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92-505: OIF also creates benchmarks, performs worldwide interoperability testing, builds market awareness and promotes education for optical technologies. The Network Processing Forum merged into OIF in June 2006. The OIF has around a hundred member companies and has four face-to-face meetings per year. It is managed by Association Management Solutions and operates using parliamentary debate rules and transparent decision making. The technical content

184-564: A Java virtual machine . A program in Java, so long as it does not use system-specific functionality, will maintain interoperability with all systems that have a Java virtual machine available. Applications will maintain compatibility because, while the implementation is different, the underlying language interfaces are the same. Software interoperability is achieved through five interrelated ways: Each of these has an important role in reducing variability in intercommunication software and enhancing

276-444: A system of systems approach to water and flood control is necessary. In this context, interoperability is important to facilitate system-of-systems thinking, and is defined as: "the ability of any water management system to redirect water and make use of other system(s) to maintain or enhance its performance function during water exceedance events." By assessing the complex properties of urban infrastructure systems, particularly

368-488: A better understanding of the dynamics of WDM systems have made WDM less expensive to deploy. Optical receivers, in contrast to laser sources, tend to be wideband devices. Therefore, the demultiplexer must provide the wavelength selectivity of the receiver in the WDM system. WDM systems are divided into three different wavelength patterns: normal (WDM), coarse (CWDM) and dense (DWDM). Normal WDM (sometimes called BWDM) uses

460-452: A collaboration environment for component development, sharing, registration, and reuse in the early 2000s. A related initiative is the ongoing National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) work and component repository. The National Institute of Standards and Technology serves as an agency for measurement standards. Wavelength-division multiplexing#Dense WDM In fiber-optic communications , wavelength-division multiplexing ( WDM )

552-500: A common information exchange reference model. The content of the information exchange requests are unambiguously defined: what is sent is the same as what is understood. Cross-domain interoperability involves multiple social, organizational, political, legal entities working together for a common interest or information exchange. Interoperability implies exchanges between a range of products, or similar products from several different vendors, or even between past and future revisions of

644-604: A common understanding of the end goal to be achieved. Interoperability tends to be regarded as an issue for experts and its implications for daily living are sometimes underrated. The European Union Microsoft competition case shows how interoperability concerns important questions of power relationships. In 2004, the European Commission found that Microsoft had abused its market power by deliberately restricting interoperability between Windows work group servers and non-Microsoft work group servers. By doing so, Microsoft

736-428: A consequence of a lack of attention to standardization during the design of a program. Indeed, interoperability is not taken for granted in the non-standards-based portion of the computing world. According to ISO/IEC 2382-01, Information Technology Vocabulary, Fundamental Terms , interoperability is defined as follows: "The capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in

828-561: A few parameters. For passenger rail service, different railway platform height and width clearance standards may also affect interoperability. North American freight and intercity passenger railroads are highly interoperable, but systems in Europe, Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Australia are much less so. The parameter most difficult to overcome (at reasonable cost) is incompatibility of gauge, though variable gauge axle systems are increasingly used. In telecommunications ,

920-533: A generic framer interface called CEI-P. The OIF also publishes numerous older IAs of the Network Processing Forum . In March 2020, the OIF published the 400ZR Coherent Optical Module Interoperability Agreement. This IA defines a coherent optical module that can be used over either amplified 120 km DWDM channels or shorter non-amplified DWDM channels. A major set of IAs has been developed by

1012-644: A grid having exactly 100 GHz (about 0.8 nm) spacing in optical frequency, with a reference frequency fixed at 193.10 THz (1,552.52 nm). The main grid is placed inside the optical fiber amplifier bandwidth, but can be extended to wider bandwidths. The first commercial deployment of DWDM was made by Ciena Corporation on the Sprint network in June 1996. Today's DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation. DWDM systems have to maintain more stable wavelength or frequency than those needed for CWDM because of

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1104-472: A handful of pluggable devices can handle the full range of wavelengths. Wavelength-converting transponders originally translated the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1,550 nm band. External wavelengths in the 1,550 nm most likely need to be translated, as they almost certainly do not have the required frequency stability tolerances nor

1196-465: A longer range for the connection. In addition to this, C form-factor pluggable modules deliver 100 Gbit/s Ethernet suitable for high-speed Internet backbone connections. Shortwave WDM uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) transceivers with four wavelengths in the 846 to 953 nm range over single OM5 fiber, or two-fiber connectivity for OM3/OM4 fiber. See also transponders (optical communications) for different functional views on

1288-598: A manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units". Standards-developing organizations provide open public software specifications to facilitate interoperability; examples include the Oasis-Open organization and buildingSMART (formerly the International Alliance for Interoperability). Another example of a neutral party is the RFC documents from

1380-464: A more apt definition is captured in the term business process interoperability . Interoperability can have important economic consequences; for example, research has estimated the cost of inadequate interoperability in the US capital facilities industry to be $ 15.8 billion a year. If competitors' products are not interoperable (due to causes such as patents , trade secrets or coordination failures ),

1472-490: A more bandwidth efficient method of link aggregation than 802.3ad does. FlexE adds a calendar mechanism that leverages the 64b66b framing method of Ethernet to allow TDM -based aggregation, sub-rating and channelization features to be implemented. The Multi-link Gearbox (MLG) IA supports a configuration where a link to multiple slower physical interfaces can be supported over a single higher speed interface. The OIF has published numerous older protocol interfaces including

1564-415: A particular product in contravention of any applicable standards, or if any effective standards were not present at the time of that product's introduction. The vendor behind that product can then choose to ignore any forthcoming standards and not co-operate in any standardization process at all, using its near-monopoly to insist that its product sets the de facto standard by its very market dominance. This

1656-408: A smaller market for DWDM devices with very high performance. These factors of smaller volume and higher performance result in DWDM systems typically being more expensive than CWDM. Recent innovations in DWDM transport systems include pluggable and software-tunable transceiver modules capable of operating on 40 or 80 channels. This dramatically reduces the need for discrete spare pluggable modules, when

1748-402: A stake in the development that discusses and debate the technical and economic merits, demerits and feasibility of a proposed common protocol. After the doubts and reservations of all members are addressed, the resulting common document is endorsed as a common standard . This document may be subsequently released to the public, and henceforth becomes an open standard . It is usually published and

1840-569: A statewide data sharing network. The Commonwealth of Virginia is one of the leading states in the United States in improving interoperability. The Interoperability Coordinator leverages a regional structure to better allocate grant funding around the Commonwealth so that all areas have an opportunity to improve communications interoperability. Virginia's strategic plan for communications is updated yearly to include new initiatives for

1932-426: A vacuum, this is the speed of light (usually denoted by the lowercase letter, c). In glass fiber, velocity is substantially slower - usually about 0.7 times c. The data rate in practical systems is a fraction of the carrier frequency. A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the several signals together and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. With the right type of fiber, it

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2024-428: Is not equivalent to an open standard, because: Speaking from an e-government perspective, interoperability refers to the collaboration ability of cross-border services for citizens, businesses and public administrations. Exchanging data can be a challenge due to language barriers, different specifications of formats, varieties of categorizations and other hindrances. If data is interpreted differently, collaboration

2116-425: Is a network architecture that combines two different types of multiplexing technologies to transmit data over optical fibers. EWDM combines 1 Gbit/s Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) connections using SFPs and GBICs with 10 Gbit/s Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) connections using XENPAK , X2 or XFP DWDM modules. The Enhanced WDM system can use either passive or boosted DWDM connections to allow

2208-955: Is a subset of software interoperability. In the early days, the focus of interoperability was to integrate web applications with other web applications. Over time, open-system containers were developed to create a virtual desktop environment in which these applications could be registered and then communicate with each other using simple publish–subscribe patterns . Rudimentary UI capabilities were also supported allowing windows to be grouped with other windows. Today, desktop interoperability has evolved into full-service platforms which include container support, basic exchange between web and web, but also native support for other application types and advanced window management. The very latest interop platforms also include application services such as universal search, notifications, user permissions and preferences, 3rd party application connectors and language adapters for in-house applications. Search interoperability refers to

2300-406: Is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light . This technique enables bidirectional communications over a single strand of fiber (also called wavelength-division duplexing ) as well as multiplication of capacity. The term WDM is commonly applied to an optical carrier, which

2392-457: Is accomplished through industry member participation working together to develop specifications for external network element interfaces, software interfaces internal to network elements and hardware component interfaces internal to network elements. OIF sponsors a technical committee and a market awareness and education committee. The technical committee has the following working groups: The Common Electrical I/O (CEI) Interoperability Agreement

2484-441: Is an element of coalition willingness to work together over the long term to achieve and maintain shared interests against common threats. Interoperability at the operational and tactical levels is where strategic interoperability and technological interoperability come together to help allies shape the environment, manage crises, and win wars. The benefits of interoperability at the operational and tactical levels generally derive from

2576-797: Is an implementation of CWDM that uses no electrical power. It separates the wavelengths using passive optical components such as bandpass filters and prisms. Many manufacturers are promoting passive CWDM to deploy fiber to the home. Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) refers originally to optical signals multiplexed within the 1550 nm band so as to leverage the capabilities (and cost) of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are effective for wavelengths between approximately 1525–1565 nm ( C band ), or 1570–1610 nm ( L band ). EDFAs were originally developed to replace SONET/SDH optical-electrical-optical (OEO) regenerators , which they have made practically obsolete. EDFAs can amplify any optical signal in their operating range, regardless of

2668-422: Is available freely or at a nominal cost to any and all comers, with no further encumbrances . Various vendors and individuals (even those who were not part of the original group) can use the standards document to make products that implement the common protocol defined in the standard and are thus interoperable by design , with no specific liability or advantage for customers for choosing one product over another on

2760-702: Is for 3.125, 6, 11, 25-28, 56 and 112 Gbit/s high speed electrical interfaces. The CEI specification has defined SerDes interfaces for the industry since 2006. The OIF's published CEI 5.0 family of interfaces plus its predecessors are the eighth generation and seventh doubling in rate of high speed electrical interfaces beginning with SPI-3 in 2000. The current generation, CEI-112G defines four reaches of 112 Gbit/s interfaces. CEI has influenced or has been adopted or adapted in many other serial interface standards by many different standards organizations over its long lifetime. SerDes interfaces have been developed based on CEI for most ASIC and FPGA products. Throughout

2852-470: Is limited, takes longer and is inefficient. For instance, if a citizen of country A wants to purchase land in country B, the person will be asked to submit the proper address data. Address data in both countries include full name details, street name and number as well as a postal code . The order of the address details might vary. In the same language, it is not an obstacle to order the provided address data; but across language barriers, it becomes difficult. If

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2944-768: Is member-driven. The OIF operates under a RAND licensing framework. It maintains liaison relationships with many other standards-developing organizations including the ITU , IEEE 802.3 , the ONF , the InfiniBand Trade Association , the TIA and the IETF . Implementation agreements are based on requirements developed cooperatively by end users , service providers , equipment vendors and technology providers in alignment with worldwide standards, augmented as necessary. This

3036-407: Is not a problem if the product's implementation is open and minimally encumbered, but it may well be both closed and heavily encumbered (e.g. by patent claims). Because of the network effect , achieving interoperability with such a product is both critical for any other vendor if it wishes to remain relevant in the market, and difficult to accomplish because of lack of cooperation on equal terms with

3128-420: Is possible to have a device that does both simultaneously and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer . The optical filtering devices used have conventionally been etalons (stable solid-state single-frequency Fabry–Pérot interferometers in the form of thin-film-coated optical glass). As there are three different WDM types, whereof one is called WDM , the notation xWDM is normally used when discussing

3220-469: Is typically described by its wavelength, whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier, more often described by frequency . This is purely conventional because wavelength and frequency communicate the same information. Specifically, frequency (in Hertz, which is cycles per second) multiplied by wavelength (the physical length of one cycle) equals velocity of the carrier wave. In

3312-478: The European Commission , after commissioning two impact assessment studies and a technology analysis study, proposed the implementation of a standardization – for iterations of USB-C – of phone charger products, which may increase interoperability along with convergence and convenience for consumers while decreasing resource needs, redundancy and electronic waste . Desktop interoperability

3404-578: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The Open Service for Lifecycle Collaboration community is working on finding a common standard in order that software tools can share and exchange data e.g. bugs, tasks, requirements etc. The final goal is to agree on an open standard for interoperability of open source application lifecycle management tools. Java is an example of an interoperable programming language that allows for programs to be written once and run anywhere with

3496-475: The OC-192 era. These include five IAs that defined the interface and link budgets for parallel optics. The Interoperability for Long Reach and Extended Reach 10 Gbit/s Transponders and Transceivers was also influential in the long reach market. The OIF Architecture and Signaling working group has defined important early interfaces in the development of software-defined networking or SDN. These interfaces are

3588-462: The downstream and upstream signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated. For example, the downstream signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at 1550 nm. The 10GBASE-LX4 10 Gbit/s physical layer standard is an example of a CWDM system in which four wavelengths near 1310 nm, each carrying a 3.125 Gbit/s data stream, are used to carry 10 Gbit/s of aggregate data. Passive CWDM

3680-546: The 2000s, the OIF produced an important series of interfaces that influenced the development of multiple generations of devices. Beginning with the donation of the PL-3 interface by PMC-Sierra in 2000, the OIF produced the System Packet Interface (SPI) family of packet interfaces. SPI-3 and SPI-4.2 defined two generations of devices before they were supplanted by the closely related Interlaken standard in

3772-585: The CEI-56G reaches, CEI-112G VSR links, the CFP2-ACO interface, and FlexE. A compliance program for several of the OIFs control place interfaces was initiated in 2016. Major compliance tests with multiple vendors were held in the labs of multiple carriers in 2017, 2018 and 2020. Interoperability Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems. While

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3864-1077: The Commonwealth ;– all projects and efforts are tied to this plan, which is aligned with the National Emergency Communications Plan, authored by the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Emergency Communications. The State of Washington seeks to enhance interoperability statewide. The State Interoperability Executive Committee (SIEC), established by the legislature in 2003, works to assist emergency responder agencies (police, fire, sheriff, medical, hazmat, etc.) at all levels of government (city, county, state, tribal, federal) to define interoperability for their local region. Washington recognizes that collaborating on system design and development for wireless radio systems enables emergency responder agencies to efficiently provide additional services, increase interoperability, and reduce long-term costs. This work saves

3956-681: The European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things (IERC) and IoT Semantic Interoperability Best Practices; four kinds of interoperability are distinguished: syntactical interoperability, technical interoperability, semantic interoperability, and organizational interoperability. In the United States, the General Services Administration Component Organization and Registration Environment (CORE.GOV) initiative provided

4048-763: The Integrable Tunable Laser Assembly Multi Source Agreement. In March 2020, the OIF published the CMIS IA, which extends the Common Management Interface Specification [CMIS] to allow management of digital coherent optics modules. This IA defines additional management registers, messages, and monitors, together with new functionality, mechanisms, or behaviors, initially focused on managing 400ZE modules. The OIF produced an influential series of Very Short Reach Interface IAs in

4140-711: The International Alliance for Interoperability started in 1994, and was renamed buildingSMART in 2005. In Europe, the European Commission and its IDABC program issue the European Interoperability Framework . IDABC was succeeded by the Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations (ISA) program. They also initiated the Semantic Interoperability Centre Europe (SEMIC.EU). A European Land Information Service (EULIS)

4232-570: The OIC with agencies in several locations, including Silicon Valley . This program will use case studies to identify the best practices and challenges associated with linking CAD systems across jurisdictional boundaries. These lessons will create the tools and resources public safety agencies can use to build interoperable CAD systems and communicate across local, state, and federal boundaries. Governance entities can increase interoperability through their legislative and executive powers. For instance, in 2021

4324-507: The OIF from 2010 through the present. These have allowed several generations of coherent interfaces to be developed in an efficient manner by the optical module industry by defining some of the components that fit inside of optical modules. These include IAs for Integrated Polarization Multiplexed Quadrature Modulated Transmitters, Dual Polarization receivers and Integrated Dual Polarization Micro-Intradyne Coherent Receivers. A new style of electrical interface specifically for coherent modules

4416-636: The SPI-5 generation in 2006. The OIF also defined the SerDes Framer Interface (SFI) family of specifications in parallel with SPI. As a part of the SPI-5 and SFI-5 development, a common electrical interface was developed termed SxI-5, which laid the groundwork for the highly successful CEI family of Interoperability Agreements. FlexE defines a method of enhancing Ethernet 's ability to utilize network bandwidth. It provides aggregation, sub-rating and channelization capabilities. FlexE provides

4508-570: The UNI, User Network Interface and NNI, Network to Network Interface Interoperability Agreements. These allowed carrier data networks to respond in real-time to connection requests from users, delivering bandwidth within moments instead of through traditional deployment methods that might deliver bandwidth after weeks. Numerous complementary specifications to the UNI and NNI have also been developed. These include Call Detail Record, Security Extension, and Control Plane Logging and Auditing IAs. IAs to assist in

4600-565: The US, the lack of interoperability in the public safety realm become evident during the 9/11 attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center structures. Further evidence of a lack of interoperability surfaced when agencies tackled the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . In contrast to the overall national picture, some states, including Utah, have already made great strides forward. The Utah Highway Patrol and other departments in Utah have created

4692-654: The ability of two or more information collections to be searched by a single query. Specifically related to web-based search, the challenge of interoperability stems from the fact designers of web resources typically have little or no need to concern themselves with exchanging information with other web resources. Federated Search technology, which does not place format requirements on the data owner, has emerged as one solution to search interoperability challenges. In addition, standards, such as Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting , Resource Description Framework , and SPARQL , have emerged that also help address

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4784-449: The ability to take a medical device out of its box and easily make it work with one's other devices – has attracted great attention from both healthcare providers and industry. Increasingly, medical devices like incubators and imaging systems feature software that integrates at the point of care and with electronic systems, such as electronic medical records. At the 2016 Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society (RAPS) meeting, experts in

4876-407: The basis of standardized features. The vendors' products compete on the quality of their implementation, user interface, ease of use, performance, price, and a host of other factors, while keeping the customer's data intact and transferable even if he chooses to switch to another competing product for business reasons. Post facto interoperability may be the result of the absolute market dominance of

4968-446: The capacity of the network without laying more fiber. By using WDM and optical amplifiers , they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. The capacity of a given link can be expanded simply by upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end. This is often done by the use of optical-to-electrical-to-optical (O/E/O) translation at

5060-510: The center wavelengths are 1271 to 1611 nm. Many CWDM wavelengths below 1470 nm are considered unusable on older G.652 specification fibers, due to the increased attenuation in the 1270–1470 nm bands. Newer fibers which conform to the G.652.C and G.652.D standards, such as Corning SMF-28e and Samsung Widepass, nearly eliminate the water-related attenuation peak at 1383 nm and allow for full operation of all 18 ITU CWDM channels in metropolitan networks. The main characteristic of

5152-505: The closer spacing of the wavelengths. Precision temperature control of the laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent drift off a very narrow frequency window of the order of a few GHz. In addition, since DWDM provides greater maximum capacity it tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarchy than CWDM, for example on the Internet backbone and is therefore associated with higher modulation rates, thus creating

5244-418: The critical frequencies where OH scattering may occur. OH-free silica fibers are recommended if the wavelengths between the second and third transmission windows are to be used . Avoiding this region, the channels 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 remain and these are the most commonly used. With OS2 fibers the water peak problem is overcome, and all possible 18 channels can be used. WDM, CWDM and DWDM are based on

5336-581: The deployment of large networks have been developed including External Network-Network Interface (E-NNI) OSPF-based Routing and Control Plane Requirements for Multi-Domain Optical Transport Networks. The OIF has held many interoperability demonstrations over the years, typically at the Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) and/or ECOC trade shows. Recent demonstrations have included multi-vendor interoperation for several of

5428-406: The dropping and adding of certain wavelength channels. In most systems deployed as of August 2006 this is done infrequently, because adding or dropping wavelengths requires manually inserting or replacing wavelength-selective cards. This is costly, and in some systems requires that all active traffic be removed from the DWDM system, because inserting or removing the wavelength-specific cards interrupts

5520-403: The exchange of information between agencies. Agencies' information systems such as computer-aided dispatch systems and records management systems functioned largely in isolation, in so-called information islands . Agencies tried to bridge this isolation with inefficient, stop-gap methods while large agencies began implementing limited interoperable systems. These approaches were inadequate and, in

5612-521: The execution of assigned missions and tasks. Additionally NATO defines interoperability more generally as the ability to act together coherently, effectively and efficiently to achieve Allied tactical, operational and strategic objectives. At the strategic level, interoperability is an enabler for coalition building. It facilitates meaningful contributions by coalition partners. At this level, interoperability issues center on harmonizing world views, strategies, doctrines, and force structures. Interoperability

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5704-504: The extension of the usable wavelengths to the L-band (1565–1625 nm), more or less doubling these numbers. Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM), in contrast to DWDM, uses increased channel spacing to allow less sophisticated and thus cheaper transceiver designs. To provide 16 channels on a single fiber, CWDM uses the entire frequency band spanning the second and third transmission windows (1310/1550 nm respectively) including

5796-552: The field like Angela N. Johnson with GE Healthcare and Jeff Shuren of the United States Food and Drug Administration provided practical seminars on how companies developing new medical devices, and hospitals installing them, can work more effectively to align interoperable software systems. Railways have greater or lesser interoperability depending on conforming to standards of gauge , couplings , brakes , signalling , loading gauge , and structure gauge to mention

5888-432: The interchangeability of force elements and units. Technological interoperability reflects the interfaces between organizations and systems. It focuses on communications and computers but also involves the technical capabilities of systems and the resulting mission compatibility between the systems and data of coalition partners. At the technological level, the benefits of interoperability come primarily from their impacts at

5980-461: The interoperability between the drainage systems and other urban systems (e.g. infrastructure such as transport), it could be possible to expand the capacity of the overall system to manage flood water towards achieving improved urban flood resilience. Force interoperability is defined in NATO as the ability of the forces of two or more nations to train, exercise and operate effectively together in

6072-453: The issue of search interoperability related to web resources. Such standards also address broader topics of interoperability, such as allowing data mining. With respect to software , the term interoperability is used to describe the capability of different programs to exchange data via a common set of exchange formats, to read and write the same file formats , and to use the same communication protocols . The lack of interoperability can be

6164-439: The language uses a different writing system it is almost impossible if no translation tools are available. Interoperability is used by researchers in the context of urban flood risk management .   Cities and urban areas worldwide are expanding, which creates complex spaces with many interactions between the environment, infrastructure and people.  To address this complexity and manage water in urban areas appropriately,

6256-612: The link, while retaining the existing EDFA or series of EDFAs through a long haul route. Furthermore, single-wavelength links using EDFAs can similarly be upgraded to WDM links at reasonable cost. The EDFA's cost is thus leveraged across as many channels as can be multiplexed into the 1550 nm band. At this stage, a basic DWDM system contains several main components: The introduction of the ITU-T G.694.1 frequency grid in 2002 has made it easier to integrate WDM with older but more standard SONET/SDH systems. WDM wavelengths are positioned in

6348-585: The lives of emergency personnel and the citizens they serve. The U.S. government is making an effort to overcome the nation's lack of public safety interoperability. The Department of Homeland Security's Office for Interoperability and Compatibility (OIC) is pursuing the SAFECOM and CADIP and Project 25 programs, which are designed to help agencies as they integrate their CAD and other IT systems. The OIC launched CADIP in August 2007. This project will partner

6440-453: The modulated bit rate. In terms of multi-wavelength signals, so long as the EDFA has enough pump energy available to it, it can amplify as many optical signals as can be multiplexed into its amplification band (though signal densities are limited by choice of modulation format). EDFAs therefore allow a single-channel optical link to be upgraded in bit rate by replacing only equipment at the ends of

6532-580: The more general ACO IA in May 2018. For both the 100G and 400G generations, the OIF produced framework documents that allows industry participants to jointly map out what would IAs and other aspects would be needed to be developed by the industry. In both cases, white papers were produced specific aspects. The OIF has produced several generations of tunable laser IAs including the Micro Integrable Tunable Laser Assembly and

6624-461: The multi-wavelength optical signal. With a ROADM, network operators can remotely reconfigure the multiplexer by sending soft commands. The architecture of the ROADM is such that dropping or adding wavelengths does not interrupt the pass-through channels. Numerous technological approaches are utilized for various commercial ROADMs, the tradeoff being between cost, optical power, and flexibility. When

6716-427: The network topology is a mesh, where nodes are interconnected by fibers to form an arbitrary graph, an additional fiber interconnection device is needed to route the signals from an input port to the desired output port. These devices are called optical crossconnectors (OXCs). Various categories of OXCs include electronic ("opaque"), optical ("transparent"), and wavelength-selective devices. Cisco 's Enhanced WDM system

6808-446: The operational and tactical levels in terms of enhancing flexibility. Because first responders need to be able to communicate during wide-scale emergencies, interoperability is an important issue for law enforcement , fire fighting , emergency medical services , and other public health and safety departments. It has been a major area of investment and research over the last 12 years. Widely disparate and incompatible hardware impedes

6900-554: The optical power necessary for the system's EDFA. In the mid-1990s, however, wavelength-converting transponders rapidly took on the additional function of signal regeneration . Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to 3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regenerators. These differences are outlined below: For DWDM the range between C21-C60 is the most common range, for Mux/Demux in 8, 16, 40 or 96 sizes. As mentioned above, intermediate optical amplification sites in DWDM systems may allow for

6992-437: The optical spans to several tens of kilometers. Originally, the term coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) was fairly generic and described a number of different channel configurations. In general, the choice of channel spacings and frequency in these configurations precluded the use of erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Prior to the relatively recent ITU standardization of the term, one common definition for CWDM

7084-430: The original vendor, who may well see the new vendor as a potential competitor and threat. The newer implementations often rely on clean-room reverse engineering in the absence of technical data to achieve interoperability. The original vendors may provide such technical data to others, often in the name of encouraging competition , but such data is invariably encumbered, and may be of limited use. Availability of such data

7176-441: The product and, in the appropriate case, once for the patent-protected program the product uses. Interoperability is often more of an organizational issue. Interoperability can have a significant impact on the organizations concerned, raising issues of ownership (do people want to share their data? or are they dealing with information silos ?), labor relations (are people prepared to undergo training?) and usability. In this context,

7268-483: The recent ITU CWDM standard is that the signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by EDFAs. This limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60 km for a 2.5 Gbit/s signal, suitable for use in metropolitan applications. The relaxed optical frequency stabilization requirements allow the associated costs of CWDM to approach those of non-WDM optical components. CWDM is being used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for

7360-486: The result may well be monopoly or market failure . For this reason, it may be prudent for user communities or governments to take steps to encourage interoperability in various situations. At least 30 international bodies and countries have implemented eGovernment -based interoperability framework initiatives called e-GIF while in the US there is the NIEM initiative. The need for plug-and-play interoperability –

7452-417: The same ASCII or a Unicode format in all the communicating systems. Beyond the ability of two or more computer systems to exchange information, semantic interoperability is the ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results as defined by the end users of both systems. To achieve semantic interoperability, both sides must refer to

7544-471: The same concept of using multiple wavelengths of light on a single fiber but differ in the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, and the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space. EDFA provide an efficient wideband amplification for the C-band , Raman amplification adds a mechanism for amplification in the L-band. For CWDM, wideband optical amplification is not available, limiting

7636-449: The same product. Interoperability may be developed post-facto , as a special measure between two products, while excluding the rest, by using open standards . When a vendor is forced to adapt its system to a dominant system that is not based on open standards, it is compatibility , not interoperability. Open standards rely on a broadly consultative and inclusive group including representatives from vendors, academics and others holding

7728-518: The technology as such. The concept was first published in 1970 by Delange, and by 1980 WDM systems were being realized in the laboratory. The first WDM systems combined only two signals. Modern systems can handle 160 signals and can thus expand a basic 100  Gbit/s system over a single fiber pair to over 16  Tbit/s . A system of 320 channels is also present (12.5 GHz channel spacing, see below.) WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand

7820-407: The term can be defined as: In two-way radio , interoperability is composed of three dimensions: Many organizations are dedicated to interoperability. Some concentrate on eGovernment, eBusiness or data exchange in general. Internationally, Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium facilitates global interoperability across borders, language and technical barriers. In the built environment,

7912-853: The term was initially defined for information technology or systems engineering services to allow for information exchange, a broader definition takes into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system-to-system performance. Types of interoperability include syntactic interoperability , where two systems can communicate with each other, and cross-domain interoperability , where multiple organizations work together and exchange information. If two or more systems use common data formats and communication protocols then they are capable of communicating with each other and they exhibit syntactic interoperability . XML and SQL are examples of common data formats and protocols. Low-level data formats also contribute to syntactic interoperability, ensuring that alphabetical characters are stored in

8004-607: The two normal wavelengths 1310 and 1550 nm on one fiber. Coarse WDM provides up to 16 channels across multiple transmission windows of silica fibers. Dense WDM (DWDM) uses the C-Band (1530 nm-1565 nm) transmission window but with denser channel spacing. Channel plans vary, but a typical DWDM system would use 40 channels at 100 GHz spacing or 80 channels with 50 GHz spacing. Some technologies are capable of 12.5 GHz spacing (sometimes called ultra-dense WDM). New amplification options ( Raman amplification ) enable

8096-477: The very edge of the transport network, thus permitting interoperation with existing equipment with optical interfaces. Most WDM systems operate on single-mode optical fiber cables which have a core diameter of 9 μm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode optical fiber cables (also known as premises cables) which have core diameters of 50 or 62.5 μm. Early WDM systems were expensive and complicated to run. However, recent standardization and

8188-702: Was able to protect its dominant market position for work group server operating systems, the heart of corporate IT networks. Microsoft was ordered to disclose complete and accurate interface documentation, which could enable rival vendors to compete on an equal footing ( the interoperability remedy ). Interoperability has also surfaced in the software patent debate in the European Parliament (June–July 2005). Critics claim that because patents on techniques required for interoperability are kept under RAND (reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing) conditions, customers will have to pay license fees twice: once for

8280-519: Was defined. This replaces the digital interface that modules typically have with an analog interface. This allows a large and power consuming digital signal processor to be placed on the larger card and the coherent optics module to have only analog components. This IA makes use of a CFP 2 style module. The first ACO interface IA was for the CFP2 form factor was published in January 2016. The OIF published

8372-531: Was established in 2006, as a consortium of European National Land Registers. The aim of the service is to establish a single portal through which customers are provided with access to information about individual properties, about land and property registration services, and about the associated legal environment. The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) considered four kinds of interoperability: legal interoperability, organizational interoperability, semantic interoperability, and technical interoperability. In

8464-462: Was two or more signals multiplexed onto a single fiber, with one signal in the 1550 nm band and the other in the 1310 nm band. In 2002, the ITU standardized a channel spacing grid for CWDM (ITU-T G.694.2) using the wavelengths from 1270 nm through 1610 nm with a channel spacing of 20 nm. ITU G.694.2 was revised in 2003 to shift the channel centers by 1 nm so, strictly speaking,

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