87-463: Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso ( Latin American Spanish: [oˈʝanta mojˈses uˈmala ˈtaso] ; born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist , he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberalism and the political centre during his presidency. Born to
174-420: A 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos. Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo , Presidential Oath of Office July 28, 2018 In English The English translation
261-587: A 25-year prison sentence for kidnapping 17 police officers for 3 days and killing 4 of them in the Andahuaylas uprising and whose party Union for Peru was involved in the removal of former President Martín Vizcarra in 2020, and professor Ulises Humala . Humala was born in Peru and attended the French-Peruvian school Franco-Peruano, and later the "Colegio Cooperativo La Union," established by part of
348-516: A bigger stake in the rapidly growing national economy, his "mandate for change...[was seen as] a mandate for moderate change"; his moderation was reflected in his "orthodox" cabinet appointees and his public oath on the Bible to respect investor rights, rule of law and the constitution. He was sworn in on 28 July 2011. As part of his "social inclusion" rhetoric during the campaign, his government, led by Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis , established
435-583: A bloodless military coup on 3 October 1968, and nationalized various Peruvian industries whilst pursuing a favorable foreign policy with Cuba and the Soviet Union . During his presidential candidacy in 2006 and his run for the presidency that he ultimately won in 2011, Humala was closely affiliated with other pink tide leaders in Latin America in general and South America in particular. Prior to taking office in 2011, he toured several countries in
522-414: A center-left leader with the desire to help to create a more equitable framework for distributing the wealth from the country's key natural resources, with the goal of maintaining foreign investment and economic growth in the country while working to improve the condition of an impoverished majority. Going into the 5 June runoff election, he was polling in a statistical tie with opponent Keiko Fujimori . He
609-488: A certain point that the Canarian journalist Ramón Pérez Almodóvar would be advising the presidential candidate for the second electoral round, an accusation that was denied by the journalist, although he admitted that he was participating in the campaign. . On 20 May 2006, the day before the first presidential debate between Alan García and Ollanta Humala, a tape of the former Peruvian intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos
696-535: A coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by Alberto Fujimori in 1992, who was later imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption. Presidential inaugurations take place in the Congress of the Republic of Peru in the capital city of Lima . Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration
783-468: A former civil servant , succeeded him as president following his impeachment after a failed coup attempt . There have also been a number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president. There are 14 presidents that became presidents through
870-760: A master's degree in political science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru . In October 2005 Humala created the Partido Nacionalista Peruano (the Peruvian Nationalist Party) and ran for the presidency in 2006 with the support of Union for Peru (UPP). Ambassador Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , the former Peruvian Secretary-General of the United Nations and founder of UPP, told the press on 5 December 2005, that he did not support
957-514: A precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru. The Act of Independence was signed in Lima on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government
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#17327730186161044-650: A prominent political family affiliated with the ethnocacerist movement, Humala is the son of famed Quechua labour lawyer Isaac Humala . Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1981, eventually achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel . During his time in the military, he fought in the internal conflict against left-wing terrorist group Shining Path as well as in the Cenepa War with neighboring Ecuador . In October 2000, Humala attempted an unsuccessful coup d'etat against President Alberto Fujimori during
1131-657: A red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such. The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at
1218-524: A runoff election on 4 June. Humala campaigned in Trujillo, an eminently Aprista city, during the last week of April. Starting in May, he visited the department of Ayacucho and then the city of Puno. On 9 May, he met again with Bolivian President Evo Morales , in the border town of Copacabana and received the support of the aforementioned president. Different Peruvian media opposed to Ollanta Humala, indicated at
1305-466: A small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011. The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must: The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following: ESAN University Too Many Requests If you report this error to
1392-501: A statement on 21 March calling for homosexuals to be shot. Ollanta Humala's brother, Ulises Humala , ran against him in the election, but was considered an extremely minor candidate and came in 14th place in the election. On 9 April 2006, the first round of the Peruvian national election was held. Humala came in first place getting 30.62% of the valid votes, and immediately began preparing to face Alan García , who obtained 24.32%, in
1479-541: Is as follows: I, [ complete name of presidential elect ], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [ start of mandate ] to [ end of mandate ], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce
1566-743: Is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru. Foreign dignitaries have often assisted the democratic transition of power in Peru. The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows: Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018
1653-431: Is quoted as stating "I want to declare my indignation at the statements" and went on to say "Who benefits from the declarations that stain the honor of Ollanta Humala? Evidently they benefit Alan García". In another message that Montesinos released to the media through his lawyer he claimed that Humala was a "political pawn" of Cuban President Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in an "asymmetric war" against
1740-818: The Constitution of 1993 , the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of the Constitution. Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres , Alberto Fujimori , and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Three presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra (first impeachment), and Pedro Castillo (first and second impeachments) while
1827-605: The Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: presidente constitucional de la República del Perú ), is the head of state and head of government of Peru . The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and National Police of Peru . The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president
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#17327730186161914-766: The Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion in order to coordinate the efficacy of his social programmes. Lerner Ghitis later resigned on 10 December 2011, and was succeeded by Óscar Valdés Dancuart . On 23 July 2012, Juan Jiménez Mayor became president of a new ministerial cabinet, the third in less than a year. On 24 July 2013, with the appointment of three new ministers (Mónica Rubio García in Development and Social Inclusion, Magali Silva in Foreign Trade and Tourism, and Diana Álvarez Calderón in Culture), it
2001-590: The New Left Movement . Humala stated that the opposition would work to "make sure Garcia complies with his electoral promises" and again stated that he would not boycott García's inauguration on 28 July 2006. On 16 August 2006, prosecutors in Peru filed charges against Humala for alleged human rights abuses including forced disappearance , torture, and murder against Shining Path guerillas during his service in San Martín . Humala responded by denying
2088-474: The Odebrecht scandal . On 26 April 2018, by resolution of the Constitutional Court of Peru, he began his process of freedom. Following this, his wife was placed on house arrest while Humala had to report to court monthly. In January 2019, Peruvian prosecutors stated that they had enough evidence to charge Humala and his wife with laundering money from both Odebrecht and the government of Venezuela. In May 2019,
2175-575: The Union for Peru (UPP), stated that a faction of the UPP would split off from the party after disagreements with Humala to create what Torres calls a "constructive opposition". The split came after Humala called on leftist parties to form an alliance with the UPP to become the principal opposition party in Congress. Humala had met with representatives of the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland and
2262-626: The Viceroyalty of Peru . In 1532, the Spanish conquerors arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The Governorate of the New Toledo ( Diego de Almagro ) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the city of Cusco , the current historical capital of Peru . The Governorate of
2349-563: The central Andes was the Wari civilization , whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century , the Inca civilization developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the Sapa Inca at its head. The modern Peruvian state is the heir of
2436-689: The Americas where he notably expressed the idea of re-uniting the Peru–Bolivian Confederation . He also visited Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Venezuela. In February 2016, amidst the Peruvian presidential race, a report from the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala as recipient of bribes from Odebrecht , a Brazilian construction company, in exchange of assigned public works. President Humala rejected
2523-476: The Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately. The Constitution of 1993 , a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place. The presidential sash is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since
2610-475: The Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State. By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule. As a result, on 28 July 1827, Manuel Salazar assumed the formal office of the presidency and became
2697-491: The First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a Catholic state . Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the executive , judicial and the legislative power. The governing board , a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items,
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2784-522: The New Castile ( Francisco Pizarro ) had as its capital the City of Kings, as Lima was also called initially and it was on this that the viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars. In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, whose government was held by the representative of the king of Spain (head of state) with the title of Viceroy of Peru (head of government). The true organizer of
2871-620: The Peruvian-Japanese community in Lima. He began his military career in 1980 when he entered the Chorrillos Military School , like his brother Antauro (who had done so a year earlier). In 1983, he was a student at the School of the Americas (SOA), in the cadet combat course. He graduated as an Artillery lieutenant on 1 January 1984, forming part of the "Heroes of Pucará and Marcavalle" class. In 1997, he earned
2958-517: The President of the Republic are: The powers of the President of the Republic are: The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power. The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of
3045-584: The Prosecutor's Office requested 20 years in prison for him and 26 years for his wife, Nadine Heredia. The process also reaches several relatives close to the former presidential partner. The case is in prosecution control. Ollanta Humala was investigated under restricted appearance, allegedly accused of money laundering to the detriment of the State and of illicit association to commit a crime, among others. However, Odebrecht's main projects were carried out under
3132-544: The Republic carries a plaque in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a lanyard with the insignia of the military command that recognizes them as the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun. The staff originates from
3219-562: The Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council. The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of
3306-503: The Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by
3393-438: The United States. Montesinos went on to state that Humala "is not a new ideologist or political reformer, but he is an instrument". On 24 May 2006, Humala warned of possible voter fraud in the upcoming second round elections scheduled for 4 June. He urged UPP supporters to register as poll watchers "so votes are not stolen from us during the tabulation at the polling tables." Humala went on to cite similar claims of voting fraud in
3480-438: The announcement of Humala's cabinet appointees, who were judged to be moderate and in line with continuity. However he was also said to have inherited "a ticking time bomb of disputes stemming in large part from objections by indigenous groups to the damage to water supplies, crops and hunting grounds wrought by mining, logging and oil and gas extraction" from Alan Garcia . Though he promised the "poor and disenfranchised" Peruvians
3567-491: The appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position, and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic." Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing: The exercise of
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3654-602: The armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of Mercedes Aráoz in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru. There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic Crucifix . The first state recognizable as such under current concepts in
3741-458: The beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last Viceroys . The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the President of Congress until the new president is sworn in. It is a bicolor band that carries the national colors (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of
3828-503: The center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents Oscar R. Benavides Larrea , Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry . Recently its use was 'revived' by Alan García Pérez in the European Union Summit held precisely in Lima in May 2008. The President of
3915-518: The charges and stating that he was "a victim of political persecution". He said the charges were "orchestrated by the Alan Garcia administration to neutralize any alternative to his power". Humala ran again in the Peruvian general election on 10 April 2011, with Marisol Espinoza his candidate for First Vice President and Omar Chehade as Second Vice President. For these elections, he formed
4002-521: The dying days of his regime; eventually, the Congress of the Republic of Peru granted him amnesty and Humala was allowed to return to military duty. In 2005, Humala entered electoral politics, founding the Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) in order to run in the 2006 Peruvian general election . Having received first place in the first round, he faced former centre-left president and Peruvian Aprista Party nominee Alan García in
4089-467: The election of Humala as the party's presidential candidate. He said that after being the UPP presidential candidate in 1995, he had not had any further contact with UPP and therefore did not take part in choosing Humala as the party's presidential candidate for the 2006 elections. There were some accusations that he incurred in torture, under the nom de guerre "Capitán Carlos" ("Captain Carlos"), while he
4176-766: The electoral alliance " Gana Peru ", around the already existing Peruvian Nationalist Party . Later, he signed a political agreement with several left-wing parties such as the Peruvian Communist Party, the Socialist Party , the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Socialist Voice Political Movement, and an important sector of the Lima for All Political Movement. Humala was in first place in the first round held on 10 April, obtaining 31.72% of
4263-507: The fifth ministerial cabinet was sworn in, chaired by René Cornejo , who until then had served as Minister of Housing, Construction and Sanitation. After two unsuccessful attempts, this cabinet finally won the vote of confidence in Congress, in the session held on 17 March. On 22 July 2014 René Cornejo resigned, being replaced by Ana Jara Velásquez , who until then was the head of the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion, an office that
4350-429: The first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru. The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and their authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The duties exclusive to the President have been defined in the 1823 Constitution as: The powers of
4437-407: The first round made by right-wing National Unity candidate Lourdes Flores when she told reporters that she felt she had "lost at the tabulation tables, not at the ballot box". When asked if he had proof for his claims by CPN Radio Humala stated "I do not have proof. If I had the proof, I would immediately denounce those responsible to the electoral system". Alan García responded by stating that Humala
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#17327730186164524-407: The government of Peru as the democratic president of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the president of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the president of Peru with and only with the presidential sash. As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the Congress of Peru , but not recognized by either the executive branch or
4611-618: The graduate diploma of PADE in Business Administration from ESAN Graduate School of Business . In 2001, he completed a master's degree at the Center for Higher National Studies (CAEN) in National Defense and in 2002, he successfully completed a master's degree in political science at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru . In his military career, Humala was also involved in the two major Peruvian conflicts of
4698-513: The highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru , the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature. The president is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the Congress of the Republic and the Council of Ministers to enact reform, and be an administrator of
4785-426: The impeachments of Billinghurst, Fujimori, Vizcarra (second impeachment), and Castillo (third impeachment) have been successful. The president is elected to a term of five years without immediate re-election. A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was Pedro Castillo, who was elected for a term from 2021 to 2026. His Vice President, Dina Boluarte,
4872-594: The implication and has avoided speaking to the media on the matter. During the Peruvian presidential election in February 2016, a report by the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala in bribery by Odebrecht for public works contracts. President Humala denied the charge and avoided questions from the media on that matter. In July 2017, Humala and his wife were arrested and held in pre-trial detention following investigations into his involvement in
4959-468: The influential opposition newspaper La República calling him "valiant and decisive, unlike most in Peru". The newspaper also had many letters sent in by readers with accolades to Ollanta and his men. In the aftermath, the Army sent hundreds of soldiers to capture the rebels. Even so, Humala and his men managed to hide until President Fujimori was impeached from office a few days later and Valentín Paniagua
5046-459: The last viceroys of Peru were parallel to Jose de San Martin and his first successors. Joaquín de la Pezuela and José de la Serna faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, Pío Tristán was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots. In July 1821, during the Peruvian War of Independence , the autonomous states lying in
5133-665: The past 20 years, the battle against the insurgent organization Shining Path and the 1995 Cenepa War with Ecuador . In 1991, with the rank of captain, Humala served in Tingo María , Huanuco fighting the remnants of the Shining Path and in 1995 he served in the Cenepa War on the border with Ecuador. In October 2000, Humala led an uprising in Toquepala against Alberto Fujimori on his last days as president due to multiple corruption scandals. The main reason given for
5220-414: The political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. The president of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the president-elect takes the oath of office. Once the president-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of
5307-477: The presidencies of Alberto Fujimori and Alan García . In February 2022, Humala and his wife faced trial for alleged money laundering related to Odebrecht, facing accusations that the two received $ 3 million during the 2006 and 2011 elections. Both denied their involvement. President of Peru Supreme Court of the Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela [ es ] The President of Peru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú ), officially called
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#17327730186165394-421: The president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate reelection . A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on 28 July, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday . The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through impeachment . Under Article 113 of
5481-403: The rebellion was the capture of Vladimiro Montesinos , former intelligence chief who had fled Peru for asylum in Panama after being caught on video trying to bribe an opposition congressman. The return of Montesinos led to fears that he still had much power in Fujimori's government, so Humala and about 40 other Peruvian soldiers revolted against their senior army commander. Montesinos claims that
5568-459: The requested amnesty, which was extended to military and civilian personnel who participated in the insurrection and Humala was allowed to return to military duty. He was sent as military attaché to Paris, then to Seoul until December 2004, when he was forcibly retired. His forced retirement is suspected to have partly motivated an etnocacerista rebellion of Andahuaylas led by his brother Antauro Humala in January 2005. In 2002, Humala received
5655-454: The saber or the sword of the military presidents. There is only a handful of remarkable cases. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried
5742-410: The second round, ultimately losing by a narrow margin. His campaign received widespread international attention in 2006 given the pink tide in Latin America. In the 2011 Peruvian general election , he narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori in the runoff. To assuage fears of potential radical policies, Humala began his term by choosing centrists for positions in his cabinet . Humala's unpopular presidency
5829-476: The state, enforcing the Constitution of 1993 which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the Palacio de Gobierno , located in the historic center of Lima . The building has been used and occupied by the heads of state of Peru, dating back to Francisco Pizarro and the viceroys of Peru . The current president of Peru is Dina Boluarte , who succeeded Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022. Ordinarily,
5916-429: The total valid votes. Because he did not manage to exceed 50% of the valid votes, he went on to a second round with the candidate Keiko Fujimori , which took place on 5 June. On 19 May, at National University of San Marcos and with the support of many Peruvian intellectuals and artists (including Mario Vargas Llosa with reservations), Ollanta Humala signed the "Compromiso en Defensa de la Democracia". He campaigned as
6003-417: The uprising facilitated his concurrent escape. Many of Humala's men deserted him, leaving him only 7 soldiers. During the revolt, Humala called on Peruvian "patriots" to join him in the rebellion, and around 300 former soldiers led by his brother Antauro answered his call and were reported to have been in a convoy attempting to join up with Humala. The revolt gained some sympathy from the Peruvian populace with
6090-424: The viceregal state was Francisco de Toledo . This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties, the houses of Habsburg and Bourbon , and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the Capitulation of Ayacucho in 1824, despite the independence of Peru in 1821 . José Fernando de Abascal was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors,
6177-417: The viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the Spanish Empire . Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the autonomous viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the sovereign nation . Working closely with the Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822 , a formal constitution
6264-509: The vote, finishing in 13th place. Humala was born in Lima, Peru on 27 June 1962. His father Isaac Humala , who is of Quechua ethnicity , is a labour lawyer, member of the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland , and ideological leader of the Ethnocacerista movement. Ollanta's mother is Elena Tasso, from an old Italian family established in Peru at the end of the 19th century. He is the brother of Antauro Humala , who later served
6351-533: The waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the Coat of arms of Peru . There is a Lima family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, tuxedo or military uniform . Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height. A symbolic act narrated by Ricardo Palma in his famous Peruvian Traditions
6438-540: Was "crying fraud" because the polls show him losing the second round. On 4 June 2006, the second round of the Peruvian elections were held. With 77% of votes counted and Humala behind García 45.5% to 55.5% respectively, Humala conceded defeat to Alan García and congratulated his opponent's campaign stating at a news conference "we recognise the results...and we salute the forces that competed against us, those of Mr Garcia". On 12 June 2006, Carlos Torres Caro , Humala's vice presidential running mate and elected Congressman for
6525-605: Was President, I would grant amnesty to him ( Abimael Guzmán ) and the other incarcerated members of the Shining Path ". He made similar statements about amnesty for Víctor Polay , the leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement , and other leaders of the MRTA. But Ollanta Humala distanced himself from the more radical members of his family during his campaign. Humala's mother, meanwhile, made
6612-523: Was achieved, for the first time in the history of Peru, gender equality in the formation of a ministerial cabinet (9 men and 9 women, apart from the prime minister). On 31 October 2013, César Villanueva , who until then served as president of the Regional Government of San Martín, was sworn in as the fourth President of the Council of Ministers of the Humala government. On 24 February 2014,
6699-540: Was created, named the Constitution of 1823 . Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro , a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru. The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created
6786-436: Was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically influential wife Nadine Heredia . Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala's mining policies, and argued that he reneged on his campaign promise to rein in mining companies. In 2017, Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities on corruption charges. Humala attempted a political comeback in the 2021 presidential election , but only received 1.5% of
6873-570: Was elected the 94th president of Peru with 51.5% of the vote. Three days after his election, Humala undertook a Latin American tour to meet with the heads of state of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, the United States, Venezuela, Mexico and Cuba. After the news of the election of Ollanta as president the Lima Stock Exchange experienced its largest drop ever, though it later stabilised following
6960-415: Was left under the charge of José de San Martín with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed José de la Riva Agüero as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after
7047-478: Was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President Justo Figuerola . This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it. The Ministers of State wear
7134-565: Was named interim president. Finally, on 10 December, both brothers surrendered, being transferred to Lima, where they surrendered to the Second Judicial Zone of the country. The opening of the process was ruled for rebellion, sedition and insult to the superior. The lawyer Javier Valle Riestra requested an amnesty for the Humala, alleging that they had exercised the "right to insurrection against an illegitimate and totalitarian government." On 21 December 2000, Congress granted them
7221-554: Was released by Montesinos' lawyer to the press with Montesinos claiming that Humala had started the 29 October 2000 military uprising against the Fujimori government to facilitate his escape from Peru amidst corruption scandals. Montesinos is quoted as saying it was a "farce, an operation of deception and manipulation". Humala immediately responded to the charges by accusing Montesinos of being in collaboration with García's Aprista Party with an intention to undermine his candidacy. Humala
7308-469: Was taken over by the ruling congressman Fredy Otárola Peñaranda . With only these changes, the sixth cabinet of the government of President Humala was sworn in. On 30 March 2015, the full Congress censured Prime Minister Ana Jara and her entire cabinet, with 72 votes in favor, 42 against and 2 abstentions. Something similar had not happened since 1963, when the parliament censured the cabinet chaired by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes. The argument used against Jara
7395-511: Was the commander of a military base in the jungle region of Madre Mia from 1992 to 1993. His brother Antauro Humala stated in 2006 that Humala had used such a name during their activities. Humala, in an interview with Jorge Ramos , acknowledged that he went under the pseudonym Captain Carlos but stated that other soldiers went under the same name and denied participation in any human rights abuses. On 17 March 2006, Humala's campaign came under some controversy as his father, Issac Humala, said "If I
7482-412: Was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in Peruvian history . Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the protectorate of Peru , Simon Bolivar , overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government. At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As
7569-546: Was the monitoring of politicians, businessmen and journalists by the National Intelligence Directorate (DINI). Pedro Cateriano replaced Jara as Prime Minister on 2 April 2015. Originally considered to be a socialist and left-wing nationalist , he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberalism and the political centre during his presidency. Ollanta Humala expressed sympathy for the regime of Juan Velasco Alvarado , which took power in
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