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51-624: From 1945 to 1975 the Olsztyn Voivodeship covered a larger area. 53°47′00″N 20°29′00″E  /  53.783333°N 20.483333°E  / 53.783333; 20.483333 This article about a location in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is a voivodeship ( province ) in northeastern Poland . Its capital and largest city

102-688: A beverage of 42% alcohol by volume made from Warmian honey , the Warmian porter , a local type of Polish beer , and Masurian nalewka niedźwiedziówka . The chief institutions of higher learning in the voivodeship are the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and Higher State College of Vocational Education in Elbląg. Kortowiada , one of the largest annual university students' holidays in Poland,

153-735: A duplicate for the wall. Another version of the "Albertus" by Lothar Sauer was included at the entrance of the Königsberg State and Royal Library . In 1880 Friedrich Reusch created a sandstone bust of Albert at the Regierungsgebäude, the administrative building for Regierungsbezirk Königsberg . On 19 May 1891 Reusch premiered a famous statue of Albert at Königsberg Castle with the inscription: "Albert of Brandenburg, Last Grand Master, First Duke in Prussia". Albert Wolff also designed an equestrian statue of Albert located at

204-507: A time to provide for the expenses of the court. He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing schools in every town and by freeing serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded Königsberg University , where he appointed his friend Andreas Osiander to a professorship in 1549. Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical " Prutenic Tables " compiled by Erasmus Reinhold and

255-558: Is Olsztyn . The voivodeship has an area of 24,192 km (9,341 sq mi) and in 2019 had a population of 1,425,967. Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 from the entire Olsztyn Voivodeship , the western half of Suwałki Voivodeship , and part of Elbląg Voivodeship , pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name derives from two historic regions, Warmia and Masuria , although also parts of other regions are located within

306-873: Is a spa town in the north-eastern part of the province. There is a museum dedicated to composer Feliks Nowowiejski at his birthplace in Barczewo . There are multiple World War II memorials in the voivodeship, including at the site of the Soldau concentration camp in Działdowo , at the locations of Nazi massacres of Poles, and the war cemetery in Sudwa , where victims of the Stalag I-B German prisoner-of-war camp were buried. The Wolf's Lair , Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II

357-609: Is divided into 21 counties ( powiaty ): two city counties and 19 land counties. These are further divided into 116 gminas . The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population). Amongst the most visited sights is the Masurian Lake District , which contains more than 2,000 lakes, including the largest lakes of Poland, Śniardwy and Mamry . Giżycko , Iława , Mrągowo , Mikołajki and Ruciane-Nida are thus popular summer destinations. Other recognizable landmarks are

408-553: Is held in Olsztyn. The Police Academy in Szczytno , the main police academy in Poland, is located in the voivodeship. 28 towns are members of Cittaslow , more than in any other province of Poland. The Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is twinned with: 53°51′N 20°50′E  /  53.850°N 20.833°E  / 53.850; 20.833 Albert, Duke of Prussia Albert of Prussia ( German : Albrecht von Preussen ; 17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568)

459-719: Is located in Gierłoż . Protected areas in Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship include eight areas designated as Landscape Parks , as listed below: The Łuknajno Lake nature reserve (part of Masurian Landscape Park) is a protected wetland site under the Ramsar convention , as well as being designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve . In addition to traditional nationwide Polish cuisine , Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship has its variety of traditional foods and drinks, specific to its Warmia and Masuria regions, officially protected by

510-805: The Bartians , Pogesanians and Warmians , from whom the name Warmia originated. During the northern Crusade, the Old Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Order ; their land was granted to the order by the pope, and the region became part of the State of the Teutonic Order . The Order encouraged colonization by German settlers in Warmia ( Ostsiedlung ) and Polish colonists from the region of Masovia , called Masurians ( Mazurzy ), hence

561-484: The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland . Masuria produces several types of various meat products, especially kiełbasa , and a plethora of traditional Polish honey. Masuria also shares with neighboring Podlaskie Voivodeship the tradition of producing sękacz , a traditional spit cake of northeastern Poland. The protected traditional alcoholic beverages of the province are Okowita miodowa warmińska ,

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612-646: The Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The throne was inherited by Frederick I of Prussia who wanted to unite the Duchy with Brandenburg and also wanted to proclaim himself king of Prussia and therefore participated in the Russian-initiated Partitions of Poland in which Warmia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and henceforth became part of the newly established province of East Prussia . Together with

663-771: The Catholic Church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court. He was active in imperial politics, joining the League of Torgau in 1526, and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. Albert established schools in every town and founded the University of Königsberg in 1544. He promoted culture and arts, patronising

714-590: The Catholic clerics supported his early advancement. Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508 and after his return spent some time in the Kingdom of Hungary . Duke Frederick of Saxony , grand master of the Teutonic Order , died in December 1510. Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I

765-415: The Duchy of Prussia, for which he paid homage to his uncle, Sigismund I, king of Poland . That arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the king and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs. Albert's rule in Prussia was fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the confiscation of the lands and treasures of

816-463: The Old of Poland. After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków , Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525. The Estates of the land then met at Königsberg and took

867-603: The Old , Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia , which had been held by the order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) . The new grand master, aware of his duties to the empire and to the papacy, refused to submit to the crown of Poland. As war over the order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I. The ill-feeling, influenced by

918-729: The Polish-Lithuanian union. His skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order. But Albert was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther , whose teachings had become popular in his lands. So he rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm,

969-668: The Soviet and Polish Communist authorities. Pasłęk in the western part of the voivodeship is considered the first place in present-day Poland where Dutch immigrants settled (in 1297). There is a claim that they were participants in the killing of Floris V, Count of Holland in 1296, who then fled east, which is alluded to by Dutch poet Joost van den Vondel in his work Gijsbrechcie van Aemstel (1637). The Voivodeship contains three cities and 47 towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2019): Towns: Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship

1020-614: The Teutonic Order ceased to exist in 1525 when Grandmaster Albert Hohenzollern introduced secularisation, proclaimed the Duchy of Prussia , and became a vassal of Sigismund I of Poland . The Prussian Hohenzollern line became extinct in 1618 with the death of Albert Frederick, and the Duchy was inherited by the Brandenburgian line; Prussia simultaneously entered into a personal union with the electorate of Brandenburg known as Brandenburg-Prussia , remaining under Polish suzerainty until

1071-574: The Warmian castles ( Lidzbark Warmiński Castle , Pieniężno Castle, Olsztyn Castle ) and the Cathedral Hill in Frombork , where Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus lived and worked, and which contains his tomb. In collections of the Warmia and Mazury Museum in Olsztyn , visitors can find numerous tokens from the time when Nicolaus Copernicus lived in Warmia. The Lidzbark Warmiński Castle

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1122-509: The acquaintance of the Reformer Andreas Osiander , by whose influence Albert was won over to Protestantism . The grand master then journeyed to Wittenberg , where he was advised by Martin Luther to abandon the rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which was understandably appealing to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it

1173-476: The area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular. After Osiander's death in 1552, Albert favoured a preacher named Johann Funck , who, with an adventurer named Paul Skalić , exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at public expense. The state of turmoil caused by these religious and political disputes

1224-569: The border in the Russian Empire . Only in Southern Warmia Catholic Poles – so called Warmiaks (not to be confused with predominantly Protestant Masurians ) – comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (~81%) in county Allenstein (Polish: Olsztyn ) in 1837. Another minority in 19th-century East Prussia, were ethnically Russian Old Believers, also known as Philipponnen – their main town

1275-652: The end of World War II, the German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , whereas many Masurians emigrated in the following decades. In year 1824, shortly before its merger with West Prussia , the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people. Of that number, according to Karl Andree , Germans were slightly more than half, while 280,000 (~26%) were ethnically Polish and 200,000 (~19%) were ethnically Lithuanian , however large portions of its German and Lithuanian populations lived in

1326-500: The first maps of Prussia by Caspar Hennenberger . Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon , who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and

1377-404: The issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and personal inclination among others, he did not take a prominent part in the military operations of this period. The early years of Albert's rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for

1428-613: The leading personages of the time. Albert was the first German noble to support Luther's ideas and in 1544 founded the University of Königsberg , the Albertina, as a rival to the Roman Catholic Krakow Academy . It was the second Lutheran university in the German states, after the University of Marburg . A relief of Albert over the Renaissance-era portal of Königsberg Castle 's southern wing

1479-482: The name Masuria . The Old Prussians were heavily decimated during the crusade and the following revolt. What remained of them became assimilated into the newcomers and thus became extinct. During the Teutonic rule, the region experienced a process of urbanization and economic boost due to the expansion of the Hanseatic League into the region. The Order later attacked their former ally Poland and conquered

1530-403: The northern half of the region, outside of the present Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. As of year 1819 there were also some 2,400 Jews, according to Georg Hassel. Similar numbers are given by August von Haxthausen in his 1839 book, with a breakdown by county. But the majority of East Prussian Polish and Lithuanian inhabitants were Lutherans , not Roman Catholics like their ethnic kinsmen across

1581-428: The oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was proscribed, while the order elected a new grand master, Walter von Cronberg , who received Prussia as a fief at the imperial Diet of Augsburg . As the German princes were experiencing

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1632-751: The political spread of Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568). Albert was great-grandson of the converted pagan ruler Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania, vanquisher of the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald . He was also a member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern . He became grand master of the Teutonic Knights in their attempt to diplomatically win over

1683-605: The present-day province, in which they established the Soldau concentration camp , and carried out massacres of Poles, including at Bratian , Nawra , Malinowo and Komorniki . Several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp were located in the region. Stalag I-B , a major German prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, Belgian, French , Italian , Serbian and Soviet POWs, and Wolf's Lair , Adolf Hitler 's first Eastern Front military headquarters were located in Masuria. After

1734-557: The province, i.e. of Chełmno Land and Powiśle . The province borders Podlaskie Voivodeship to the east, Masovian Voivodeship to the south, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship to the southwest, Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, the Vistula Lagoon to the northwest, and the Kaliningrad Oblast (an exclave of Russia) to the north. The region was originally inhabited by several Old Prussian clans, including

1785-530: The ravages of members of the Order in Poland, culminated in a war which began in December 1519 and devastated Prussia. Albert was granted a four-year truce early in 1521. The dispute was referred to Emperor Charles V and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose he visited the Diet of Nuremberg in 1522, where he made

1836-510: The region of Pomerelia , beginning a long-lasting conflict with Poland, which subsequently entered into an alliance with Lithuania . In Masuria, the Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Order at the Battle of Grunwald . The wars eventuated in a rebellion by the urban populations of Pomerelia and Warmia, who were affected by the Teutons' numerous wars; upon the urban populations' request, the region

1887-679: The rest of the Kingdom, the region became part of the North German Confederation and the German Empire . In 1914, the province turned into a battlefield, seeing notable battles such as the Battle of Tannenberg as part of the Eastern Front of World War I . Later, the region became part of the Weimar Republic , and Nazi Germany , whereas some areas in the south became again part of Poland, following

1938-515: The restoration of its independence in 1918. In the interbellum, the Polish population was subjected to persecution from both the pre-Nazi and Nazi authorities of Germany. With the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II in 1939, the Germans eventually carried out mass arrests of local Poles, shut down or seized Polish newspapers and libraries, and occupied the pre-war Polish areas of

1989-589: The tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants' War , and the wars against the Ottoman Turks , they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away. In imperial politics Albert was fairly active. Joining the League of Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded and plotted together to overthrow Charles V after

2040-434: The uniqueness of their architectonic details. Several towns contain entirely or partly preserved medieval town walls with towers and gates, i.e. Lidzbark Warmiński , Nowe Miasto Lubawskie , Pasłęk . The Elbląg Canal is considered one of the greatest landmarks of the western part of the province. The Grunwald battlefield in Masuria is site of the annual reenactment of one of the largest battles of Medieval Europe. Gołdap

2091-506: The works of Erasmus Reinhold and Caspar Hennenberger . During the final years of his rule, Albert was forced to raise taxes instead of further confiscating now-depleted church lands, causing peasant rebellion. The intrigues of the court favourites Johann Funck and Paul Skalić also led to various religious and political disputes. Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568. His son, Albert Frederick , succeeded him as Duke of Prussia. Albert

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2142-413: Was Eckersdorf ( Wojnowo ). The Polish population was subjected to Germanisation and Kulturkampf policies. In year 1817, East Prussia had 796,204 Evangelical Christians , 120,123 Roman Catholics , 864 Mennonites and 2,389 Jews. The Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship has the largest number of ethnic Ukrainians living in Poland due to forced relocations (such as Operation Vistula ) carried out by

2193-487: Was a German prince who was the 37th grand master of the Teutonic Knights and, after converting to Lutheranism , became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia , the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights . Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism , as the official state religion of his lands. He proved instrumental in

2244-572: Was born in Ansbach in Franconia as the third son of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach . His mother was Sophia , daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon , Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland , and his wife Elisabeth of Austria . His great-grandfather was Władysław II Jagiełło , the last pagan ruler in Europe, who defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. He

2295-431: Was created by Andreas Hess in 1551 according to plans by Christoph Römer. Another relief by an unknown artist was included in the wall of the Albertina's original campus. This depiction, which showed the duke with his sword over his shoulder, was the popular "Albertus", the symbol of the university. The original was moved to Königsberg Public Library to protect it from the elements, while the sculptor Paul Kimritz created

2346-507: Was executed. The question of the regency was settled, and a form of Lutheranism was adopted and declared binding on all teachers and preachers. Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two more years, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568 of the plague, along with his wife. Cornelis Floris de Vriendt designed his tomb within Königsberg Cathedral . Albert was a voluminous letter writer, and corresponded with many of

2397-476: Was incorporated into Poland by King Casimir IV Jagiellon , and after the Thirteen Years' War it remained under Polish suzerainty, but was divided into two parts: Elbląg and Warmia were incorporated directly into the Kingdom of Poland, while Masuria became a Polish fief under the control of the Teutonic Order, also considered an integral part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland. The state of

2448-501: Was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the need, should that happen, to appoint a regent , as his only son, Albert Frederick was still a mere youth. The duke was forced to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the Estates appealed to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Albert's cousin, who sent a commission to Königsberg. Skalić saved his life by flight, but Funck

2499-642: Was later the residence of Ignacy Krasicki , nicknamed the Prince of Polish Poets . There are also multiple other Gothic castles and palaces in various styles in the voivodeship. Święta Lipka in Masuria and Gietrzwałd in Warmia are popular pilgrimage sites, and other notable historic churches include the Gothic collegiate church in Dobre Miasto and churches in Orneta and Kętrzyn , which delight visitors with

2550-496: Was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Adrian VI that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach , laid the scheme before their uncle, Sigismund I

2601-605: Was raised for a career in the Church and spent some time at the court of Hermann IV of Hesse , Elector of Cologne , who appointed him canon of the Cologne Cathedral . Not only was he quite religious; he was also interested in mathematics and science and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories. His career was forwarded by the Church, however, and institutions of

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