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46-479: This family enterprise was founded as City Company Brewing Company Company in Wapakoneta, Ohio, in 1862 by Karl Kolter and his son Charles Kolter. The beer was initially sold in wooden kegs (barrels) and stoneware bottles. Glass bottles dating from about 1880 are embossed as "City Brewing Co." on the side and the family's "TRADE KK MARK" on the bottle shoulder. The "TRADE KK MARK" is said to have been modified from

92-492: A better quality fired glaze finish, twice-firing can be used. This can be especially important for formulations composed of highly carbonaceous clays. For these, biscuit firing is around 900 °C, and glost firing (the firing used to form the glaze over the ware) 1180–1280 °C. After firing the Water absorption should be less than 1 per cent. The Indus Valley civilization produced stoneware, with an industry of

138-421: A fire starter. The exact mode of formation of flint is not yet clear, but it is thought that it occurs as a result of chemical changes in compressed sedimentary rock formations during the process of diagenesis . One hypothesis is that a gelatinous material fills cavities in the sediment, such as holes bored by crustaceans or molluscs and that this becomes silicified . This hypothesis would certainly explain

184-538: A guild mark for the Kolter family's brewery in Germany. Charles Kolter and his brother immigrated from Wallhalben , Germany , to Wapakoneta, Ohio, before the mid-19th century. His father, Karl Kolter, with his third wife and a number of children, followed a few years later. Karl Kolter was a brewer, as was his son, according to the 1880 census. The business was later handed down to Henry Koch, Charles's son-in-law, when

230-480: A high concentration of kaolinite, with lesser amounts of mica and quartz . Non-refractory fire clays, however, have larger amounts of mica and feldspar. Shaping Firing Stoneware can be once-fired or twice-fired. Maximum firing temperatures can vary significantly, from 1100 °C to 1300 °C depending on the flux content. Most commonly an oxidising kiln atmosphere is used. Typically, temperatures will be between 1180 °C and 1280 °C. To produce

276-551: A long time. It was developed independently in different locations around the world, after earthenware and before porcelain . Stoneware is not recognised as a category in traditional East Asian terminology, and much Asian stoneware, such as Chinese Ding ware for example, is counted as porcelain by local definitions. Terms such as "porcellaneous" or "near-porcelain" may be used in such cases. Traditional East Asian thinking classifies pottery only into "low-fired" and "high-fired" wares, equating to earthenware and porcelain, without

322-672: A nearly industrial-scale mass-production of stoneware bangles throughout the civilization's Mature Period (2600–1900 BC). Early examples of stoneware have been found in China, naturally as an extension of higher temperatures achieved from early development of reduction firing, with large quantities produced from the Han dynasty onwards. In both medieval China and Japan, stoneware was very common, and several types became admired for their simple forms and subtle glaze effects. Japan did not make porcelain until about 1600, and north China (in contrast to

368-461: A relatively high temperature. A modern definition is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non- refractory fire clay. End applications include tableware , decorative ware such as vases . Stoneware is fired at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). Historically, reaching such temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and temperatures somewhat below these were used for

414-533: A trigger, strikes a hinged piece of steel (" frizzen ") at an angle, creating a shower of sparks and exposing a charge of priming powder. The sparks ignite the priming powder and that flame, in turn, ignites the main charge, propelling the ball, bullet, or shot through the barrel. While the military use of the flintlock declined after the adoption of the percussion cap from the 1840s onward, flintlock rifles and shotguns remain in use amongst recreational shooters. Flint and steel used to strike sparks were superseded in

460-412: Is commonly included in survival kits . Ferrocerium is used in many cigarette lighters, where it is referred to as "a flint". Flint's utility as a fire starter is hampered by its property of uneven expansion under heating, causing it to fracture, sometimes violently, during heating. This tendency is enhanced by the impurities found in most samples of flint that may expand to a greater or lesser degree than

506-551: Is either naturally occurring stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. The mineral kaolinite is present but disordered, and although mica and quartz are present their particle size is very small. Stoneware clay is often accompanied by impurities such as iron or carbon, giving it a "dirty" look, and its plasticity can vary widely. Non-refractory fire clay may be another key raw material. Fire clays are generally considered refractory, because they withstand very high temperatures before melting or crumbling. Refractory fire clays have

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552-498: Is more opaque , and normally only partially vitrified . It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed. Five basic categories of stoneware have been suggested: Another type, Flintless Stoneware, has also been identified. It is defined in the UK Pottery (Health and Welfare) Special Regulations of 1950 as: "Stoneware,

598-426: Is normally stoneware. Flint Flint , occasionally flintstone , is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz , categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone . Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start fires . Flint occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones . Inside

644-589: Is not translucent and the body often grey rather than white. In China, fine pottery largely consisted of porcelain by the Ming dynasty , and stoneware was mostly restricted to utilitarian wares and those for the poor. Exceptions to this include the unglazed Yixing clay teapot , made from a clay believed to suit tea especially well, and Shiwan ware , used for popular figures and architectural sculpture. In Japan many traditional types of stoneware, for example Oribe ware and Shino ware , were preferred for chawan cups for

690-577: Is one of the primary materials used to define the Stone Age . During the Stone Age, access to flint was so important for survival that people would travel or trade long distances to obtain the stone. Grime's Graves was an important source of flint traded across Europe. Flint Ridge in Ohio was another important source of flint, and Native Americans extracted the flint from hundreds of quarries along

736-437: Is sometimes classified as stoneware although its raw materials differ considerably from all other stonewares; it remains in production. Other manufacturers produced their own types, including various ironstone china types, which some classified as earthenware. Significant amounts of modern, commercial tableware and kitchenware use stoneware, and it is common in craft and studio pottery . The popular Japanese-inspired raku ware

782-543: The Japanese tea ceremony , and have been valued up to the present for this and other uses. From a combination of philosophical and nationalist reasons, the primitive or folk art aesthetic qualities of many Japanese village traditions, originally mostly made by farmers in slack periods in the agricultural calendar, have retained considerable prestige. Influential tea masters praised the rough, spontaneous, wabi-sabi , appearance of Japanese rural wares, mostly stoneware, over

828-787: The Jurassic deposits of the Kraków area and Krzemionki in Poland, as well as of the Lägern ( silex ) in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland. In 1938, a project of the Ohio Historical Society , under the leadership of H. Holmes Ellis began to study the knapping methods and techniques of Native Americans . Like past studies, this work involved experimenting with actual knapping techniques by creation of stone tools through

874-436: The 20th century by ferrocerium (sometimes referred to as "flint", although not true flint, " mischmetal ", "hot spark", "metal match", or "fire steel"). This human-made material, when scraped with any hard, sharp edge, produces sparks that are much hotter than obtained with natural flint and steel, allowing use of a wider range of tinders. Because it can produce sparks when wet and can start fires when used correctly, ferrocerium

920-908: The best toolmaking flint has come from Belgium (Obourg, flint mines of Spiennes ), the coastal chalks of the English Channel , the Paris Basin , Thy in Jutland (flint mine at Hov), the Sennonian deposits of Rügen , Grimes Graves in England, the Upper Cretaceous chalk formation of Dobruja and the lower Danube (Balkan flint), the Cenomanian chalky marl formation of the Moldavian Plateau (Miorcani flint) and

966-483: The body of which consists of natural clay to which no flint or quartz or other form of free silica has been added." Materials The compositions of stoneware bodies vary considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug'; the former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. Nevertheless, the vast majority will conform to: plastic fire clays , 0 to 100%; ball clays , 0 to 15%; quartz , 0%; feldspar and chamotte , 0 to 15%. The key raw material

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1012-483: The brewery did business as "Koch and Kolter". Following Charles Kolter's death, the brewery became "The Koch Beverage and Ice Company", under the ownership of Henry and Karl J. Koch. Karl J. Koch died in 1934 and the ownership of what was to become "Koch's Old Vienna Brewery" passed to Karl's widow, May Julia Koch, and his son George A. Koch. The brewery was sold following World War II, but the Koch family retained ownership of

1058-454: The brewery's demise. It is now produced by Molson Breweries , where it is still being sold in Canada and in select markets in border U.S. states. Old Vienna is currently produced in bottles, cans and on draft with a 5% alc./vol. content. For a time in the 1970s and 1980s, OV was available in 7 oz. bottles called "OV Splits". Stoneware Stoneware is a broad term for pottery fired at

1104-521: The brewery's soft drink business, which became George Koch Bottling Company of Wapakoneta, Ohio. George Koch Bottling was later merged with Consolidated Bottling Company of Lima, Ohio, to become "Consolidated Bottling Company of Wapakoneta, Ohio", aka "Pepsi Cola Bottling Company of Wapakoneta". Karl W. Koch became the company's CEO in 1962. The business was moved to a new facility on Interstate 75 and 4th Street in Lima, Ohio, in 1966. The Lima Pepsi-Cola business

1150-520: The chalky-soil country of France, the British filled sandbags with flint and used these sandbags as breastworks. Flint pebbles are used as the media in ball mills to grind glazes and other raw materials for the ceramics industry. The pebbles are hand-selected based on colour; those having a tint of red, indicating high iron content, are discarded. The remaining blue-grey stones have a low content of chromophoric oxides and so are less deleterious to

1196-424: The coasts of South-East England or Western France, were calcined to around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F). This heating process both removed organic impurities and induced certain physical reactions, including converting some of the quartz to cristobalite . After calcination the flint pebbles were crushed and milled to a fine particle size. However, the use of flint has now been superseded by quartz . Because of

1242-455: The colour of the ceramic composition after firing. Until recently calcined flint was also an important raw material in clay-based ceramic bodies produced in the UK. In clay bodies , calcined flint attenuates the shrinkage whilst drying, and modifies the fired thermal expansion. Flint can also be used in glazes as a network former. In preparation for use flint pebbles, frequently sourced from

1288-579: The complex shapes of flint nodules that are found. The source of dissolved silica in the porous media could be the spicules of silicious sponges ( demosponges ). Certain types of flint, such as that from the south coast of England and its counterpart on the French side of the Channel , contain trapped fossilised marine flora. Pieces of coral and vegetation have been found preserved inside the flint similar to insects and plant parts within amber . Thin slices of

1334-513: The early 16th century at least, and known as "Cologne ware", after the centre of shipping it rather than of making it. Some German potters were probably making stoneware in London in the 1640s, and a father and son Wooltus (or Woolters) were doing so in Southampton in the 1660s. In the second half of the 18th century Wedgwood developed a number of ceramic bodies. One of these, Jasperware ,

1380-414: The flint, in a similar (but more time-consuming) way. These methods remain popular in woodcraft, bushcraft, and amongst people practising traditional fire-starting skills. A later, major use of flint and steel was in the flintlock mechanism , used primarily in flintlock firearms, but also used on dedicated fire-starting tools. A piece of flint held in the jaws of a spring-loaded hammer, when released by

1426-575: The intermediate European class of stoneware, and the many local types of stoneware were mostly classed as porcelain, though often not white and translucent. One definition of stoneware is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities, a European industry standard. It states: Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it

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1472-445: The large stronghold of Framlingham Castle . Many different decorative effects have been achieved by using different types of knapping or arrangement and combinations with stone ( flushwork ), especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries. Because knapping flints to a relatively flush surface and size is a highly skilled process with a high level of wastage, flint finishes typically indicate high status buildings. During World War I, in

1518-563: The late Middle Ages, as European kilns were less efficient, and the right sorts of clay less common. Some ancient Roman pottery had approached being stoneware, but not as a consistent type of ware. Medieval stoneware remained a much-exported speciality of Germany, especially along the Rhine , until the Renaissance or later, typically used for large jugs, jars and beer-mugs. "Proto-stoneware", such as Pingsdorf ware , and then "near-stoneware"

1564-474: The material more homogeneous and thus more knappable and produces tools with a cleaner, sharper cutting edge. Heat treating was known to Stone Age artisans. When struck against steel, a flint edge produces sparks. The hard flint edge shaves off a particle of the steel that exposes iron, which reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere and can ignite the proper tinder . Prior to the wide availability of steel, rocks of pyrite (FeS 2 ) would be used along with

1610-628: The nodule, flint is usually dark grey or black, green, white, or brown in colour, and has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin, oxidised layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. The nodules can often be found along streams and beaches . Flint breaks and chips into sharp-edged pieces, making it useful in constructing a variety of cutting tools, such as knife blades and scrapers. The use of flint to make stone tools dates back more than three million years; flint's extreme durability has made it possible to accurately date its use over this time. Flint

1656-739: The perfection of Chinese-inspired porcelain made by highly skilled specialists. Stoneware was also produced in Korean pottery , from at least the 5th century, and much of the finest Korean pottery might be so classified; like elsewhere the border with porcelain is imprecise. Celadons and much underglaze blue and white pottery can be called stoneware. Historical stoneware production sites in Thailand are Si Satchanalai and Sukhothai . The firing technology seems to have come from China. In contrast to Asia, stoneware could be produced in Europe only from

1702-635: The ridge. This "Ohio Flint" was traded across the eastern United States, and has been found as far west as the Rocky Mountains and south around the Gulf of Mexico . When struck against steel, flint will produce enough sparks to ignite a fire with the correct tinder , or gunpowder used in weapons , namely the flintlock firing mechanism . Although it has been superseded in these uses by different processes (the percussion cap ), or materials ( ferrocerium ), "flint" has lent its name as generic term for

1748-458: The south) lacks the appropriate kaolin-rich clays for porcelain on a strict Western definition. Jian ware in the Song dynasty was mostly used for tea wares, and appealed to Buddhist monks. Most Longquan celadon , a very important ware in medieval China, was stoneware. Ding ware comes very close to porcelain, and even modern Western sources are notably divided as to how to describe it, although it

1794-479: The stone often reveal this effect. Flint sometimes occurs in large flint fields in Jurassic or Cretaceous beds, for example, in Europe. Puzzling giant flint formations known as paramoudra and flint circles are found around Europe but especially in Norfolk, England, on the beaches at Beeston Bump and West Runton . The "Ohio flint" is the official gemstone of Ohio state. It is formed from limey debris that

1840-556: The surrounding stone, and is similar to the tendency of glass to shatter when exposed to heat, and can become a drawback when flint is used as a building material . Flint, knapped or unknapped, has been used from antiquity (for example at the Late Roman fort of Burgh Castle in Norfolk) up to the present day as a material for building stone walls, using lime mortar, and often combined with other available stone or brick rubble. It

1886-487: The use of techniques like direct freehand percussion, freehand pressure and pressure using a rest. Other scholars who have conducted similar experiments and studies include William Henry Holmes , Alonzo W. Pond , Francis H. S. Knowles and Don Crabtree . To reduce susceptibility to fragmentation, flint/chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of 150 to 260 °C (300 to 500 °F) for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. This makes

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1932-440: Was deposited at the bottom of inland Paleozoic seas hundreds of millions of years ago that hardened into limestone and later became infused with silica . The flint from Flint Ridge is found in many hues like red, green, pink, blue, white, and grey, with the colour variations caused by minute impurities of iron compounds. Flint can be coloured: sandy brown, medium to dark grey, black, reddish brown or an off-white grey. Flint

1978-444: Was developed there by 1250, and fully vitrified wares were being produced on a large scale by 1325. The salt-glazed style that became typical was not perfected until the late 15th century. England became the most inventive and important European maker of fancy stoneware in the 18th and 19th centuries, but there is no clear evidence for native English stoneware production before the mid-17th century. German imports were common from

2024-423: Was most common in those parts of southern England where no good building stone was available locally, and where brick-making was not widespread until the later Middle Ages. It is especially associated with East Anglia , but also used in chalky areas stretching through Hampshire , Sussex, Surrey and Kent to Somerset . Flint was used in the construction of many churches, houses, and other buildings, for example,

2070-605: Was sold to RKO General in 1976, but Karl W. Koch repurchased the company's other assets, including its Pepsi-Cola business in Corpus Christi, Texas. Koch's Old Vienna Brewery entered bankruptcy several years after it was sold by the Koch family. Old Vienna is now a Canadian-produced beer. Old Vienna was brewed by Carling O'Keefe , which had acquired the United States' rights to the Old Vienna trademark following

2116-557: Was used in the manufacture of tools during the Stone Age as it splits into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a hammerstone made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping . Flint mining is attested since the Paleolithic , but became more common since the Neolithic (Michelsberg culture, Funnelbeaker culture ). In Europe, some of

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