123-581: Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The Confederation of Madja-as was a legendary pre-colonial supra- baranganic polity on the island of Panay in the Philippines . It was mentioned in Pedro Monteclaro's book titled Maragtas . It was supposedly created by Datu Sumakwel to exercise his authority over all the other datus of Panay. Like the Maragtas and
246-661: A rajah . Among the Subanon people of the Zamboanga Peninsula , a settlement's datus answer to a thimuay , and some thimuays are sometimes additionally referred to as thimuay labi , or as sulotan in more Islamized Subanon communities. In some other portions of the Visayas and Mindanao, there was no separate name for the most senior ruler, so the Paramount ruler was simply called a datu, although one datu
369-626: A Datu , or a leader with an equivalent title. This was the typical size of inland settlements by the time the Spanish colonizers arrived in the late 1500s, whereas larger, more cosmopolitan polities dominated the coasts, particularly river deltas. When barangays grew larger, as was the case in Maynila , Tondo , the Madja-as of Panay , Pangasinan , Cebu , Bohol , Butuan , Sanmalan , Cotabato , Sulu , and Lanao , among others, they took on
492-514: A Chola occupied Srivijaya, the mandala's capital. Historian suggests, that it is likely that the past Padang Lawas area was more fertile than it is now. Therefore the Panai Kingdom was rich in forest products, especially camphor and livestock, and might also produce gold. Only the rich and prosperous society were able to build temples like Bahal temple complex. In Armenian-language travel records, Indian City Names and Persian Suburbs , Pane
615-528: A Westerner's point of view. In June 1582, while he was in Arevalo ( Iloilo ), he wrote in his Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas the following observations: The island is the most fertile and well-provisioned of all the islands discovered, except the island of Luzon : for it is exceedingly fertile, and abounds in rice , swine , fowls , wax , and honey ; it produces also a great quantity of cotton and abacá fiber. "The villages are very close together, and
738-522: A common economic class in some sense, though this class had no designation. Pannai Pannai , Panai or Pane was a Buddhist kingdom located on the east coast of Northern Sumatra that existed between the 11th and 14th centuries. The kingdom was located on the Barumun River and Panai River valleys, in today's Labuhan Batu and South Tapanuli regencies. Because surviving inscriptions and historical records of this period are scarce,
861-517: A difficult endeavor to achieve in the strait of Malacca, which was among the world's most hotly contested maritime choke-point where, today, one half of world trade passes through. The naval power of Pannai was successful in policing and defending the straits of Malacca for the Mandala of Srivijaya until the Chola invasion of Srivijaya occurred, wherein a surprise attack from behind, originating from
984-561: A geographic and ethnographic study of certain districts of northern Luzon by Fr. Angel Perez). Additionally, the characters and places mentioned in the Maragtas book, like Rajah Makatunaw and Madj-as can be found in Ming Dynasty Annals and Arabic Manuscripts. However, the written dates go earlier since Rajah Makatunaw was recorded to have been from 1082 AD and was a descendant of Seri Maharajah (According to Chinese annals) while
1107-442: A good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society. Because of the difficulty of accessing and accurately interpreting the various available sources, relatively few integrative studies of pre-colonial social structures have been done – most studies focus on
1230-427: A hundred households. Other barangays — most notably those in Maynila , Tondo , Panay , Pangasinan , Cebu , Bohol , Butuan , Cotabato , and Sulu — were large cosmopolitan polities. The term originally referred to both a house on land and a boat on water, containing families, friends and dependents. Anthropologist F. Landa Jocano defines this period of the barangay states' dominance — approximately
1353-464: A kin group had personal ties of economic reciprocity and loyalty. This explanation of the limited powers of a paramount leader in cultures throughout the Philippine archipelago explains the confusion experienced by Martin de Goiti during the first Spanish forays into Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. Until that point, Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms "king" and "kingdom" to describe
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#17327719056131476-523: A limited degree of influence, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories of less-senior datus. For example, F. Landa Jocano , in his seminal work Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage , notes: Even if different Barangays entered into alliances with one another, there was no sovereign datu over them. Each datu ruled his barangay independently. The alliances were limited to mutual protection and assistance in times of need. It did not entail permanent allegiance. The grouping
1599-471: A major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. Early chroniclers record that the name evolved from the term balangay , which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers; in essence a barangay is a ship or a fleet of ships and also a house or a settlement. Historically, the first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 30 to 100 families, with
1722-520: A militant-nation settled by warrior-monastics as evidenced by the temple ruins in the area as it was allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca . The small kingdom traded with and simultaneously repulsed any unlicensed Chinese, Indonesian, Indian or Arab navies that often warred in or pirated the strait of Malacca and, for a small country, they were adept at taking down armadas larger than itself -
1845-465: A more complex social organization. Several barangays, consisting of households loyal to a datu, Rajah or Sultan banded together to form larger cosmopolitan polities as an apex city states. The Rulers of these barangays would then select the most senior or most respected among them to serve as a paramount datu. These polities sometimes had other names (such as bayan in the Tagalog regions ) but since
1968-631: A number of adventures, they arrived at the bay of Taal , which was also called Lake Bombon on Luzon . Datu Puti returned to Borneo by way of Mindoro and Palawan, while the rest settled in Lake Taal. The descendants of the Datus who settled by Lake Taal spread out in two general directions: one group settling later around Laguna de Bay , and another group pushing southward into the Bicol Peninsula . A discovery of an ancient tomb preserved among
2091-817: A population that varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. When the Spaniards came, they found communities with only twenty to thirty people, as well as large and prestigious principalities. The coastal villages were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan , Han Chinese , Indian people , and Arabs . In time, these coastal communities acquired more advanced cultures, with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities. The smallest barangays were communities of around 30 to 100 households, led by
2214-676: A portion of the Datu's blood in their veins. The Boxer Codex calls these Timawas : Knights and Hidalgos . The Spanish conquistador, Miguel de Loarca, described them as "free men, neither chiefs nor slaves" . In the late 17th century, the Spanish Jesuit priest Fr. Francisco Ignatio Alcina, classified them as the third rank of nobility (nobleza). To maintain purity of bloodline, Datus marry only among their kind, often seeking high-ranking brides in other Barangays, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile,
2337-550: A religion of their own. The Datu Class was at the top of a divinely sanctioned and stable social order in a Sakop or Kinadatuan ( Kadatuan in ancient Malay; Kedaton in Javanese; and Kedatuan in many parts of modern Southeast Asia), which is elsewhere commonly referred to also as barangay . This social order was divided into three classes. The Kadatuan (members of the Visayan Datu Class) were compared by
2460-498: A string of gold beads so long that it touched the ground when worn and, second, a salakot , or native hat covered with gold. The term for that necklace which survive in the present Kinaray-a language is Manangyad , from the Kiniray-a term sangyad , which means "touching the ground when worn". There were also a variety of many beads, combs, as well as pieces of cloth for the women and fancifully decorated weapons (Treaty-Blades) for
2583-543: A variety of weapons and personal adornments, which were much superior to those known among the Negritos . Negotiations were conducted between the newcomers and the native Atis for the possession of a wide area of land along the coast, centering on the place called Andona , at a considerable distance from the original landing place. Some of the gifts of the Visayans in exchange of those lands are spoken of as being, first,
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#17327719056132706-448: A wand. Notable among the rituals performed by Babaylan was the pig sacrifice. Sometimes chicken were also offered. The sacrificial victims were placed on well adorned altars, together with other commodities and with the most exquisite local wine called Pangasi . The Babaylan would break into dance hovering around these offerings to the sound of drums and brass bells called Agongs , with palm leaves and trumpets made of cane. The ritual
2829-456: Is a small kingdom ruled by a haji or a lesser king, which was posthumously dedicated in the Bahal temple. In other words, historian conclude that Pannai was probably a small kingdom ruled by a king with honorific title Haji , which was the adherent of Buddhism. In ancient Indonesia, the title haji or aji refers to a regional ruler, a lesser king, a vassal, or a subordinate ruler in contrast to
2952-601: Is also religious and linguistic evidence that the people of Panay island are descendants from the people of Pannai in Sumatra as well as the people of Srivijaya ruled Borneo since there are a lot Sanskrit words in the Visayan language Visayans, even people from Panay island, used to refer to their Pre-Christian gods as " Diwatas " who's root word is the Sanskrit Devatas , which is Hindu-Buddhist in origin. This echoes
3075-409: Is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders [mandadores] who attended to the interests of the barangay. Because the peoples of the Philippine archipelago had different languages, the highest ranking political authorities in the largest historical barangay polities went by different titles. The titles of the paramount datu also changed from case to case, including: Sultan in
3198-842: Is called by the Visayans "Pag-aanito" . According to Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Santaren, Datu Macatunao or Rajah Makatunao is the “sultan of the Moros,” and a relative of Datu Puti who seized the properties and riches of the ten datus. Robert Nicholls, a historian from Brunei identified Rajah Tugao, the leader of the Malano Kingdom of Sarawak, as the Rajah Makatunao referred to in the Maragtas. The Bornean warriors Labaodungon and Paybare, after learning of this injustice from their father-in-law Paiburong, sailed to Odtojan in Borneo where Makatunaw ruled. Using local soldiers recruited from
3321-761: Is mentioned as one of Sumatran kingdoms held under Majapahit influence. Javanese overlordship upon Malay states in Sumatra was probably initiated through Singhasari 's Pamalayu expedition that pull Malayu Dharmasraya into Singhasari mandala orbit. Therefore, all of Dharmasraya's vassal states were also recruited within Javanese Singhasari mandala. These states includes Palembang, Teba, Kandis, Kahwas, Minangkabau, Siak, Rokan, Kampar, Pane, Kampe, Haru, Mandailing, Tamiyang, Perlak, Padang Lawas, Samudra, Lamuri, Batan, Lampung and Barus, all were under Singhasari influence later inherited by its successor state, Majapahit. Historians and archaeology experts tried to locate
3444-530: Is now Cambodia), they and Sumatra were united in a rebellion against Rajah Makatunao who was a Chola appointed local Rajah. This oral legend of ancient Hiligaynons rebelling against Rajah Makatunao have corroboration in Chinese records during the Song Dynasty when Chinese scholars recorded that the ruler during a February 1082 AD diplomatic meeting, was Seri Maharaja, and his descendant was Rajah Makatunao and
3567-714: Is referred to as the port where much high-quality camphor can be found. Camphor originated from two ports, namely Barus on the west coast of Sumatra, and P’anes or P’anis , namely Panai on the east coast. The existence of this kingdom was first mentioned in Thanjavur inscription written in Tamil dated from 1025 and 1030. The inscription created by Rajendra Chola I , king of Cholamandala kingdom, Chola Dynasty , in South India, mentioned about Chola invasion of Srivijaya . This inscription mentioned Pannai with its water ponds
3690-457: Is suggested that the habitation area of the people that supported Padanglawas culture was located elsewhere. Probably near the estuarine of Barumun and Panai river and not located near these temples. It is suggested that the center of Pannai Kingdom was located in the more fertile area and much closer to maritime trade route of Malacca Strait, which pointing into the estuarine of Panai and Barumun river. Despite its rich archaeological value, unlike
3813-469: Is the account of P. Francisco Colin, S.J, a historian who came to Asia during the early years of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. The following is his personal observation recorded during his visit to Sumatra: "In the middle of Sumatra, there is a spacious and extensive lake (presumably Lake Toba near Pannai), around the shore of which many and several ethnic groups settle [and] from where, in
Madja-as - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-508: Is the first... It is very beautiful, very pleasant, and full of coconut palms... Near the river Alaguer ( Halaur ), which empties into the sea two leagues from the town of Dumangas..., in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island." Miguel de Loarca, who was among the first Spanish settlers in the Island, also made one of the earliest account about Panay and its people according to
4059-534: Is the term historically used by scholars to describe the complex sociopolitical units that were the dominant organizational pattern among the various peoples of the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately before the arrival of European colonizers. Academics refer to these settlements using the technical term " polity ", but they are usually simply called "barangays". Some barangays were well-organized independent villages, consisting of thirty to
4182-571: The Bicolanos refers to some of the same gods and personages mentioned in a Panay manuscript examined by anthropologists during the 1920s. Other Datus settled in Negros Island and other Visayan islands. The original Panay settlements continued to grow and later split up into three groups: one of which remained in the original district (Irong-irong), while another settled at the mouth of Aklan River in northern Panay. The third group moved to
4305-709: The Boxer Codex to the titled Lords ( Señores de titulo ) in Spain. As Agalon or Amo ( Lords ), the Datus enjoyed an ascribed right to respect, obedience, and support from their Ulipon (Commoner) or followers belonging to the Third Order. These Datus had acquired rights to the same advantages from their legal "Timawa" or vassals (Second Order), who bind themselves to the Datu as his seafaring warriors. Timawas paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They had
4428-544: The Code of Kalantiaw , the historical authenticity of the confederation is disputed, as no other documentation for Madja-as exists outside of Monteclaro's book. However, the notion that the Maragtas is an original work of fiction by Monteclaro is disputed by a 2019 Thesis, named "Mga Maragtas ng Panay: Comparative Analysis of Documents about the Bornean Settlement Tradition" by Talaguit Christian Jeo N. of
4551-702: The Datu’s fields or do all sorts of other personal labor. In the Visayas, only the Oripuns were obliged to do that, and to pay tribute besides. The Tagalog who works in the Datu’s field did not pay him tribute, and could transfer their allegiance to another Datu . The Visayan Timawa neither paid tribute nor performed agricultural labor. In this sense, they were truly aristocrats. The Tagalog Maharlika did not only work in his Datu’s field, but could also be required to pay his own rent. Thus, all non- Maginoo in Luzon formed
4674-657: The Diwatas (A local adaptation of the Hindu or Buddhist Devata ). Early Spanish colonizers observed that some of these deities of the Confederation of Madja-as, have sinister characters, and so, the colonizers called them evil gods. These Diwatas live in rivers, forests, mountains, and the natives fear even to cut the grass in these places believed to be where the lesser gods abound. These places are described, even now (after more than four hundred years of Christianization of
4797-481: The Halaud River. An old manuscript ' Margitas' of uncertain date (discovered by the anthropologist H. Otley Beyer ) was said to have given interesting details about the laws, government, social customs, and religious beliefs of the early Visayans. The term Visayan was first applied only to them and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros, and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose
4920-621: The Padanglawas temple compounds , with one specifically known as the Bahal temple . Experts suggest that the existence of the temples is linked to the Kingdom of Pannai. The temples constitute tangible traces of Vajranaya Buddhism in Sumatra. The state of Pannai, according to Thanjavur inscription found in India, fell after a surprise attack from the rear. Pannai did not suspect an attack from
5043-521: The social organization of early polities throughout the archipelago, alongside her study of inter and intra-regional trade among Philippine coastal polities. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the Jesuit missionary Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of the social stratification in Tagalog culture with that in the Visayan culture. While social mobility was possible in
Madja-as - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-541: The 11th century, as one of the polity sacked by Rajendra Chola I of Chola dynasty during his campaign against the prosperous Srivijaya . Three centuries later, Prapanca confirmed Pannai as one of the Malay states targeted in Majapahit's foreign diplomacy. Despite the lack of local historical records, on the upstream of these rivers however, 16 Buddhist Vajrayana temples were discovered. These temples are known today as
5289-399: The 14th to the 16th centuries — as the "Barangic Phase" of early Philippine history. The Barangic Phase of Philippine history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to the situation. Some scholars such as Damon Woods, however, have recently challenged
5412-464: The Aklan River and he was also appointed in charge of pacification and religious instruction. Pedro Sarmiento; was appointed for Batan, Francisco de Rivera; for Mambusao, Gaspar Ruiz de Morales; and for Panay town, Pedro Guillen de Lievana. Later (in 1569), Miguel López de Legazpi transferred the Spanish headquarters from Cebu to Panay. On 5 June 1569, Guido de Lavezaris, the royal treasurer in
5535-661: The Archipelago), Ribera mentioned that his aim was to make the inhabitants of that island " vassals of King Don Felipe... as are all the natives of the island of Panay, the Pintados Islands, and those of the island of Luzon... " In Book I, Chapter VII of the Labor Evangelica (published in Madrid in 1663), Francisco Colin, S.J. described the people of Iloilo as Indians who are Visayans in the strict sense of
5658-531: The Archipelago, wrote to Philip II reporting about the Portuguese attack to Cebu in the preceding autumn. A letter from another official, Andres de Mirandaola (dated three days later - 8 June), also described briefly this encounter with the Portuguese. The danger of another attack led the Spaniards to remove their camp from Cebu to Panay, which they considered a safer place. Legazpi himself, in his report to
5781-505: The Atis' way of distinguishing themselves from the white settlers. Following the religious ceremony, the priest indicated that it was the will of the gods that they should settle not at Andona , but rather at a place some distance to the east called Malandog (now a Barangay in Hamtik , Province of Antique , where there was both much fertile agricultural land and an abundant supply of fish in
5904-540: The Augustinian missionary Fray Pedro de San Buenaventura, who described it as a large town with four to ten datu lived with their followers, called dulohan or barangay. After the various polities of the Philippine archipelago were united into a single political entity during colonial times, the term gradually lost its original specific meaning, and took on more generic, descriptive denotations: population center ( poblacion ) or capital ( cabisera ); municipality; or in
6027-712: The Code of Maragtas, a separate work from the Maragtas book, placed him at the 1200s. J. Carrol in his article: "The Word Bisaya in the Philippines and Borneo" (1960) thinks there might be indirect evidence in the possible affinity between the Visayans and Melanaos as he speculates that Makatunao is similar with the ancient leader of the Melanao in Sarawak , called "Tugau" or "Maha Tungao" (Maha or महत्, meaning 'great' in Sanskrit). Chinese annals and maps record Madja-as as marked with
6150-518: The Confederacy's territory), as mariit (enchanted and dangerous). The natives would make panabi-tabi (courteous and reverent request for permission) when inevitably constrained to pass or come near these sites. Miguel de Loarca in his Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (Arevalo: June 1582) described them. Some are the following: Some Spanish colonial historians, including Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino, would classify some heroes and demigods of
6273-481: The Datus keep their marriageable daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called Binukot , the Datus of pure descent (four generations) were called "Potli nga Datu" or "Lubus nga Datu" , while a woman of noble lineage (especially the elderly) are addressed by the inhabitants of Panay as "Uray" (meaning: pure as gold), e.g., Uray Hilway . The Visayans adored (either for fear or veneration) various gods called
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#17327719056136396-696: The De La Salle University who stated that, "Contrary to popular belief, the Monteclaro Maragtas is not a primary source of the legend but is rather more accurately a secondary source at best" as the story of the Maragtas also appeared in the Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Tomas Santaren’s Bisayan Accounts of Early Bornean Settlements (originally a part of the appendice in the book, Igorrotes: estudio geográfico y etnográfico sobre algunos distritos del norte de Luzon Igorots:
6519-634: The Hindu Chola dynasty, to whom the Datus of the Visayan legend ( Maragtas ) refused to bow. Instead of bowing to the Maharajah's and his puppet rajah's domination, these Datus set out to other islands, together with their constituent nobles, soldiers and scholars, and never again to return. The Kedatuan of Madja-as may be thus considered as the successor-nation to the Pannai-state, since this previous State itself underwent dissolution after
6642-470: The Panay epic Hinilawod , like Labaw Donggon , among these Diwatas. In the above-mentioned report of Miguel de Loarca, the Visayans' belief regarding the origin of the world and the creation of the first man and woman was recorded. The narrative says: The people of the coast, who are called Yligueynes , believed that the heaven and earth had no beginning and that there were two gods, one called Captan and
6765-428: The Philippines as well as fellow pioneers, the warriors sacked the city, killed Makatunaw and his family, retrieved the stolen properties of the 10 datus, enslaved the remaining population of Odtojan, and sailed back to Panay. Labaw Donggon and his wife, Ojaytanayon, later settled in a place called Moroboro . Afterwards there are descriptions of various towns founded by the datus in Panay and southern Luzon. According to
6888-505: The Philippines, the inhabitants of Panay Island were originally from North Sumatra; especially from the polity of Pannai, after which the Island of Panay (called Ananipay by the Atis) was named after (i and y being interchangeable in Spanish). It was founded by Pannai loyalists who wanted to reestablish their state elsewhere following an occupation of their homeland. The polity of Pannai was
7011-527: The Philippines. Seeing how the actual Srivijayan Empire reached even the outer coast of Borneo, which is already neighboring the Philippines, Historian Robert Nicholl implied that the Srivijayans of Sumatra, Vijayans of Vijayapura at Brunei and the Visayans in the Philippines were all related and connected to each other since they form one contiguous area. According to the ancient tradition recorded by P. Francisco Colin, S.J., an early Spanish missionary in
7134-714: The Tamil occupation of Maharajah Rajendra Chola or the Hindu rule of the Rajahs that came thereafter. Panay island in the Philippines is said to have been named after the state of Pannai, of which Visayan (descendants of Srivijayans ) oral legends recount that their 10 Datus or Datuks (in Malay) that transited from Borneo, rebelled against the Rajah named Makatunao. Thus, mirroring the situation in Pannai-proper, which fell under
7257-419: The Viceroy in New Spain (dated 1 July 1569), mentioned the same reason for the relocation of Spaniards to Panay. It was in Panay that the conquest of Luzon was planned, and launched on 8 May 1570. In 1716, the old Sakup (Sovereign Territory) of Aklan completely fell under the Iberian control, and became Spanish politico-military province under the name of Capiz. And so it remained for the next 240 years. During
7380-406: The Visayan " dialect " of Panay. This fact indicates that the ancient people of Panay called themselves as Visayans , for the Spaniards would have otherwise simply referred to them as "people of the Panay". This self-reference as Visayans as well as the appellative ( Panay - a riminescence of the State of Pannai) that these people give to the Island manifest a strong sign of their identification with
7503-444: The Yuan dynasty annals, the Nanhai zhi 南海志 (Dated on 1304), the Empire of Pon-i (Preislamic Brunei) conquered Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton, a part of Madja-as) as it also conquered Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila), Ma-i (in Mindoro), Meikun 美昆 Palawan Island (present-day Manukan), Puduan (AKA the Rajahnate of Butuan ), Sulu , Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao) However, when Pon-i
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#17327719056137626-453: The [old man] replied: You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle in other lands, and nothing was heard about them again. " So, Colin concluded that the Tagalogs and Pampangos, and other political or ethnic groups (meaning: Visayans and other relatively civilized groups), by symbols used in expressing language, by color of dress and costume, one can believe that these came from parts of Borneo and Sumatra. There
7749-538: The babaylans were also regarded as allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat. According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received
7872-433: The basis for many place-names in the Philippines, such as Bay, Laguna and Laguna de Bay , and Baybay . The earliest documentation of the term "Bayan" was done by early Spanish missionaries who came up with local language dictionaries to facilitate the conversion of the peoples of the Philippine archipelago to Roman Catholicism. Among the most significant of these dictionaries was the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala by
7995-501: The broadest sense, "country". Among the most prominent of these bayan entities were those in Maynila , Tondo , Pangasinan , Cebu , Bohol, Butuan , Cotabato , and Sulu . Although popular portrayals and early nationalist historical texts sometimes depict Philippine paramount rulers as having broad sovereign powers and holding vast territories, critical historiographers such as Jocano, Scott, and Junker explain that historical sources clearly show paramount leaders exercised only
8118-455: The city of Manila and other places with a large quantity of rice and meat... As the island contains great abundance of timber and provisions, it has almost continuously had a shipyard on it, as is the case of the town of Arevalo, for galleys and fragatas . Here the ship Visaya was launched." Precolonial barangay Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In early Philippine history , barangay
8241-509: The city of Yachen 啞陳 (Oton, which is a district in Panay). In the aftermath of the Indian Chola invasion of Srivijaya , Datu Puti led some dissident datus from Borneo (including present day Brunei which then was the location of the Vijayapura state which was a local colony of the Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya empire and Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, Funan Civilization , previously located in what
8364-415: The community, on par with the Maginoo. In the absence of the datu (head of the community), the Babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block
8487-436: The consensual delegation of power upwards (sic) through the system." Junker, expounding further on Keifer's work, notes: While political leadership followed an explicitly symbolized hierarchy (sic) of rank [...] this leadership hierarchy (sic) did not (sic) constitute an institutionalized chain of command from center to periphery. Political allegiance was given only to the leader immediately above an individual with whom
8610-418: The dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds,
8733-781: The datu was agricultural labor, but they could also work in fisheries, accompany expeditions, and rowboats. They could also perform irregular services, like support feasts or build houses. In Visayas , they paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They were seafaring warriors who bound themselves to a datu. Member included: illegitimate children of Maginoo and slaves and former alipin who paid off their debts. Member included: those who have inherited debts from namamahay parents, timawa who went into debt, and former alipin saguiguilid who married and were allowed to live outside of master's house. Member included: children born in creditor's house and children of parents who were too poor to raise them. Babaylan were highly respected members of
8856-542: The district called Hantik. These settlements continued to exist down to the time of the Spanish regime and formed centers, around which the later population of the three provinces of Iloilo , Capiz , and Antique grew up. The early Bornean settlers in Panay were not only seafaring. They were also a river-based people. They were very keen in exploring their rivers. In fact, this was one of the few sports they loved so much. The Island's oldest and longest epic Hinilawod recounts legends of its heroes' adventures and travels along
8979-512: The early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the Spanish Augustinian Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A. described Panay as: "...very similar to that of Sicily in its triangular form, as well as in its fertility and abundance of provision. It is the most populated island after Manila and Mindanao, and one of the largest (with over a hundred leagues of coastline). In terms of fertility and abundance, it
9102-556: The east coast of Sumatra, close to the Malacca Strait. In 1846 Franz Junghuhn , a geology expert under Commission of Dutch East Indies authority reported the discovery of temple compound in Padanglawas area, upstream of Barumun River . This vast and empty savanna-like area dotted with Biaro , a local name for temple, obviously derived from Sanskrit vihara . These red brick structures — most of them are in ruins —
9225-479: The expansion from Maritime Southeast Asia out into the Pacific. Noting the mobile and maritime nature of Austronesian culture, these ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature. This was because most of the people relied on fishing for their supply of protein and livelihoods. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, and along the coasts. Trails always followed river systems, which were also
9348-494: The expedition had landed, the Malay migrants from Borneo came in contact with the native people of the Island, who were called Atis or Agtas . Some writers have interpreted these Atis as Negritos . Other sources present evidence that they were not at all the original people of Negrito type, but were rather tall, dark-skinned austronesian type. These native Atis lived in villages of fairly well-constructed houses. They possessed drums and other musical instruments, as well as
9471-523: The former, in the Visayas, the Datu (if had the personality and economic means) could retain and restrain competing peers, relatives, and offspring from moving up the social ladder. The term Timawa came into use in the Tagalog social structure within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being applied to former Alipin (Third Class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. The Tagalog Timawas did not have
9594-447: The high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai who refused to swear allegiance to a treacherous invading empire, faithfully followed their kings, the "datus" and "fled to other islands." Furthermore, an older Muslim Historian, Ibn Said, quoted Arabic texts that state that to the north of Muja (Arabic name for Northwest Borneo) lies the island of Mayd in the Philippines, and Mayd forms a similar orthography to Madj(a)-as. Soon after
9717-399: The island of Cebu is also healthful and had a good climate, most of its inhabitants are always afflicted with the itch and buboes. In the island of Panay, the natives declare that no one of them had ever been afflicted with buboes until the people from Bohol - who, as we said above, abandoned Bohol on account of the people of Maluco - came to settle in Panay, and gave the disease to some of
9840-596: The kingdom is among the least known political entities in Indonesian history . Historians suggest that Pannai was probably a principality or a vassal allied under the Srivijayan mandala and later to Dharmasraya kingdom. The historical records mentioning this kingdom derived from Indian and Javanese sources. The state of Pannai, with river runs through it, was mentioned in the Tanjore inscription dating from
9963-510: The kingdom mentioned in these historical sources. The similar-sounding names directing them into the estuarine of Panai River and also nearby Barumun River on the east coast of today North Sumatra province, facing Malacca Strait . The toponymy Panai is still can be found toda in several areas in North Sumatra. In Labuhanbatu Regency there are Central Panai District, Panai Hulu District and Panai Hilir District. All three are located on
10086-400: The lordship of Humabon. The same was true of the other datus who resisted coercive efforts of the Spaniards to make them subservient to other Datus. Keifer compares this situation to similarly-structured African polities where "component units of the political structure consist of functionally and structurally equivalent segments integrated only loosely by a centralized authority dependent on
10209-459: The male line and by succession of father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers and collateral relatives succeeded... When any of these chiefs was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which
10332-447: The man asked the woman to marry him for there were no other people in the world; but she refused, saying they were brother and sister, born of the same reed, with only one know between them. Finally, they agreed to ask the advice from the tunnies of the sea and from the doves of the earth. They also went to the earthquake, which said that it was necessary for them to marry, so that the world might be peopled. The Visayans believed that when
10455-439: The manner of our kingdoms and provinces; but in every island, and in each province of it, many chiefs were recognized by the natives themselves. Some were more powerful than others, and each one had his followers and subjects, by districts and families; and these obeyed and respected the chief. Some chiefs had friendship and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels. These principalities and lordships were inherited in
10578-511: The men. The sale was celebrated by a feast of friendship between the newcomers and the natives, following which the latter formally turned over possession of the settlement. Afterwards a great religious ceremony and sacrifice was performed in honor of the settlers' ancient gods, by the priest whom they had brought with them from Borneo. The Atis were the ones who referred to the Borneans as mga Bisaya , which some historians would interpret as
10701-699: The military prominence of the Visayan Timawa . The warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were called the Maharlika Class. At the early part of the Spanish regime, the number of their members who were coming to rent land from their Datus was increasing. Unlike the Visayan Datus, the Lakans and Apos of Luzon could call all non- Maginoo subjects to work in
10824-632: The most Islamized areas of Mindanao; lakan among the Tagalogs; Thimuay Labi among the Subanen ; rajah in polities which traded extensively with Indonesia and Malaysia; or simply Datu in some areas of Mindanao and the Visayas. In communities which historically had strong political or trade connections with Indianized polities in Indonesia and Malaysia, the Paramount Ruler was called
10947-649: The name Panai is the Panai inscription, discovered by the Biaro Bahal temple complex, in Padang Lawas regency, North Sumatra. The 10th line of the inscription contains the word Panai . There is also a mention of the word kuti in the inscription which probably refer to the Buddhist temple nearby, called as biaro by current local community. The title of haji accompanying the word kuti indicates that there
11070-674: The named the island after Panni) in Panay island in Visayas in Philippines. Some historians also affirm the Sumatran origin of the people of Panay, observing that the Visayans derived their writing system from those of Toba , Borneo, Celebes, Ancient Java and from the Edicts of the ancient Indian emperor Ashoka . The very probable proof of Sumatran origin of the Malay settlement in Panay
11193-447: The natives. For these reasons the governor, Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, founded the town of Arevalo, on the south side of this island; for the island runs north and south, and on that side live the majority of the people, and the villages are near this town, and the land here is more fertile." "The Ilongga women distinguish themselves in courage, exhibiting feats that are beyond the expectations of their gender." "The island of Panay provides
11316-566: The occupied capital, rendered the militant polity of Pannai vulnerable from an unprotected assault from the back flank. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the polity of Pannai and its surviving soldiers, royals and scholars were said to have been secreted-out eastwards. In their 450 years of occupying Sumatra, they refused to be enslaved to Islam , Taoism or Hinduism after the polity's dissolution. The people who stayed behind in Pannai, themselves, have an oral tradition wherein they said that
11439-428: The ocean, and featured a compact community layout which distinguished them from inland communities, thus the name. Odal-Devors notes that bayan's root word, Ba-y or Ba-i , is linguistically related to other Philippine words for shoreline and perimeter (both baybay ), woman ( babai or the Visayan term ba-i "great lady"), friend (the Visayan term bay ), and writing ( baybayin ). She also notes that these terms are
11562-464: The original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed as a result of the migration of Austronesian people , who came to the archipelago by boat from Taiwan initially, and stayed in the archipelago to create a thalassocratic and highly sea dependent civilization based on outrigger boats , catamarans and stilt houses . This became the mainstays of the Austronesian speaking populations through
11685-453: The other Maguayen . They believed that the breeze and the sea were married; and that the land breeze brought forth a reed, which was planted by the god Captan. When the reed grew, it broke into two sections, from which came a man and a woman. To the man they gave the name Silalac , and that is the reason why men from that time on have been called lalac ; the woman they named Sicavay , and henceforth women have been called babaye ...' One day
11808-517: The paramount Maharaja ( Chakravartin ). To date, Panai inscription is the only remaining local primary historical source of the kingdom. Unfortunately much of the writings in this inscription is unreadable due to its poor condition. Three centuries later, the name of the kingdom reappeared in Javanese source, the Nagarakretagama , written by Mpu Prapanca from Majapahit Empire dated 1365 (or 1287 Saka year). In Nagarakretagama canto 13, Pane
11931-504: The past, there was a forced exodus of inhabitants [constraining them] to sail to and to settle in various islands. One of these ethnic groups was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances. Someone speaking Pampango (which I heard before) found out that they were not speaking Pampango among themselves, but they (the Malays of Sumatra) donned the old Pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them,
12054-476: The people are peaceful and open to conversion. The land is healthful and well-provisioned, so that the Spaniards who are stricken in other islands go thither to recover their health." The Visayans are physically different from the Malays of Luzon, and can be distinguished by the fact that Visayans are fairer in complexion. Because of this trait, there was an old opinion about these Visayans originating from Makassar . "The natives are healthy and clean, and although
12177-497: The peoples of Bulacan and Pampanga before the arrival of the Spanish. The barangays in some coastal places in Panay, Manila, Cebu, Jolo, and Butuan, with cosmopolitan cultures and trade relations with other Countries in Asia, were already established Principalities before the coming of the Spaniards. In these regions, even though the majority of these barangays were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by
12300-488: The polities of Tondo and Maynila, but Goiti was surprised when Lakandula explained there was "no single king over these lands", and that the leadership of Tondo and Maynila over the Kapampangan polities did not include either territorial claim or absolute command. Antonio de Morga, in his work Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas , expounds: There were no kings or lords throughout these islands who ruled over them as in
12423-413: The popular temples of Java, the Padanglawas temples are mostly neglected and in the state of ruins. There are some attempts to promote the temples as a tourism attraction, however because of its remote location and poor infrastructure, promotion and tourism activity is limited. Other than the temple complex, some archaeological artifact has been discovered in the area. A bronze statue of Buddha Amitabha
12546-542: The precursor civilization of the Srivijayan Empire. Gabriel Rivera, a captain of the Spanish royal infantry in the Philippine Islands, also distinguished Panay from the rest of the Pintados Islands. In his report (dated 20 March 1579) regarding a campaign to pacify the natives living along the rivers of Mindanao (a mission he received from Dr. Francisco de Sande , Governor and Captain-General of
12669-509: The present, in unhispanized and mostly Islamized parts of the Philippines, in Mindanao. Panginoon were maginoo with many slaves and other valuable property like houses and boats. Lineage was emphasized over wealth; the nouveau riche were derogatorily referred to as maygintawo (fellow with a lot of riches). Members included: those who could claim noble lineage, members of the datu's family. Sultan In Luzon , their main responsibility to
12792-641: The priests or priestesses to offer ceremonies and prayers so that he might go to the place of rest in heaven. The spiritual leaders of the confederation were called Babaylan . Most of the Babaylan were women who, for some reasons, the colonizers described as " lascivious " and astute. On certain ceremonial occasions, they put on elaborate apparel, which appear bizarre to Spaniards. They would wear yellow false hair, over which some kind of diadem adorn and, in their hands, they wielded straw fans. They were assisted by young apprentices who would carry some thin cane as for
12915-575: The province of Romblon . In fact, even at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu , Bohol , and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados . The name Visayan was later extended to them because, as several of the early writers state (especially in the writings of the Jesuit Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro published in 1801), albeit erroneously, their languages are closely allied to
13038-516: The same type of recognized aristocracy (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in established Principalities. The aristocratic group in these pre-colonial societies was called the Datu Class. Its members were presumably the descendants of the first settlers on the land or, in the case of later arrivals, of those who were Datus at the time of migration or conquest. Some of these Principalities have remained, even until
13161-478: The sea. After nine days, the entire group of newcomers was transferred to Malandog . At this point, Datu Puti announced that he must now return to Borneo. He appointed Datu Sumakwel, the oldest, wisest and most educated of the datus, as chief of the Panayan settlement. Not all the Datus , however, remained in Panay. Two of them, with their families and followers, set out with Datu Puti and voyaged northward. After
13284-522: The siege and eventual annexation by the indianized Majapahit Empire . Pannai was a militant nation allied under the empire-mandala of the Srivijaya that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca . The small kingdom repulsed any unlicensed Chinese, Indian or Arab navies that often warred in or pirated the straits of Malacca and for a small nation, they were adept at taking down armadas larger than itself. They were successful in policing and defending
13407-520: The specific context of a single settlement or ethnic group. There are only a handful of historiographers and anthropologists who have done integrative studies to examine the commonalities and differences between these polities . In the contemporary era of critical scholarly analysis, the more prominent such works include the studies of anthropologist F. Landa Jocano and historian-historiographer William Henry Scott . More recently, anthropologist Laura Lee Junker conducted an updated comparative review of
13530-614: The straights of Malacca for the Srivijaya until the Chola invasion of Srivijaya occurred, where in a surprise attack from behind, originating from the occupied capital, rendered the militant-state of Pannai vulnerable from an unprotected assault from the back flank. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the state of Pannai and its surviving soldiers, royals and scholars were said to have been secreted-out eastwards. The high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai, "fled to other islands." Some of whom, now known as Suludnon , settled (and
13653-406: The terminology varies from case to case, scholars such as Jocano and Scott simply refer to them as "larger" barangays. Grace Odal-Devora traces the etymology of the term bayan to the word bahayan , meaning a "community", or literally "a place with many households ( bahay )." The majority of these early "bayan" were economically complex communities situated river deltas where rivers exit out into
13776-549: The time comes for a person to die, the diwata Pandaki visits him to bring about death. Magwayen , the soul ferry god, carries the souls of the Yligueynes to the abode of the dead called Solad . But when a bad person dies, Pandaki brings him to the place of punishment in the abode of the dead, where his soul will wait to move on to the Ologan or heaven. While the dead is undergoing punishment, his family could help him by asking
13899-475: The two might be related. This suggestion however, is hard to prove due to lack of historical evidences. According to Visayan legends and epics, the people of the island of Panay and the Visayans of the Philippines, trace their ancestry from the state of Pannai which the island of Panay is said to have been named after. The Visayans themselves being descendants of the Sri-Vijayan datus who refused to bow to
14022-405: The use of the term barangay to describe the Philippines' various indigenous polities, citing a lack of linguistic evidence and the fact that all of the primary references suggesting that use of the term can be traced to just a single source - Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas . Instead, Woods argues that this use of the term barangay reflected what
14145-487: The word ( Indios en rigor Bisayas ), observing also that they have two different languages: Harayas and Harigueynes , which are actually the Karay-a and Hiligaynon languages. Before the advent of the Spaniards, the settlements of this confederation already had a developed civilization, with defined social mores and structures, enabling them to form an alliance, as well as with a sophisticated system of beliefs, including
14268-532: Was among the conquered cities during Rajendra Chola I campaign against Srivijaya. Other than Pannai, the Chola invasion also claimed Malaiyur , Ilongasogam , Madamalingam , Ilamuri-Desam , and Kadaram . The inclusion of Pannai together with other port cities being invaded during Chola campaign against Srivijaya suggested that Pannai was a member of the Srivijayan mandala . The only local source mentioning
14391-401: Was based on consensus. Whoever was chosen by the groups as their leader exercised leadership and asserted authority over them. It was a living democracy...Barangay alliances were loosely defined. These were often based on kinship and marriage. Each Barangay remained independent and enjoyed freedom from external control. That was why Lapulapu resisted the attempt of Magellan to make him acknowledge
14514-534: Was found in the main temple of Pamutung, Padang Lawas. This bronze image demonstrate Sri Lankan style, it was presumably imported from Sri Lanka to Sumatra. This is one of a few artifacts linked to the Pannai Kingdom. This statue is now a collection of Tropenmuseum in the Netherlands. The similarity of names between Pannai kingdom and Panay island in the Philippines has raised some suggestions that
14637-488: Was identifiable as the most senior. Often, these paramount datus, rajahs and sultans formed ritual alliances with the leaders of nearby polities, and these "alliance groups" spread their political influence (but not their territorial claims ) across an even larger geographic area. One prominent example was the case of the Paramount Rulers of Maynila and Tondo , who were said to have political sway among
14760-761: Was in turn invaded by the Maharaja of Majapahit, Pon-i's vassals in the Philippines rebelled and Sulu even invaded and sacked Northeast Borneo and stole 2 sacred pearls from the Pon-i king. The Spaniards landed in Batan (in Panay's northeastern territory, which is currently called Province of Aklan ), in 1565. Following the Spanish conquest, the locals became Christians. Father Andres Urdaneta baptized thousands of Aklanons in 1565, and consequently these settlements were named Calivo . Legazpi then parceled Aklan to his men. Antonio Flores became encomiendero for all settlements along
14883-543: Was merely an attempt by the Spanish to reconstructing pre-conquest Tagalog society. The term has since been adapted as the name of the basic political unit of the Philippines. So historical barangays should not be confused with present-day Philippine barrios , which were officially renamed barangays by the Philippine Local Government Code of 1991 as a reference to historical barangays. Theories, as well as local oral traditions, say that
15006-473: Was once the spiritual center of Pannai Kingdom. The most well-preserved temple within this Padanglawas temple compounds is Bahal temple . Padanglawas area is a dry lowland basin with savanna-like climate. It is unlikely that this area was once support a dense habitation, and probably only used for religious purposes. Although this area is quite accessible by river or land routes, the dry climate of Padanglawas could not support agriculture villages. Therefore, it
15129-451: Was together with Sang Aji (grandfather to Sultan Muhammad Shah). Madja-as could have an even earlier history since Robert Nicholl stated that a Bruneian (Vijayapuran) and Madjas (Mayd) alliance had existed against China as early as the 800s. According to the Maragtas the dissidents against new Rajah's rule and their retinue, tried to revive Srivijaya in a new country called Madja-as in the Visayas islands (an archipelago named after Srivijaya) in
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