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34-528: ODA defines a compound document format that can contain raw text, raster images and vector graphics. In the original release the difference between this standard and others like it is that the graphics structures were exclusively defined as CCITT raster image and Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM - ISO/IEC 8632). This was to limit the problem of having word processor and desktop publisher software be required to interpret all known graphics formats . The documents have both logical and layout structures. Logically

68-611: A software componentry framework, but the idea of software componentry includes several other concepts apart from compound documents, and software components alone do not enable compound documents. Well-known technologies for compound documents include: The first public implementation of compound documents was on the Xerox Star workstation , released in 1981. A vBook is an eBook that is digital first media with embedded video , images , graphs , tables , text , and other media . This multimedia software -related article

102-454: A few years. This led to a large financial impact on companies that were using ad hoc standard applications, such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect , because their IT departments had to constantly assist frustrated users with transferring content between so many different formats, and also hire employees whose sole job was to import old stored documents into the latest version of applications before they became unreadable. The intended result of

136-541: A page on Google's FAQs, leading users to believe the project has been closed. Google's mobile operating system Android is open source; however, the operating system that comes with the phones that most people actually purchase in a store is more often than not shipped with many of Google's proprietary applications that promote users to use only Google services. Because cloud computing is still relatively new, standards are still being developed. Many cloud platforms and services are proprietary, meaning that they are built on

170-459: A sexy vision at times, and many other difficulties. […] Customers constantly evaluate other desktop platforms, [but] it would be so much work to move over that they hope we just improve Windows rather than force them to move. In short, without this exclusive franchise called the Windows API, we would have been dead a long time ago. The Windows franchise is fueled by application development which

204-489: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Vendor lock-in In economics , vendor lock-in , also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in , makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products , unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs . The use of open standards and alternative options makes systems tolerant of change, so that decisions can be postponed until more information

238-529: Is an uneditable format that is logically similar to Adobe Systems PDF that is in common use today. In 1985, ESPRIT financed a pilot implementation of the ODA concept, involving, among others, Bull corporation , Olivetti , ICL and Siemens AG . The intent was to have a universal storable and interchangeable document structure that would not go out of date and could be used by any word processor or desktop publisher. The rapid adoption of personal computers in

272-502: Is available or unforeseen events are addressed. Vendor lock-in does the opposite: it makes it difficult to move from one solution to another. Lock-in costs that create barriers to market entry may result in antitrust action against a monopoly . This class of lock-in is potentially technologically hard to overcome if the monopoly is held up by barriers to market that are nontrivial to circumvent, such as patents, secrecy, cryptography or other technical hindrances. This class of lock-in

306-456: Is focused on our core APIs." Microsoft's application software also exhibits lock-in through the use of proprietary file formats . Microsoft Outlook uses a proprietary, publicly undocumented datastore format. Present versions of Microsoft Word have introduced a new format MS-OOXML . This may make it easier for competitors to write documents compatible with Microsoft Office in the future by reducing lock-in. Microsoft released full descriptions of

340-408: Is potentially inescapable to rational individuals not otherwise motivated, by creating a prisoner's dilemma —if the cost to resist is greater than the cost of joining, then the locally optimal choice is to join—a barrier that takes cooperation to overcome. The distributive property (cost to resist the locally dominant choice) alone is not a network effect , for lack of any positive feedback ; however,

374-454: Is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most ISVs [independent software vendors] would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead. It is this switching cost that has given customers the patience to stick with Windows through all our mistakes, our buggy drivers, our high TCO [total cost of ownership], our lack of

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408-417: Is strictly of the collective kind. However, the personal variant is also a possible permutation of the variations shown in the table, but with no monopoly and no collectivity, it would be expected to be the weakest lock-in. Equivalent personal examples: There exist lock-in situations that are both monopolistic and collective. Having the worst of two worlds, these can be very hard to escape — in many examples,

442-641: The Motorola ROKR E1 and SLVR mobile phones. As a result, that music was locked into this ecosystem and available for portable use only through the purchase of one of the above devices, or by burning to CD and optionally re-ripping to a DRM-free format such as MP3 or WAV . In January 2005, an iPod purchaser named Thomas Slattery filed a suit against Apple for the "unlawful bundling" of their iTunes Music Store and iPod device. He stated in his brief: "Apple has turned an open and interactive standard into an artifice that prevents consumers from using

476-667: The Sherman Antitrust Act . On June 7, 2006, the Norwegian Consumer Council stated that Apple's iTunes Music Store violates Norwegian law. The contract conditions were vague and "clearly unbalanced to disfavor the customer". The retroactive changes to the DRM conditions and the incompatibility with other music players are the major points of concern. In an earlier letter to Apple, consumer ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon complained that iTunes' DRM mechanism

510-460: The American software developer community or trade press. Finally, it took an extraordinarily long time to release the ODA format (the pilot was financed in 1985, but the final specification not published until 1999). Given a lack of products that supported the format, in part because of the excessive time used to create the specification, few users were interested in using it. Eventually interest in

544-493: The DRM from their tracks, at no extra cost. However, Apple charges consumers to have previously purchased DRM music restrictions removed. Although Google has stated its position in favor of interoperability, the company has taken steps away from open protocols replacing open standard Google Talk by proprietary protocol Google Hangouts. Also, Google's Data Liberation Front has been inactive on Twitter since 2013 and its official website, www.dataliberation.org, now redirects to

578-552: The ODA standard was that companies would not have to commit to an ad hoc standard for word processor or desktop publisher applications, because any application adhering to a common open standard could be used to read and edit long stored documents. The initial round of documents that made up ISO 8613 was completed after a multi-year effort at an ISO/IEC JTC1/SC18/WG3 meeting in Paris La Defense, France, around Armistice (Nov. 11) 1987, called "Office Document Architecture" at

612-538: The Ogg/Vorbis code because of the license, and uses MP3 instead, then the problem rebounds on us—because his continued use of MP3 may help MP3 to become and stay entrenched. More examples: The European Commission , in its March 24, 2004 decision on Microsoft's business practices, quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for C++ development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997 internal Microsoft memo drafted for Bill Gates : "The Windows API

646-470: The addition of bistability per individual, such as by a switching cost, qualifies as a network effect, by distributing this instability to the collective as a whole. As defined by The Independent , this is a non-monopoly (mere technology), collective (on a society level) kind of lock-in: Technological lock-in is the idea that the more a society adopts a certain technology, the more unlikely users are to switch. Examples: Technology lock-in, as defined,

680-726: The already-mentioned HTML and CSS as well as XML and XSL leading up to OpenDocument and Office Open XML . The standard itself was made available for free download on September 7, 2007 (the "missing" documents T.420 and T.423 do not exist): Compound document In computing , a compound document is a document that "combines multiple document formats , either by reference, by inclusion, or both." Compound documents are often produced using word processing software, and may include text and non-text elements such as barcodes , spreadsheets , pictures , digital videos , digital audio , and other multimedia features. Compound document technologies are commonly utilized on top of

714-416: The cost to resist incurs some level of isolation from the (dominating technology in) society, which can be socially costly, yet direct competition with the dominant vendor is hindered by compatibility. As one blogger expressed: If I stopped using Skype, I'd lose contact with many people, because it's impossible to make them all change to [other] software. While MP3 is patent-free as of 2017, in 2001 it

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748-623: The file formats for earlier versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint in February 2008. Prior to March 2009, digital music files with digital rights management (DRM) were available for purchase from the iTunes Store , encoded in a proprietary derivative of the AAC format that used Apple's FairPlay DRM system. These files are compatible only with Apple's iTunes media player software on Macs and Windows , their iPod portable digital music players, iPhone smartphones , iPad tablet computers , and

782-537: The format faded. IBM's European Networking Center (ENC) in Heidelberg, Germany, developed prototype extensions to IBM OfficeVision/VM to support ODA, in particular a converter between ODA and Document Content Architecture (DCA) document formats. It would be improper to call ODA anything but a failure, but its spirit clearly influenced latter-day document formats that were successful in gaining support from many document software developers and users. These include

816-441: The format, probably because the conversion from the existing dominant word processor formats such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word was difficult, offered little fidelity, and would only have weakened their advantage of vendor lock-in over their existing user base. There were also cultural obstacles because ODA was a predominantly European project that took a top-down design approach. It was unable to garner significant interest from

850-399: The late 1970s and early 1980s by consumers and small businesses and the relative ease of writing applications for the primitive early PCs had resulted in a huge number of new word processing applications that were then duking it out around the world for market dominance . At the same time, large corporations who had purchased dedicated word processor devices in the 1970s were switching over to

884-563: The need to consider the flavor of hypervisor in the other enterprise. A heterogeneous cloud is considered one that includes on-premises private clouds, public clouds and software-as-a-service clouds. Heterogeneous clouds can work with environments that are not virtualized, such as traditional data centers. Heterogeneous clouds also allow for the use of piece parts, such as hypervisors, servers, and storage, from multiple vendors. Cloud piece parts, such as cloud storage systems, offer APIs but they are often incompatible with each other. The result

918-655: The new PCs that could run word processing software and much more. The result was a profusion of constantly evolving proprietary file formats. It was already clear by 1985 that this confusing and often frustrating situation would get much worse before it got better, as desktop publishing and multimedia computing were already on the horizon. Thus, ODA was intended to solve the problem of software applications whose developers were continually updating their native file formats to accommodate new features, which frequently broke backward compatibility . Older native formats were repeatedly becoming obsolete and therefore unusable after only

952-498: The portable hard drive digital music player of their choice." At the time Apple was stated to have an 80% market share of digital music sales and a 90% share of sales of new music players, which he claimed allowed Apple to horizontally leverage its dominant positions in both markets to lock consumers into its complementary offerings. In September 2005, U.S. District Judge James Ware approved Slattery v. Apple Computer Inc. to proceed with monopoly charges against Apple in violation of

986-466: The service. iTunes accounts can be set to display either standard or iTunes Plus formats for tracks where both formats exist. These files can be used with any player that supports the AAC file format and are not locked to Apple hardware. They can be converted to MP format if desired. As of January 6, 2009, all four big music studios ( Warner Bros. , Sony BMG , Universal , and EMI ) have signed up to remove

1020-644: The specific standards, tools and protocols developed by a particular vendor for its particular cloud offering. This can make migrating off a proprietary cloud platform prohibitively complicated and expensive. Three types of vendor lock-in can occur with cloud computing: Heterogeneous cloud computing is described as a type of cloud environment that prevents vendor lock-in, and aligns with enterprise data centers that are operating hybrid cloud models. The absence of vendor lock-in lets cloud administrators select their choice of hypervisors for specific tasks, or to deploy virtualized infrastructures to other enterprises without

1054-670: The text can be partitioned into chapters, footnotes and other subelements akin to HTML , and the layout fill a function similar to Cascading Style Sheets in the web world. The binary transport format for an ODA-conformant file is called Open Document Interchange Format (ODIF) and is based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language and Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). One of the features of this standard could be stored or interchanged in one of three formats: Formatted, Formatted Processable, or Processable. The latter two are editable formats. The first

Open Document Architecture - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-487: The time. CCITT picked them up as the T.400 series of recommendations, using the term "Open Document Architecture". Work continued on additional parts for a while, for instance at an ISO working group meeting in Ottawa in February 1989. Improvements and additions were continually being made. The revised standard was finally published in 1999. However, no significant developer of document application software chose to support

1122-471: Was a lock-in to Apple's music players, and argued that this was a conflict with consumer rights that he doubted would be defendable by Norwegian copyright law. As of 29 May 2007 , tracks on the EMI label became available in a DRM-free format called iTunes Plus . These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kilobits per second , twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through

1156-447: Was both patented and entrenched, as noted by Richard Stallman in that year (in justifying a lax license for Ogg Vorbis ): there is […] the danger that people will settle on MP3 format even though it is patented, and we won't be *allowed* to write free encoders for the most popular format. […] Ordinarily, if someone decides not to use a copylefted program because the license doesn't please him, that's his loss not ours. But if he rejects

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