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110-661: Oliver Tambo Heritage House , is a national monument in Lusaka , Zambia located in the Avondale area along the Great East Road. It is the former home of exiled South African Freedom Fighter and African National Congress leader Oliver Tambo . He spent 22 years of his 30 years of exile living in this house in Lusaka at the invitation of the then Zambian Government . It was designated as a National monument in 2017 and became

220-858: A drainage divide , with waters in the north east of the city draining into the Chongwe River , via the Ngwerere and Chalimbana streams, while the west and south are within the basin of the Kafue River . Both the Chongwe and the Kafue ultimately drain into the Zambezi River . The soil is predominantly Leptosols in the schist region and Phaeozems on the dolomite. These non-clay soils result in reduced filtration of groundwater before it reaches aquifers . Lusaka's central business district (CBD)

330-471: A humid subtropical climate (Cwa) according to Köppen climate classification . Its coldest month, July, has a monthly mean temperature of 14.9 °C (58.8 °F). Lusaka features hot summers and cool winters, with cold conditions mainly restricted to nights in June and July. The hottest month is October, which sees daily average high temperatures at around 32 °C (90 °F). There are three main seasons:

440-528: A "massive and inefficient parastatal sector as well as the government's prevailing urban bias", and led to a fall in formal employment in Lusaka which continued for several decades. The lack of jobs decreased the level of rural-to-urban migration in Zambia, but the decline of the copper industry caused a large movement of people from the Copperbelt cities to Lusaka. This, and the natural population growth in

550-654: A capacity of 60,000. The stadium is used to host home matches of the Zambian national football team , and was one of two host stadia for the 2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations in Zambia, alongside the Levy Mwanawasa Stadium in Ndola . That tournament was won by Zambia at the National Heroes Stadium, with a 2–0 win against Senegal . The stadium is also used for athletics events, including

660-559: A densely populated neighbourhood with some buildings reaching six storeys high. There are theatres, schools, nurseries and local newspapers. In Argentina, shanty towns are known as villas miseria . As of 2011, there were 500,000 people living in 864 informal settlements in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area. In Peru, they are known as pueblos jóvenes ("young towns"), as campamentos in Chile , and as asentamientos in Guatemala. During

770-578: A fall in copper prices in the mid-to-late 1950s, resulted in large-scale unemployment among both African and white Lusakans. The population continued to grow, however, as increasing numbers moved from rural areas to the city's informal settlements. In contrast to South Africa, where the government regularly bulldozed them, the authorities in Rhodesia tolerated these squatter areas although they provided no services and Africans continued to live under strict legal constraints. As discontent with federation rose,

880-399: A long period of time and newer towns still lack basic services. Nevertheless, there has been a general trend whereby shanties undergo gradual improvements, rather than relocation to even more distant parts of a metropolis. In Africa, many shanty towns are starting to implement the use of composting toilets and solar panels . In India, people living in slums have access to cell phones and

990-466: A museum open to the public. It was officially opened in October 2017 by South African President Jacob Zuma , Zambian President Edgar Lungu and founding Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda . The safe house was specifically designed so that the upstairs apartment, where Tambo lived, was entirely separate from the downstairs area where uMkhonto we Sizwe soldiers stayed, with the only staircase being on

1100-584: A new group of African leaders emerged in the late 1950s, seeking majority rule and independence for Northern Rhodesia, as had recently been attained in Ghana . After a civil disobedience in 1962, led by Kenneth Kaunda 's United National Independence Party (UNIP), the UK Government agreed to a new constitution under which Africans took control of the legislature. The end of the federation followed in 1963, and in 1964, Northern Rhodesia became independent as

1210-532: A population of around 2 million people, as well as taking referrals from other health institutions around the country. It serves as Zambia's principal centre for the training of medical professionals including doctors and nurses, the latter in a specialist Nursing School within the UTH complex. Lusaka's second tertiary hospital is the Chainama Hills, which has 210 authorised beds and 167 unofficial "floor beds",

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1320-512: A shanty town built on a former mangrove swamp in Mumbai . It is one of the most densely populated places on the globe. In 2011, there were at least four improvised settlements in Mumbai containing even more people. There are in total 3.4 million people living in the 5,000 informal settlements of Bangladesh's capital city Dhaka . Thailand has 5,500 informal settlements, one of the largest being

1430-748: A shanty town in the Khlong Toei District of Bangkok . In China, 171 urban villages were demolished before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. As of 2005, there were 346 shanty towns in Beijing, housing 1.5 million people. Author Robert Neuwirth wrote that around six million people, half the population of Istanbul lived in gecekondu areas. In Hong Kong, the Kowloon Walled City housed up to 50,000 people, with rooftop slums currently providing some additional housing . The world's largest shanty town

1540-603: A substantial increase in urbanisation. Lusaka's official population (which excluded much of the African population) rose from around 2,000 in 1931 to almost 19,000 in 1946, with a 15 per cent annual growth rate. In 1948, the government passed the African Housing Ordinance, which authorised permanent residential suburbs for Africans, including married couples. Employers in the city were also required to pay for their workers' housing. The city authorities founded

1650-649: A suburb of the Central Coast ). Many films have been shot in shanty towns. Slumdog Millionaire centres on characters who spend most of their lives in Indian shanty towns. The Brazilian film City of God was set in Cidade de Deus and filmed in another favela, called Cidade Alta. White Elephant , a 2012 Argentinian movie, is set in a villa miseria in Buenos Aires. The South African film District 9

1760-478: A warm monsoon season between November and March, a dry winter between April and August, and a hot summer in September and October. As of the 2010 Zambian census, the population of Lusaka was 1,715,032, of whom 838,210 were male and 876,822 female. This represented a 58 per cent increase since the 2000 census, and the city has continued to grow rapidly with an estimated population of 2,731,696 in 2020. Although

1870-433: Is Ciudad Neza or Neza-Chalco-Itza, which is part of the city of Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, next to Mexico City. Estimates of its population range from 1.2 million to 4 million. Brazil has many favelas . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, it was calculated in 2000 that over 20% of its 6.5 million inhabitants were living in more than 600 favelas. For example, Rocinha is home to an estimated 80,000 inhabitants. It has developed into

1980-522: Is Orangi in Karachi , Pakistan, which had an estimated 1.5 million inhabitants in 2011. The Orangi Pilot Project aims to lift local people out of poverty. It was begun by Akhtar Hameed Khan and run by Parveen Rehman until her murder in 2013. Residents laid sewage pipes themselves and almost all of Orangi's 8,000 streets are now connected. In India, an estimated one million people live in Dharavi ,

2090-465: Is twinned with: Shanty town First used in North America to designate a shack, the term shanty is likely derived from French chantier (construction site and associated low-level workers' quarters), or alternatively from Scottish Gaelic sean ( pronounced [ʃɛn] ) meaning 'old' and taigh ( pronounced [tʰɤj] ) meaning 'house[hold]'. Globally, some of

2200-507: Is Zambia's only psychiatric hospital. The Chainama Hills site also serves as the training centre for clinical officers in Zambia. Overall, Lusaka had a total of 34 health centres run by the government in 2007, as well as 134 run by the private sector. The government has sought to decentralise provision from the Ministry of Health and Lusaka's day-to-day healthcare is provided by the provincial-level Lusaka District Health Management Team and

2310-740: Is a large presence of Angolans, Nigerians, Congolese, South Africans, and Chinese. The children of late President Levy Mwanawasa , as well as the children of late Vice-president George Kunda , attended the Rhodes Park School. Other well-known schools located in Lusaka include Matero Boys' Secondary School (MaBoys), Parklands High School , Roma Girls' Secondary School, Munali Boys' and Girls' Secondary Schools, Chudleigh House School , Kabulonga Boys' and Girls' Secondary Schools, Lake Road PTA School, David Kaunda Technical School (DK), Ibex Hill School, Kamwala Secondary, Libala Secondary, Silverest Secondary School and St. Mary's Secondary School. Among

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2420-574: Is also Lusaka City Airport , which is used by the Zambian Air Force . The city is served by the operating sections of the Cape to Cairo Railway ( Zambia Railways ), which connects it to Kabwe , Ndola , Kitwe and Lubumbashi in the north and Mazabuka , Choma , Livingstone and Bulawayo in the south. The international airport is connected to the railway line. The city is crossed by Trans-African Highway 9 (TAH 9), which connects it to

2530-437: Is divided between uneven-depth folded and faulted schist in the north, and limestone with dolomitic marble in the south, to a depth of 120 metres (390 ft). These rocks yield more groundwater than the crystalline basement rock which is the most prevalent in Zambia. The limestone regions have formed underground karsts , into which surface water drains, causing a lack of major rivers and few streams. The city lies on

2640-968: Is headed by the Mayor of Lusaka , with Chilando Chitangala the incumbent as of 2021. Zambia's oldest and largest institution of learning is the University of Zambia which is based in Lusaka and was established in 1965 and officially opened to the general public (which included both local and international students) in July 1966. Other universities and colleges located in Lusaka include: University of Lusaka (UNILUS), Zambian Open University (ZAOU) , Chainama Hills College, Evelyn Hone College of Applied Arts and Commerce, Zambia Centre for Accountancy Studies University (ZCASU), Natural Resources Development College (NRDC), National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA), Cavendish University , Lusaka Apex Medical University and DMI-St. Eugene University . Lusaka has some of

2750-477: Is largely set in a township called Chiawelo, from which people had been forcibly resettled. The 2016 Chinese TV series Housing tells the story of shantytown clearance in Beiliang, Baotou, Inner Mongolia. A 2023 Nigerian crime thriller titled Shanty Town was released on Netflix on January 20, 2023. It is a six-part series that tells the story of a ruthless leader named Scar ( Chidi Mokeme ) who handles

2860-696: Is located in the area surrounding Cairo Road, to the west of the Zambia Railways line from Livingstone to the Copperbelt. This is the historical site where the original colonial town was founded in the early 20th century. Cairo Road , a north–south multi-lane highway roughly four kilometres ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi) in length, is the CBD's main artery, which features office buildings as well as shops, cafes and other retail businesses. However, heavy vehicles (trucks) are not allowed on Cairo Road (they are advised to use Lumumba Road to bypass this thoroughfare to

2970-415: Is located on the plateau, in south-central Zambia at 15°25′S 28°17′E, with an altitude of 1,280 metres (4,200 ft). It is located 472 kilometres (293 mi) north east of the tourism capital, Livingstone , and 362 kilometres (225 mi) from Kitwe on the Copperbelt, Zambia's second-largest city. Mpulungu , the most distant major Zambian town from Lusaka, lies 1,074 kilometres (667 mi) away on

3080-415: Is mainly due to the generally poor economic situation found. While most shanty towns begin as precarious establishments haphazardly thrown together without basic social and civil services, over time, some have undergone a certain amount of development. Often the residents themselves are responsible for the major improvements. Community organizations sometimes working alongside NGOs , private companies, and

3190-460: Is one of the fastest-developing cities in southern Africa . Lusaka is in the southern part of the central plateau at an elevation of about 1,279 metres (4,196 ft). As of 2019 , the city's population was about 3.3 million, while the urban population is estimated at 2.5 million in 2018. Lusaka is the centre of both commerce and government in Zambia and connects to the country's four main highways heading north , south , east , and west . English

3300-450: Is the official language of the city administration, while Bemba and Nyanja are the commonly-spoken street languages. The earliest evidence of settlement in the area dates to the 6th century AD, with the first known settlement in the 11th century. It was then home to the Lenje and Soli peoples from the 17th or 18th century. The founding of the modern city occurred in 1905 when it lay in

3410-419: Is the official national language in Lusaka, and is used in education from the fifth grade in school, at the age of 11, through to university. It is also the language used by large business, most newspapers and media, as well as the government. The local language spoken in the city until the late 1980s was Nyanja , brought by immigrants from Eastern Province. Since then, however, with increased migration from

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3520-424: Is the principal residential area for Lusaka's rich elite, as well as wealthy expatriates. The wealthy suburbs of Ibex Hill and Rhodes Park are also situated in the east of the city, with Makeni to the south. Other suburbs include Kalingalinga , Kamwala , Kabwata , Olympia Park, Roma, Fairview and Northmead. The majority of Lusaka residents, however, live in the unplanned shanty towns , which are predominantly in

3630-919: The Assemblies of God . The Jehovah’s Witnesses and LDS churches both have a few chapels and growing base of members. There are also several large mosques to serve the local Muslim community. Synagogues here are noticeably absent. Attractions include Lusaka National Museum , the Oliver Tambo Heritage House, the Zintu Community Museum, the Freedom Statue, the Zambian National Assembly, the Agricultural Society Showgrounds (known for their annual agricultural show),

3740-706: The British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia , which was controlled by the British South African Company (BSAC). The BSAC built a railway linking their mines in the Copperbelt to Cape Town and Lusaka was designated as a water stop on that line, named after a local Lenje chief called Lusaaka. White Afrikaner farmers then settled in the area and expanded Lusaka into a regional trading centre, taking over its administration. In 1929, five years after taking over control of Northern Rhodesia from

3850-492: The Catholic Church 's Council for Justice and Peace have emphasised the need for information, involvement and choice being offered to people being moved on. Shanty towns are present in a number of developing countries . In Francophone countries, shanty towns are referred to as bidonvilles (French for "can town"); such countries include Haiti , where Cité Soleil houses between 200,000 and 300,000 people on

3960-628: The Lusaka Manifesto , a pledge of solidarity by the signatories in seeking majority rule in southern Africa. The manifesto advocated a strategy of negotiation rather than violence and was later endorsed by the United Nations . The 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Southern Rhodesia and subsequent UN embargo and eventual border closure impacted Zambia's economy, depriving it of its principal trade route. In

4070-438: The invasões of Brasilia ) that "squatter settlements [as opposed to slums ], despite their unattractive building materials, may also be places of hope, scenes of a counter-culture, with an encouraging potential for change and a strong upward impetus". Stewart Brand has observed that shanty towns are green , with people recycling as much as possible and tending to travel by foot, bicycle, rickshaw or shared taxi , though this

4180-920: The places of worship , these are the predominant Christian churches and temples: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lusaka ( Catholic Church ), seated at the Child Jesus Cathedral ; the Anglican Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Cathedral Hill ; the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) ; United Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ); New Apostolic Church ; Reformed Church in Zambia ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ); Baptist Union of Zambia ( Baptist World Alliance ); and

4290-467: The protectorate of Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia , named after Rhodes, in 1899. The capital was initially at Kalomo , being switched to Livingstone in 1907. This was merged in 1911 with the territory of North-Eastern Rhodesia to form Northern Rhodesia , predecessor of modern Zambia. Faced with uprisings by Africans within their territory, as well as an economic decline and a desire to expand mining interests in northern Zambia's Copperbelt ,

4400-761: The 1930s Great Depression , shanty towns nicknamed Hoovervilles sprang up across the United States. Following the Great Depression, squatters lived in shacks on landfill sites beside the Martin Pena canal in Puerto Rico and were still there in 2010. More recently, cities such as Newark and Oakland have witnessed the creation of tent cities . The Umoja Village shanty town was squatted in 2006 in Miami, Florida. There are also colonias near

4510-411: The 1960s, including New Kamwala and Chilenje South. This was the first time that good-quality housing with public utilities had been built for the African population, although it was largely limited to civil servants and copper-industry workers, with the majority of residents continuing to live in the informal settlements. Although Zambia, Malawi and Tanzania had achieved independence by the mid-1960s,

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4620-592: The 19th century, African and European slave traders began arriving from the coastal regions of modern-day Tanzania , Mozambique and Angola , enslaving members of the Soli and Lenje communities for shipment to the Middle East, Europe and South America. The need to evade these attacks as well as their use of a shifting-cultivation farming system, necessitated frequent relocation amongst the Soli and Lenje, and there were, therefore, no major permanent settlements. In

4730-577: The 2021 All Comers Tournament, which served as a qualification event for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. As of 2021, six of the eighteen teams in the association football Zambia Super League are based in Lusaka. The city's most successful club is Zanaco F.C. , which has won seven national titles, the most recent in 2016 . Zanaco were founded in 1978 as the team of the Zambia National Commercial Bank , and have played in

4840-560: The African Housing Board, which built the new suburbs of New Chilenje and Matero. Lusaka's African workforce, which remained relatively unskilled, did not benefit as much as that of the Copperbelt, where a shortage of skilled mining labour had led to improved pay. In 1952, a development plan for Lusaka gained statutory approval for the first time – earlier proposals such as those by Adshead and Bowling had never been legally sanctioned. This plan envisaged much more territory for

4950-655: The African suburbs, but only around one-third of these were ever built. In 1953, the British government approved the pre-war plan to merge Northern Rhodesia with its two neighbours, forming the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Authorities in London cited the economic benefits and the belief that the merged territory would form a "multiracial state" to counter the rise of Apartheid in South Africa. The federation

5060-533: The BSAC expedited the building of the northbound railway from South Africa into Northern Rhodesia from 1896. Lusaka was founded in 1905 as a water stop on the route and was named after a Chief Lusaaka, the leader of a nearby Lenje village. The section of line through Lusaka was built by the Mashonaland Railway Company , extending the line by 452 kilometres (281 mi) from Kalomo through to

5170-514: The BSAC, the British colonial administration decided to move its capital from Livingstone to a more central location, and Lusaka was chosen. Town planners including Stanley Adshead worked on the project, and the city was built out over the subsequent decades. Lusaka lost some of its status to Salisbury (now Harare in Zimbabwe) when the latter became the capital of the merged Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953, but regained it when it

5280-586: The CBD, and towns surrounding Lusaka, such as Siavonga and Chirundu , use the Lusaka City Market Bus station, Inter-city Bus Terminus, Millennium Bus Station, and Kulima Tower Station. Zambia has five national tertiary hospitals, of which two are located in Lusaka. The larger of these is the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), which has 1655 beds and space for 250 babies. UTH serves as the highest-level hospital for

5390-565: The Cape to Cairo railway and a similar road route . The British imperial government took direct control of Northern Rhodesia in 1924, through a governor and legislative council, but the BSAC retained its rights over mining acquired in prior decades. The new administration favoured an indirect rule system with self-governance for the African population, although in reality the rights of Africans remained very limited. The mining corporations, as well as Afrikaner farmers around Lusaka, did not welcome

5500-409: The Copperbelt region, there has been growing use of Bemba among the city's residents. The mixture of three languages has led to a hybrid language in Lusaka known as Town Nyanja. This is based on Nyanja, but incorporates vocabulary from English and Bemba as well as Nsenga . As the national capital, Lusaka is the seat of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, epitomised by

5610-720: The Moore Pottery Factory, the Lusaka Playhouse theatre , a cenotaph , Lusaka Golf Club, National Heroes Stadium , Woodlands Stadium, the Lusaka Central Sports Club, Kalimba Reptile Park, Mulungushi Conference Centre, Monkey Pools and the zoo , Pazuri and botanical gardens of the Munda Wanga Environmental Park. Lusaka is the economic and financial hub of Zambia, serving as the country's main gateway to

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5720-674: The Radisson Blu hotel. The 58-metre-high Tower was launched in 2017 by Sun Share Ltd. Monuments and national symbols in Lusaka include the National Museum , government buildings around the CBD, the African Freedom statue and a memorial to the victims of the 1993 Zambia national football team plane crash , located at the National Heroes Stadium . Primarily due to its high altitude, Lusaka features

5830-474: The Republic of Zambia . Lusaka was named as the capital of Zambia. A large-scale building programme in the city followed, including: government buildings, the University of Zambia and a new airport . The employment opportunities that arose from this attracted further migration from rural areas into Lusaka, exacerbating the city's housing shortage. The government constructed several new housing estates during

5940-457: The area was historically on the boundary between the territory of the Soli and Lenje peoples, modern Lusaka has no single dominant ethnic group, with all of Zambia's peoples represented. This is a result of extensive migration from all areas of the country into the city, as well as the government's "One Zambia, One Nation" policy which encourages government employees to work across the country irrespective of their area of origin. Although most of

6050-615: The arrival of the Lenje and Soli peoples in the 17th or 18th century. The Soli are believed by scholars to have arrived as part of the Luba migration along the Luapula River , while the Lenje are related to the Ila – Tonga . Modern Lusaka lies on the boundary of the territories of the two groups, with the Lenje inhabiting the region to the north of the city and the Soli to the south. In

6160-433: The border with Mexico. Although shanty towns are now generally less common in developed countries in Europe, they still exist. The growing influx of migrants has fuelled shantytowns in cities commonly used as a point of entry into the European Union, including Athens and Patras in Greece. The Calais Jungle in France had grown to over 8,000 people by the time of its clearance in October 2016. Bidonvilles exist in

6270-457: The capital of Kenya , Kibera has between 200,000 and 1 million residents. There is no running water and inhabitants use a flying toilet in which faeces are collected in a plastic bag then thrown away. Mathare is a collection of slums which contain around 500,000 people. In Zambia, the informal housing areas are known as kombonis and approximately 80% of the people in the capital Lusaka are living in them. The largest shanty town in Asia

6380-404: The capital. Maxwell and Alexander then investigated possible sites for the new city, eventually choosing Lusaka as a result of its situation on the railway and at the crossroads of Northern Rhodesia's Great North Road and Great East Road . Maxwell requested a town planner from the Colonial Office, which sent University College London professor Stanley Adshead , as well as a water engineer, to

6490-399: The change, favouring a South African model. The colonial administration favoured the establishment of planned towns as a means of asserting its authority. In March 1929, the UK's Colonial Office sent a telegram to the Northern Rhodesian government recommending that the capital of the territory be moved, citing "communications" and also "health" reasons. However, the medical rationale for

6600-462: The cities of Harare and Lubumbashi, and by Trans-African Highway 4 (TAH 4), which connects it to Dodoma and Bulawayo. Lusaka's city centre is at the crossroads of three major routes, namely the Great North Road ( T2 ), Great East Road (T4) and Mongu Road (M9). The Great North Road connects north to Kabwe , Mpika and the republic of Tanzania (with branches linking to Ndola , Kitwe and DR Congo ) and south to Choma , Livingstone and

6710-401: The city and the four terminals in the central business district (referred to as "Town"): Kulima Tower, City Market, Millennium and Lumumba. There is no official map of public transport routes in Lusaka, but an initiative to create a user-generated content map was begun in 2014. All public transport vehicles in Lusaka are operated by private operators. Bus services within Lusaka neighbourhoods,

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6820-416: The city at that time, only 1,500 were in formal housing. Africans were at that time only permitted to live in the city under temporary work permits, with family members required to remain elsewhere. The need for metals during World War II led to a boom in the copper industry which, accompanied by a 1941 excess-profits tax ordered by the UK, brought increased revenue to the government. The boom also led to

6930-442: The city into "native" and "non-native" areas, with residential areas and services for Africans placed on the southern periphery of the city. Despite producing these plans, both Adshead and Bowling had left Rhodesia before the Lusaka week, and the remainder of the building was left to Dutton and a small team of white officials. The city's footprint covered a large area, even at this early stage, despite much of it being undeveloped. This

7040-485: The city's young population, gave Lusaka a population growth of around 4% in the 1990s, exceeding the national average. The Zambian economy grew rapidly during the 2000s, and the government initiated projects designed to improve the quality of housing and access to services in Lusaka. These included a comprehensive urban development plan, prepared by the Zambian government and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and an urban and regional planning bill, which

7150-549: The citywide Lusaka District Health Management Team. The priorities for the district, which in 2007 accounted for 90 per cent of the city's health cases, include malaria , reproductive health , child health , tuberculosis , leprosy , HIV and other sexually-transmitted diseases, environmental health , mental health , and medicine supply. The Zambian government has a long-term aim of providing universal health care (UHC) for all Zambians. As of 2017, it had notionally achieved free primary health provision for all, but availability

7260-427: The close proximity they are built in. They often cause a great deal of damage to naturally occurring ecosystems, both directly, and indirectly. An example of severe indirect damage is the use of washing detergents, and refuse disposal in the nearby water source, which can often be seen for hundreds of kilometers down stream. Due to the lack of infrastructure, and the cost of basic services, such as water and electricity,

7370-413: The colony. Adshead examined several possible locations for the capital, eventually confirming Lusaka as a suitable location in late 1930. He had considered placing the capital in the Copperbelt, but a mutual distrust between the mining corporations and the government meant that both preferred to maintain some distance between the capital and the mines. The water engineer's investigations concluded that there

7480-434: The cost of transport. Shanty towns tend to begin as improvised shelters on squatted land. People build shacks from whatever materials are easy to acquire, for example wood or mud. There are no facilities such as electricity, gas, sewage or running water. The squatters choose areas such as railway sidings, preservation areas or disputed building projects. Swiss journalist Georg Gerster has noted (with specific reference to

7590-465: The early days of independence, with high revenues from copper exports, economists described Zambia as a "middle-income country" with the potential to become fully developed . Beginning in the 1970s, however, the Zambian economy suffered a major decline as a result of falling copper prices and rising oil prices. Per capita income dropped by 50% between 1974 and 1994. The slow-down also highlighted what American political scientist John Harbeson described as

7700-476: The edge of Port-au-Prince . In 2016, 62% of Africa's population was living in shanty towns. Squatter camps in South Africa typically use cheap, and easily acquired building materials such as corrugated tin sheets to build shacks. Offering very little protection against extreme weather conditions, these squatter camps, often built near streams or rivers due to the steady water supply, are often subjected to flash floods. They are also prone to runaway fires due to

7810-412: The emergence of numerous unplanned shanty towns on the city's western and southern fringes. The earliest evidence of settlement in the area around what is now the Lusaka area dates to the 6th century. The first known village dates to around the 11th century, a settlement of round huts close to the modern suburb of Olympia. The subsequent centuries saw considerable fluctuation of people in the area, until

7920-485: The farmers, and consisted of a tract of land along the railway route, 5 kilometres (3 mi) in length and 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) wide. After World War I , the United Kingdom took control of Tanganyika (now Tanzania), which had been previously part of German East Africa . This created an almost continuous line of British colonies from South Africa through to Egypt and led to the revival of projects for

8030-910: The finest schools in Zambia, including the American International School of Lusaka , Rhodes Park School , the Lusaka International Community School, the French International School, the Italian international School, the Lusaka Islamic Cultural, and Educational Foundation (LICEF), the Chinese International School, Lusaka Russian Embassy School, and Baobab College . Rhodes Park School is not an international school, though there

8140-542: The government as the sole source of funds. Also in 1938, the Northern Rhodesia government commissioned a report by finance expert Alan Pim , to examine the territory's economy. This concluded that despite the relatively high taxes on mining in the territory, the administration (which was already heavily reliant on revenue from mining) was not getting its fair share. Pim also criticised the allocation of housing for Africans in Lusaka, noting that of 10,000 living in

8250-496: The government, set up connections to the municipal water supply, pave roads, and build local schools. Some of these shanties have become middle class suburbs . One such example is the Los Olivos neighbourhood of Lima , Peru, which now contains gated communities , casinos , and plastic surgery clinics. Some Brazilian favelas have also seen improvements in recent years and can even attract tourists. Development occurs over

8360-544: The internet. Other African shanty towns have even become popular tourist attractions. Soweto, an old squatter camp from apartheid-era South Africa is now classified as a city within a city, with a population of almost 2 million. It boasts the popular "Soweto Towers" and a multitude of guided excursions, often including a Shisa-nyama. Pope Francis argues in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si' that shanty town settlements should be developed, if possible, rather than people being moved on and their settlements destroyed. He and

8470-578: The largest and most numerous shopping centres in the country, including Manda Hill, Levy Junction, EastPark, Cosmopolitan , and the smaller but well-known Arcade Shopping Centre. It also has newly built shopping malls such as Lewanika shopping mall, Centro mall, Novare Pinnacle malls in Woodlands and along the Great North Road. Lusaka is home to Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (which is used for both civil and military operations). There

8580-479: The largest contributors, Lusaka's economy is dominated by the service sector , as well as wholesale and retail trade . Major employment areas in the city include finance, insurance, real estate, transport, communications, energy, construction and manufacturing. The headquarters of Zambian banks are located in the city, as is the Lusaka Stock Exchange , which launched in 1993. Lusaka is home to

8690-674: The largest informal settlement in Europe, and Skid Row is an infamous shanty town in Los Angeles. Shanty towns are sometimes found on places such as railway sidings , swampland or disputed building projects. In South Africa , squatter camps, often referred to as "plakkerskampe", directly translated from the Afrikaans word for squatter camps, often starts and grows rapidly on vacant land or public spaces within or close to cities and towns, where there may be nearby work opportunities, without

8800-735: The largest shanty towns are Ciudad Neza in Mexico, Orangi in Pakistan and Dharavi in India. They are known by various names in different places, such as favela in Brazil, villa miseria in Argentina and gecekondu in Turkey. Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations , but also in the cities of developed nations , such as Athens , Los Angeles and Madrid . Cañada Real is considered

8910-415: The late 19th century, British–South African mining entrepreneur and politician Cecil Rhodes founded the British South African Company (BSAC), with a charter from Queen Victoria to colonise and develop land in sections of what is now northern South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Botswana. Rhodes was a strong believer in the Cape to Cairo railway project, although with German East Africa blocking

9020-521: The mining town of Broken Hill (now Kabwe ). During the subsequent years, white Afrikaner farmers settled in the area, Lusaka becoming their regional centre and access point to the railway. By 1913, several stores and a hotel had opened, and they persuaded the BSAC to declare Lusaka as a recognised town and cede control of local affairs to them. This early town was governed by the Lusaka Village Management Board, elected by

9130-563: The other nearby territories of Mozambique , Angola , Southern Rhodesia and South Africa were still under white minority control. Many activists from these territories moved to post-independence Lusaka, and American historian Evan Wade later described it as the "center of anti-colonial resistance for Southern Africa". In 1969, the city hosted the Fifth Summit Conference of East and Central African States, attended by fourteen leaders of African countries. The conference produced

9240-434: The outside at the back of the property. The intention was that if the property was attacked, this would give Tambo sufficient time to escape as attackers tried to access the downstairs of the property. This article about a museum in Zambia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lusaka Lusaka ( / l uː ˈ s ɑː k ə / loo- SAH -kə ) is the capital and largest city of Zambia . It

9350-561: The overall squatted area is often barren, with the ground sweeped and stamped to minimise dust, and where gardening is simply impossible and unaffordable. Illegal and dangerous electricity connections are abundant, another danger for fires, and electrical accidents, The Joe Slovo squatter camp, in Cape Town, houses an estimated 20,000 people. Shack dwellers in South Africa organise themselves in groups such as Abahlali baseMjondolo and Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign . In Nairobi ,

9460-481: The peripheries of some French cities. The state authorities recorded 16,399 people living in 391 slums across the country in 2012. Of these, 41% lived on the outskirts of Paris. In Madrid , Spain, a shanty town named Cañada Real is considered the largest informal settlement in Europe. It has an estimated 8,628 inhabitants, who are mainly Spanish, Romani and north African, but only one mobile health unit. After 40 years, property developers began to take an interest in

9570-589: The plan, which was presented at the Royal Academy . The £43,000 projected cost of the building was more than 10 per cent of the total budget earmarked for the Lusaka project and the Colonial Office insisted in late 1933 that it be reduced. Storrs left his post as governor shortly afterwards, on the grounds of ill health. By that point, the completed work consisted of a few short stretches of road (including Cairo Road , named for its anticipated place on

9680-403: The population is African and of Bantu origin, there are also some non-Bantu long-term residents in Lusaka. This includes white people , many descendants of those who settled around the railway in colonial times and Gujarati -speaking Indians, whose numbers have increased since Zambian independence. Many of these non-Bantu residents hold Zambian citizenship. As with the rest of Zambia, English

9790-732: The presence of the National Assembly (parliament), the State House (office of the President), and the High Court. The Parliament is situated at the Parliament complex, which features a 15-story building. The city is also the capital of Lusaka Province , the smallest and most populous of the country's ten provinces, and forms an administrative district run by Lusaka City Council (namely Lusaka District ). The city council

9900-560: The proposed Cape to Cairo Road ) and some houses and flats for government officials. Storrs's replacement as governor was Hubert Winthrop Young , who had been serving as governor of neighbouring Nyasaland (now Malawi). Early in his tenure, in April 1934, Young hosted a visit to Lusaka by Prince George , the fourth son of King George V . During his visit, George laid the foundation stone of Lusaka's administrative buildings, as well as opening roads named after his father and himself. After

10010-455: The protectorate's tourism capital, with a new museum and a game reserve . Lusaka formally became the capital in May 1935, with a "Lusaka week" celebration scheduled to coincide with celebrations of George V's silver jubilee . The government commissioned a special train, which moved all government officials from Livingstone to Lusaka during a single weekend. Under Adshead's original plans, Lusaka

10120-407: The relocation was not explicitly published at the time. James Maxwell , a former physician and the protectorate's governor since 1927, brought his former colleague David Alexander from Nigeria to assist him with this relocation project. Keen to avoid the informal development of the townships that were emerging close to mining areas, Alexander recommended that a town planner be recruited to design

10230-591: The republic of Zimbabwe . The Great East Road connects east to Katete , Chipata and the republic of Malawi (with a branch road linking to the republic of Mozambique ). The Mongu Road connects west to Kaoma and Mongu (and could possibly become the main route to Angola via the Barotse Floodplain Causeway ). Intracity public transport is provided primarily by minibuses, but also includes larger buses and shared taxis on fixed routes. Vehicles on most routes travel between specific parts of

10340-415: The rest of the world and largest business centre. Although district-level GDP figures are not recorded in Zambia, on a provincial level Lusaka Province had the second-highest gross domestic product in Zambia in 2014, contributing 27.2 per cent of the national output, a figure narrowly below that of the resource-rich Copperbelt Province. In contrast to Zambia as a whole, in which agriculture and mining are

10450-402: The route to the north of BSAC territory, he could not progress it during his lifetime. With little regard for the prior rights of the African populations, Rhodes directed the expansion of territorial control as far as Salisbury (now Harare in Zimbabwe), and his company continued extending to the north even after his death in 1902. The BSAC took formal control of the region around Lusaka through

10560-421: The royal visit, Young wrote to the Colonial Office that he was "optimistic about the future of Lusaka", and he appointed administrator Eric Dutton to lead the project. There was some resistance from the white population of Livingstone, which feared that the capital would lead to a loss of business. Young refused their demand to compensate them financially, but he sought to placate them by establishing Livingstone as

10670-492: The shores of Lake Tanganyika . The city of Lusaka is coterminous with Lusaka District , and is the capital of Lusaka Province , which is Zambia's smallest but most populated province. Lusaka District borders Chilanga District to the west and south, Kafue District to the south-east and Chongwe District to the east, all in Lusaka Province. It also borders Chibombo District to the north. The geology of Lusaka

10780-540: The site in 2012. There have been cardboard cities in London and Belgrade . In some cases, shanty towns can persist in gentrified areas that local governments have yet to redevelop, or in regions of political dispute. A major historical example was the Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong . In Australia and New Zealand , there were many shanty towns before World War II , some of which still exist (for example Wyee ,

10890-496: The tax on their revenues there. The loan taken to cover the project's £400,000 budget was guaranteed by the Beit Trust , but there was no scope for additional infrastructure to be built. The UK launched an investigation into a possible merger of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1938, a prospect which caused private businesses to withdraw investment, fearing that Lusaka would lose its capital status. This left

11000-532: The top division since 1989. Green Buffaloes are another successful team in Lusaka, with six titles, although the most recent was in 1981. In addition to the National Heroes stadium, Lusaka's football teams play home games at the Nkoloma Stadium, Sunset Stadium and Woodlands Stadium. Lusaka is home to the basketball team UNZA Pacers , which is part of the University of Zambia . Lusaka

11110-581: The west when travelling north and south). Four of the top five tallest buildings in Zambia are located on Cairo Road, including the tallest, the 90-metre (300 ft) 23-storey Findeco House . To the west of Cairo Road there are two major markets, the Central Market and New City Market. East of the CBD lies the government area, which including the State House and the various ministries, around Cathedral Hill and Ridgeway neighbourhoods. East of there, along Independence Avenue, lies Woodlands, which

11220-566: The west, south and north of the city. These include Matero , Chilenje and Libala. Along Great East Road are three of the largest shopping malls in Zambia: Arcades shopping mall (with open-air storefronts), East Park shopping mall and Manda Hill shopping mall (enclosed shops), which was revamped and houses many most international stores and restaurants. Overlooking Arcades is the Sun Share Tower on Katima Mulilo Road near

11330-618: Was available, leading to large-scale poverty, hunger, and rioting. Storrs's greatest interest in the project was the development of the Government House, echoing a similar project he had initiated as governor of Cyprus , when his headquarters was burned down in a revolt . Seeking to emulate the Cyprus building, as well as the recently completed viceroy's mansion in New Delhi , Storrs commissioned several top architects to work on

11440-443: Was enacted in 2015. Inequality and underinvestment in housing remain high, however, with 70% of residents still living in unplanned settlements in 2015. In 2018, the city council began a programme of road improvements to tackle chronic traffic congestion, but the lack of quality housing and services remains an issue as of 2021. The Zambian terrain consists mainly of a high-altitude plateau , with some hills and mountains. Lusaka

11550-416: Was named the capital of newly independent Zambia in 1964. A large-scale building programme in the city followed, including government buildings, the University of Zambia and a new airport . Wealthy suburbs in Lusaka include Woodlands, Ibex Hill and Rhodes Park. Large-scale migration of people from other areas of Zambia occurred both before and after independence, and a lack of sufficient formal housing led to

11660-418: Was often limited due to capacity constraints. To address this, the ministry of health partnered with JICA to on a project to take the necessary steps to achieve genuine UHC. The largest sports venue in Lusaka is National Heroes Stadium , which was built with assistance and financing from China. Named in honour of those who died in the 1993 Zambia national football team plane crash , it opened in 2014 and has

11770-428: Was part of a policy devised by Adshead intended to allow internal expansion, rather than the usual central core with suburbs added outside. The building of Lusaka continued through the second half of the 1930s, but progress was slowed by a shortage of funds. The Northern Rhodesia government had hoped to raise money through taxes on the mining companies, but these were mostly registered in the United Kingdom and paid all

11880-481: Was popular with white settlers across the region, especially in Southern Rhodesia, but was strongly opposed by the African population. Lusaka remained the capital of Northern Rhodesia but many of the government departments, as well as some private sector industries, moved to Salisbury, which was designated as the federal capital. Lusaka's economy suffered as a result, with reduced jobs in construction, transportation, and domestic service. This economic decline, coupled with

11990-490: Was proposed as a pure administrative centre, with no industry or large African population; he commented at one point that it "could never become an important city". Under Bowling's revised plans, there were areas designated for both light and heavy industry, as well as a business area. He gave prominence to the airport, as well as to the government house, albeit under a simpler design than that envisaged by Storrs. Both men had built racial segregation into their plans, dividing

12100-471: Was sufficient groundwater, and the report confirming Lusaka as the planned capital was approved by the legislative council in July 1931. Ronald Storrs replaced Maxwell as governor in 1932, but funds were limited as a result of the Great Depression and there was little progress on the development of Lusaka. Several thousand Africans migrated to the city in search of construction work, but none

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