The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire . It was the son of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland , while his brother William's family went on to become Earls of Arundel . When
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#17327656180441518-487: The Firth of Forth on 23 March 1708. The fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng intercepted the French ships, which, combined with bad weather, prevented a landing. James served for a time as a volunteer in the French army, as his father had done during the interregnum. Between August and September 1710, Queen Anne appointed a new Tory administration led by Robert Harley , who entered into a secret correspondence with de Torcy ,
1587-572: The French Minister of Foreign Affairs , in which he claimed to desire James's accession to the throne should James convert to Protestantism. A year later, however, the British government pushed for James's expulsion from France as a precondition for a peace treaty with France. In accordance with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Harley and Lord Bolingbroke , the Secretary of State, colluded with
1656-731: The Hanoverian dynasty 's monarchy over the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the unsuccessful invasion of 1715, James lived in Papal territory , first at Avignon (April 1716 – February 1717), then at Pesaro (1717) and Urbino (July 1717 – November 1718). Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti or Palazzo del Re in Rome as his residence, which he accepted. Pope Innocent XIII , like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to his friend Cardinal Filippo Antonio Gualterio , James
1725-749: The Jacobite rising of 1719 was defeated at the Battle of Glen Shiel . James had gone to Spain in the hope he could take part in the invasion, but following its abandonment was forced to return to Italy. A further attempt was planned in 1722, but following the exposure of the Atterbury Plot it came to nothing. In exercise of his pretended position, James purported to create titles of nobility, now referred to as Jacobite Peerages , for his British supporters and members of his court, none of which have ever been recognised in Britain. The court-in-exile became
1794-452: The major uprising of 1745. With the failure of this second rebellion, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed. James and Charles later clashed repeatedly, and relations between them broke down completely when James played a role in the appointment of his son Henry as a cardinal. Henry then took holy orders, which required him to maintain celibacy , ending
1863-664: The military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce . Several portraits of Louisa Maria survive. Among those of Louisa Maria alone, one is by François de Troy , ca. 1705, while another, painted about 1704, is attributed to Alexis Simon Belle and is in the National Portrait Gallery , London. Also in the National Portrait Gallery is a portrait painted in 1695 by Nicolas de Largillière of Louisa Maria with her brother James Francis Edward. This
1932-571: The 'Old Pretender', to survive infancy, and was four years younger than her brother. The two were brought up together in France. Louisa's tutor was an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Constable, who taught her Latin , history, and religion. She also had a governess, the Countess of Middleton, wife of the Jacobite peer Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton . James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth , another Jacobite peer living in France, praised
2001-785: The 12th and 13th centuries. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie , daughter of Robert the Bruce , and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce , the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill ; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371. In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII 's daughter, Margaret Tudor . The birth of their son, later James V , brought
2070-488: The Catholic Church. Instead, from 14 January 1766, in stages over the following decade, Rome accepted the Hanoverian dynasty as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland; this was accompanied by a gradual relaxation and reform of the anti-Catholic "penal laws" in Britain and Ireland. Two months after James's death, on 14 March, the royal arms of England were removed from the doorway of the Palazzo Muti. In 1792,
2139-567: The Crowns . The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, except for the period of the Commonwealth between 1649 and 1660. In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne . Both were
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2208-480: The English army promptly defected to William's cause, causing James II and his family to flee rather than stay and fight. On 9 December, Mary of Modena disguised herself as a laundress and escaped with the infant James to France. Young James was brought up at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , which Louis XIV had turned over to the exiled James II. Both the ex-king and his family were held in great consideration by
2277-488: The French in exiling James to the Duchy of Lorraine . Queen Anne became severely ill at Christmas 1713 and seemed close to death. In January 1714, she recovered but clearly had little time to live. Through de Torcy and his London agent, Abbé François Gaultier, Harley maintained the correspondence with James and Bolingbroke entered into a separate correspondence with him. They both stated to James that his conversion to Protestantism would facilitate his accession. However, James,
2346-522: The French king (who was his first cousin), and they were frequent visitors at Versailles where Louis XIV and his court treated them as ruling monarchs. In June 1692 his sister Louisa Maria was born. He later received a military education overseen by Richard Hamilton and Dominic Sheldon , two veterans of the Irish Army . On his father's death in 1701, James was proclaimed as rightful king by Louis XIV of France , despite having previously recognised
2415-453: The House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor , and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus , and their daughter, Margaret Douglas , was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley . In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots , the daughter of James V . Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox ,
2484-588: The Old Pretender recovered, Louisa Maria died on 28 April (18 April, Old Style ), aged 19, and was buried with her father at the Church of the English Benedictines in Paris. A French nobleman wrote of the death of the Princess to a friend at Utrecht: William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth , the British Secretary of State, wrote of the Princess's death: The Queen (i.e Anne ) shewed me
2553-461: The Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife Anne Hyde and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so
2622-455: The Queen might have sent for her and married her to Prince George (i.e. the future King George I), who could have no pretensions during her own life; which would have pleased every honest man in the kingdom, and made an end of all disputes for the future Madame de Maintenon , the morganatic second wife of Louis XIV, wrote of Mary of Modena 's reaction to Louisa Maria's death: I had
2691-461: The Revolution. But it by no means followed that the most complete refutation of that fable would bring about a Restoration. Not a single lady crossed the sea in obedience to James's call. His Queen was safely delivered of a daughter; but this event produced no perceptible effect on the state of public feeling in England. After the birth, James II declared that Louisa Maria had been sent by God, as
2760-533: The Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as Jacobites . Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin Franz, Duke of Bavaria , of the House of Wittelsbach . The senior living member of
2829-425: The age of thirteen, Louisa Maria was a guest of honour at a ball at the Château de Marly , ranking only after Louis XIV himself, her own mother Queen Mary, and her brother James Francis Edward, considered by Louis to be another King. On 23 March 1708, after a delay caused by the measles , the young James attempted a landing on Scottish soil, at the Firth of Forth , supported by a fleet of French ships. However,
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2898-559: The child's natural affability. An allegorical portrait by Alexis Simon Belle of James Francis Edward and his sister Louisa Maria, showing the prince as a guardian angel leading his sister under the gaze of cherubim, was painted in 1699 and is now in the Royal Collection . By the summer of 1701, King James was seriously ill, and had been away from Saint Germain seeking medical treatment, accompanied by his wife. However, in June
2967-489: The civil war in the Kingdom of England , known as The Anarchy , broke out between the legitimist claimant Matilda, Lady of the English , and her cousin who had usurped her, King Stephen , Walter had sided with Matilda. Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld . After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou , essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for
3036-402: The crown passed to the House of Hanover on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704 . The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia . After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim
3105-620: The engagement to preserve his relations with Hanover and Great Britain. On 3 September 1719, James married Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702–1735), granddaughter of King John III Sobieski of Poland. The wedding was held in the chapel of the Episcopal Palace in Montefiascone , near Viterbo . By his wife he had two sons: Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, " the Young Pretender ", who led
3174-527: The following year, Jacobites started uprisings in Scotland and Cornwall aimed at putting "James III and VIII" on the throne. On 22 December 1715, James reached Scotland after the Jacobite defeats at the Battle of Sheriffmuir (13 November 1715) and Battle of Preston (1715) . He landed at Peterhead and soon fell ill with fever, his illness made more severe by the icy Scottish winter. In January 1716, he set up court at Scone Palace . Reputedly Jane Stuart ,
3243-406: The force was driven off by a Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Byng . Louisa Maria enjoyed dancing and the opera, and became popular at the French court. Two possible matches for her were considered, with Louis XIV's grandson Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714), and with King Charles XII of Sweden (1682–1718). Neither took place, the first apparently due to Louisa Maria's equivocal position, and
3312-582: The honour of passing two hours with the Queen of England, who is the very image of desolation. The Princess had become her friend and only consolation. In his The History of the Church of Scotland (1845), Thomas Stephen says of the death: On the 12th of April this year, the Princess Louisa Maria Teresa, youngest daughter of the late King James, died of the small-pox at St. Germains, to the regret of many in England, even of those who were unfriendly to her brother's claims. She received
3381-639: The legitimacy of William III under the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick . Spain, the Papal States , and Modena also recognised him as king of England , Ireland and Scotland and refused to recognise William III , Mary II , or Anne as legitimate sovereigns. As a result of his claiming his father's lost thrones, James was attainted for treason in London on 2 March 1702, and his titles were forfeited under English law. Though delayed in France by an attack of measles , James attempted invasion , trying to land at
3450-560: The mother of truth, will, I hope, at last make her virtues shine as bright as the sun. Soon after James's death, Louis XIV proclaimed James Francis Edward as king of England, Scotland and Ireland, and he was also formally recognised as king by Spain , the Papal States and Modena . He and his sister Louisa Maria were transferred to Passy , into the care of Antonin Nompar de Caumont, 1st Duke of Lauzun and his wife, with Lady Middleton continuing as Louisa Maria's governess there. In 1705, at
3519-460: The papacy specifically referred to George III as the "King of Great Britain and Ireland", which elicited a protest from James's younger son Henry , who was by then the Jacobite claimant. James was created Prince of Wales on 4 July 1688. As Prince of Wales, James bore a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points . House of Stuart The House of Stuart , originally spelled Stewart ,
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#17327656180443588-475: The possibility that he would produce a legitimate heir, infuriating Charles, who had not been consulted. After the 1745 rising, there were no other plots to restore the Stuart dynasty except for when, in 1759, the French government briefly considered a scheme to have James (then aged 70) crowned King of Ireland as part of their plans to invade Britain , but the offer was never formally made to James. Several separate plans also involved Charles being given control of
3657-402: The principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe . The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as " Charles II of England , Scotland and Ireland" - with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before. In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during
3726-530: The reign of Charles II , whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch , the Dukes of Grafton , the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond . The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart , brother of Charles Edward Stuart , in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria
3795-504: The royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, is Andrew Richard Charles Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart . The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan FitzFlaad , a Breton who went to England not long after the Norman conquest . Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in
3864-497: The same age; and to shew the respect the French had for this royal family, tho' in misfortunes, were also the daughters of persons whose birth and fortune might have done honour to the service of the greatest empress in the world... in beauty, the princess herself was esteemed a Prodigy. The names Louisa Maria Teresa (in French, Louise-Marie-Thérèse ) were later used for Luisa Maria Teresa of Parma (1751–1819), Queen consort of Charles IV of Spain , for Louise Marie Thérèse of France ,
3933-426: The second because the young King of Sweden was not a Roman Catholic. Louisa felt keenly that Jacobite supporters in exile had made huge sacrifices for her family, and she herself paid for the daughters of many of them to be educated, making no distinction between Roman Catholics and Protestants, supporting the daughters of both. In April 1712, both James Francis Edward and his sister fell sick with smallpox . While
4002-521: The throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland , where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of Lord High Steward. The next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV , made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire , between
4071-406: The two Protestant elder children, Queen Mary II and the future Queen Anne , lived in England. Only her brother James Francis Edward was close to Louisa, although she did have some contact with her elder half-sisters, Mary , who died while Louisa Maria was still a small child, and Anne with whom she remained on friendly terms. Louisa was the only full sibling of Prince James Francis Edward,
4140-505: The two returned home for the birthdays of their two children, and two months later James had a stroke , dying just two weeks later on 16 September. He was still able to talk when his children visited him for the last time, and to Louisa Maria he said: Adieu, my dear child. Serve your creator in the days of your youth. Consider virtue as the greatest ornament of your sex. Follow close the great pattern of it, your mother, who has been, no less than myself, over-clouded with calumny. But time,
4209-547: Was a Roman Catholic , which, under the Act of Settlement 1701 , debarred them both from succession to the British throne after the death of their Protestant half-sister Anne, Queen of Great Britain . A Royal Stuart Society paper calls Louisa Maria the Princess over the Water , an allusion to the informal title King over the Water of the Jacobite pretenders, none of whom had any other legitimate daughters. Louisa Maria
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#17327656180444278-476: Was a personal union , as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars , breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England , Scotland and Ireland, culminating in
4347-643: Was a royal house of Scotland , England , Ireland and later Great Britain . The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland , which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan ( c. 1150 ). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart . The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II , whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567),
4416-508: Was allowed to hold Protestant services at Court, and was given land where his Protestant adherents could receive a public burial. Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans ( Mademoiselle d'Orléans ), daughter of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , was at one time suggested as a wife for James, but nothing came of it. In March 1717, while James was visiting Modena , he became engaged to his cousin Benedetta d'Este , but her father Duke Rinaldo put an end to
4485-425: Was born in 1692, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, four years after her father had fled England never to return. Owing to the huge controversy which had surrounded the birth of her brother, James Francis Edward, with accusations of the substitution of another baby in a warming pan following a still-birth, James II had sent letters inviting not only his daughter, Queen Mary II , to attend the birth in person, but also
4554-460: Was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart. In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor , thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece, Elizabeth I of England died without issue in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the Union of
4623-669: Was engraved as a mezzotint by John Smith and published in 1699. Another portrait of Louisa Maria with her brother, depicting him as an angel , is in the Royal Collection and is again attributed to Belle. A portrait with a cavalier King Charles spaniel was engraved as a mezzotint by Bernard Lens the Younger and published c. 1700. Princess Louisa appears at the age of twelve in Eliza Haywood 's picaresque novel The Fortunate Foundlings (1744). Haywood says of Louisa: ...the ladies who attended her were all of them much of
4692-539: Was granted a life annuity of 12,000 Roman scudi . Such help enabled him to organise a Jacobite court at Rome, where, although he lived in splendour, he continued to suffer from fits of melancholy. Further efforts to restore the Stuarts to the British throne were planned. In 1719 a major expedition left Spain but was forced to turn back due to weather. A small landing took place in the Scottish Highlands, but
4761-414: Was unexpected, coming five years after his mother's tenth and last pregnancy, none of which produced a child that survived more than a few days. The birth reignited controversies of religion, as the new son would be raised Catholic. Wild rumours spread among British Anglicans: that the child had died stillborn , and that the baby feted as the new prince was an impostor smuggled into the royal birth chamber in
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