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59-494: Operation Eagle Eye may refer to: Operation Eagle Eye (United States) , a racial profiling campaign in the 1960s in Arizona Operation Eagle Eye (Kosovo) , an unarmed aerial operation in the 1990s in the lead up to the 1999 Kosovo War See also [ edit ] Eagle Eye (disambiguation) Operation Eagle (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

118-417: A "none of the above" or "against all" voting option; civil disobedience where voting is mandatory; and attempts at discrediting or invalidating an election. An unusually large share of invalidated ballots may be attributed to loyal supporters of candidates that lost in primaries or previous rounds, did not run or did not qualify to do so, or some manner of protest movement or organized boycott. In 2016, during

177-545: A blind or illiterate person may be told that they have voted for one party when in fact they have been led to vote for another. Proxy voting is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries, there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are secretly rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as

236-467: A democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate. Under the right conditions, the democratic system is maneuvered into an equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule. This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud. Preferential voting systems such as score voting and single transferable vote , and in some cases, instant-runoff voting , can reduce

295-428: A machine, such as a Diebold Accuvote TS, can install inexpensive, readily available electronic components to manipulate its functions. Other approaches include: In 1994, the election which brought majority rule and put Nelson Mandela in office, South Africa's election compilation system was hacked, so they re-tabulated by hand. In 2014, Ukraine's central election system was hacked. Officials found and removed

354-464: A nationwide ballot security program entitled "Operation Eagle Eye" in 1964. It was to be employed in the presidential election between Barry Goldwater and President Lyndon B. Johnson . At the time, Operation Eagle Eye was virtually unknown but a highly organized and financed effort by the Republican party to suppress minority voting. The RNC insisted it was necessary to protect the integrity of

413-409: A particular party make it known that if a particular village or neighborhood is found to have voted the 'wrong' way, reprisals will be made against that community. Another method is to make a general threat of violence, for example, a bomb threat which has the effect of closing a particular polling place, thus making it difficult for people in that area to vote. One notable example of outright violence

472-571: A particular party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, or moved into marginal seats , where they may tip the balance towards their preferred party. One example of this was the 1986–1990 Homes for votes scandal in the City of Westminster in England under Shirley Porter . Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance, Malaysia gave citizenship to immigrants from

531-475: A particular way. Voters who are not confident about their entitlement to vote may also be intimidated by real or implied authority figures who suggest that those who vote when they are not entitled to will be imprisoned, deported or otherwise punished. For example, in 2004, in Wisconsin and elsewhere voters allegedly received flyers that said, "If you already voted in any election this year, you can't vote in

590-646: A range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that in 1887, a Kansas Supreme Court in New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age said "[...] physical retaliation constituted only a slight disturbance and would not vitiate an election." In its simplest form, voters from a particular demographic or known to support a particular party or candidate are directly threatened by supporters of another party or candidate or by those hired by them. In other cases, supporters of

649-495: A religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly unrepresentative, as in the post- Reconstruction or Jim Crow era until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Felons have been disenfranchised in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting. Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast

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708-528: A separate table in the election to the EU parliament in 2009. Ballots from Sweden Democrats have been mixed with ballots from the larger Swedish Social Democratic Party , which used a very similar font for the party name written on the top of the ballot. Another method of confusing people into voting for a different candidate from the one intended is to run candidates or create political parties with similar names or symbols to an existing candidate or party. The goal

767-497: A small number of ballot papers without detection, thereby changing the overall result. Blatant destruction of ballot papers can render an election invalid and force it to be re-run. If a party can improve its vote on the re-run election, it can benefit from such destruction as long as it is not linked to it. During the Bourbon Restoration in late 19th century Spain, the organized “loss” of voting slips ( pucherazo )

826-518: A stain on his reputation despite being confirmed as Chief Justice in 1986. Another key figure in Operation Eagle Eye was Charles Barr, its National Director. He was responsible for employing "100,000 poll-watchers with the objective of challenging over a million voters", however, he denied any discriminatory practices. The General Outline of the 1964 Ballot Security Program included the following instructions: Psychological deterrence

885-892: A sufficient scale can have the effect of a coup d'état , protest or corruption of democracy. In a narrow election , a small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. Because U.S. states have primary responsibility for conducting elections, including federal elections, many forms of electoral fraud are prosecuted as state crimes. State election offenses include voter impersonation, double voting, ballot stuffing, tampering with voting machines, and fraudulent registration. Penalties vary widely by state and can include fines, imprisonment, loss of voting rights, and disqualification from holding public office. The U.S. federal government prosecutes electoral crimes including voter intimidation, conspiracy to commit election fraud, bribery, interference with

944-492: A variety of tactics, including asking voters to read a portion of the Constitution , cameras, two-way radios, and calls to Republican-friendly sheriffs. This attempt to thwart electoral fraud by challenging voters at the polls only served to intimidate minorities and swing elections in favor of Republicans. Future Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist was a prominent figure during the years of Operation Eagle Eye. He

1003-468: A vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to their homes. Polling can be set for inconvenient days, such as midweek or on holy days of religious groups: for example on the Sabbath or other holy days of a religious group whose teachings determine that voting

1062-475: A voter disinformation scheme they undertook in the months prior to the 2020 United States presidential election . The pair hired a firm to make nearly 85,000 robocalls that targeted minority neighborhoods in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. Like Democratic constituencies in general that year, minorities voted overwhelmingly by absentee ballot , many judging it a safer option during

1121-545: A voter must have lived in an electoral district for a minimum period (for example, six months) in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to disenfranchise those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers, Roma , students (studying full-time away from home), and some casual workers. Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through public housing . If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for

1180-1035: A weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. There were claims that this method was being utilised in the UK Labour Party leadership election in 2015 , where Conservative-leaning Toby Young encouraged Conservatives to join Labour and vote for Jeremy Corbyn in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion". Shortly after, #ToriesForCorbyn trended on Twitter . The composition of an electorate may also be altered by disenfranchising some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote. In some cases, states had passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes , literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From

1239-676: A wide margin, out of Operation Eagle Eye emerged a frightening concept: "Some of the methods employed by Eagle Eye became part of the modus operandi of subsequent Republican campaigns. These include challenging of Democratic voters at polls without cause, humiliation of uneducated voters, efforts to slow down voting in Democratic precincts, special targeting of minority, low-income neighborhoods for challenges and developing an attitude among ballot security teams that encourages stereotyping low-income and minority voters as venal and stupid." After Operation Eagle Eye, literacy tests were challenged by

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1298-476: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Operation Eagle Eye (United States) Beginning in the early 1950s and 60s, it became popular for politicians to appeal to Southern whites through racially charged campaign messages. Many succeeding Republican candidates and almost all Republican presidents made racial appeals – some subtle, some otherwise – to southern whites still angry at federal abolition of

1357-411: Is prohibited on such a day. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity (rural communities are especially vulnerable to this). In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from

1416-424: Is recorded for another, or electronic results are duplicated or lost, and there is rarely evidence whether the cause was fraud or error. Many elections feature multiple opportunities for unscrupulous officials or 'helpers' to record an elector's vote differently from their intentions. Voters who require assistance to cast their votes are particularly vulnerable to having their votes stolen in this way. For example,

1475-757: Is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the 2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal , Elections Canada traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the Conservative Party . Similarly in the United States, right-wing political operatives Jacob Wohl and Jack Burkman were indicted on several counts of bribery and election fraud in October 2020 regarding

1534-454: Is to mislead voters into voting for the false candidate or party. Such tactics may be particularly effective when many voters have limited literacy in the language used on the ballot. Again, such tactics are usually not illegal but they often work against the principles of democracy. Another possible source of electoral confusion is multiple variations of voting by different electoral systems . This may cause ballots to be counted as invalid if

1593-447: Is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy. In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging them in flophouses . Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that

1652-599: The COVID-19 pandemic than in-person voting. Baselessly, the call warned potential voters if they submitted their votes by mail that authorities could use their personal information against them, including threats of police arrest for outstanding warrants and forced debt collection by creditors. On October 24, 2022, Wohl and Burkman pleaded guilty in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Common Pleas Court to one count each of felony telecommunications fraud. Commenting on

1711-521: The EU membership referendum , Leave-supporting voters in the UK alleged without evidence that the pencils supplied by voting stations would allow votes to be erased their votes from the ballot. All voting systems face threats of some form of electoral fraud. The types of threats that affect voting machines vary. Research at Argonne National Laboratories revealed that a single individual with physical access to

1770-486: The National Institute of Standards and Technology . Ballot papers may be used to discourage votes for a particular party or candidate, using the design or other features which confuse voters into voting for a different candidate. For example, in the 2000 U.S. presidential election , Florida's butterfly ballot paper was criticized as poorly designed, leading some voters to vote for the wrong candidate. While

1829-647: The Republican National Committee created the Ballot Security Task Force to discourage voting among Latino and African-American citizens of New Jersey. The task force identified voters from an old registration list and challenged their credentials. It also paid off-duty police officers to patrol polling sites in Newark and Trenton, and posted signs saying that falsifying a ballot is a crime. Another use of disinformation

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1888-414: The additional member system ; and UK Parliamentary elections by first-past-the-post . Ballot stuffing , or "ballot-box stuffing", is the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple ballots during a vote in which only one ballot per person is permitted. Votes may be misrecorded at source, on a ballot paper or voting machine, or later in misrecording totals. The 2019 Malawian general election

1947-904: The electoral roll , making it difficult or impossible for the person to vote. In the Canadian federal election of 1917, during the Great War , the Canadian government, led by the Union Party, passed the Military Voters Act and the Wartime Elections Act . The Military Voters Act permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly related or married to an active soldier. These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of

2006-547: The American ballot and against voter fraud. "OEE" became the nation's first large-scale anti-voter fraud campaign where the Republican National Committee recruited tens of thousands of volunteers to show up at polling places, mostly in inner-cities, to challenge voter eligibility. In particular, whether the voter was able to read since literacy was a requirement to vote. The recruited poll watchers used

2065-491: The Jim Crow system. This became known as the ‘ Southern Strategy’ . Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson’s overwhelming popularity in the polls at the time – just a year in after taking office in the aftermath of Kennedy’s assassination – and his relentless talk of civil rights and voting rights heightened Republican National Committee concerns and swung the door wide open for voter suppression strategies of all kinds. It

2124-621: The Presidential Election", implying that those who had voted in earlier primary elections were ineligible to vote. Also, "If anybody in your family has ever been found guilty of anything you can't vote in the Presidential Election." Finally, "If you violate any of these laws, you can get 10 years in prison and your children will be taken away from you." Employers can coerce the voters' decision, through strategies such as explicit or implicit threats of job loss. People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect

2183-475: The Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription. The Wartime Elections Act , conversely, disenfranchised particular ethnic groups assumed to be disproportionately in favour of the opposition Liberal Party. Stanford University professor Beatriz Magaloni described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under

2242-545: The ballot itself was designed by a Democrat, it was the Democratic candidate, Al Gore , who was most harmed by voter errors because of this design. Poor or misleading design is usually not illegal and therefore not technically election fraud, but it can nevertheless subvert the principles of democracy. Sweden has a system with separate ballots used for each party, to reduce confusion among candidates. However, ballots from small parties such as Piratpartiet , Junilistan and Feministiskt initiativ have been omitted or placed on

2301-399: The impact of systemic electoral manipulation and political duopoly . Voter intimidation involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all. Absentee and other remote voting can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location. Intimidation can take

2360-423: The neighboring Philippines and Indonesia , together with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of Sabah ; this controversial process was known as Project IC . A method of manipulating primary contests and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party (or vote in a crossover way, when permitted) in order to elect

2419-643: The outcome of an election. For example, in the Chilean presidential election of 1970 , the U.S. government's Central Intelligence Agency used "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists. Another method, allegedly used in Cook County, Illinois , in 2004, is to falsely tell particular people that they are not eligible to vote In 1981 in New Jersey,

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2478-699: The polls, while others are still pending court challenges. Instead of mobilizing voters, the Republican South has led a new charge for restrictive voting laws in response to changing demographics, and ideological shifts among the party. In addition to Operation Eagle Eye style voter suppression, voter caging, intimidation and dissemination of false voting information, the new Republican party has also had to respond to recent allegations of gerrymandering . Electoral fraud Electoral fraud , sometimes referred to as election manipulation , voter fraud , or vote rigging , involves illegal interference with

2537-521: The process of an election , either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with voter suppression . What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country, though the goal is often election subversion . Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning assault , harassment or libel . Although technically

2596-463: The proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, cast the vote for the party of their choice. In the United Kingdom , this is known as 'granny farming.' One of methods of electoral fraud is to destroy ballots for an opposing candidate or party. While mass destruction of ballots can be difficult to achieve without drawing attention to it, in a very close election it may be possible to destroy

2655-516: The results. President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro also made numerous claims of electoral fraud without evidence during and after the 2022 Brazilian presidential election . Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election. Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services. A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage are kept by

2714-431: The right to vote, and fraud related to absentee ballots in federal elections. In France, someone guilty may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than one year, or two years if the person is a public official. Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes

2773-434: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Operation Eagle Eye . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Eagle_Eye&oldid=986671743 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2832-642: The state of Arizona and the federal government instituted a ban on the requirement. The footprint for OEE has endured for decades and the effects are still felt to this day. At the time OEE was launched, immigration was not a prominent issue because Latinos in Arizona "knew their place". Now immigration has taken a larger role in politics and discourages minorities from voting in border states. Similar OEE tactics are still being employed against Latinos in fear of deportation . As of February 2014, there were 31 states with laws requiring some form of identification at

2891-602: The tactic of using disinformation to suppress voter turnout, Cuyahoga County Prosecutor Michael C. O’Malley said the two men had "infringed upon the right to vote", and that "by pleading guilty, they were held accountable for their un-American actions.” False claims of electoral fraud can be used as a basis for attempting to overturn an election. During and after the 2020 presidential election , incumbent President Donald Trump made numerous baseless allegations of electoral fraud by supporters of Democratic candidate Joe Biden . The Trump campaign lost numerous legal challenges to

2950-492: The term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe acts which are legal , but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of democracy . Show elections , featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presented more as referendums/plebiscites. In national elections, successful electoral fraud on

3009-421: The turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states comprising the former Confederacy were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a literacy test or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote. If such practices discriminate against

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3068-411: The voter has voted for more candidates than entitled, for instance. It would be difficult to do this to a large number of paper ballots without detection in some locales, but altogether too simple in others, especially jurisdictions where legitimate ballot spoiling by voter would serve a clear and reasonable aim: for example emulating protest votes in jurisdictions that have recently had and since abolished

3127-568: The wrong system is used. For instance, if a voter puts a first-past-the-post cross in a numbered single transferable vote ballot paper, it is invalidated. For example, in Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom, up to three different voting systems and types of ballots may be used, based on the jurisdictional level of the election. Local elections are determined by single transferable votes ; Scottish parliamentary elections by

3186-543: Was a poll watcher with direct involvement in challenging voters at the polls as early as 1958. Years later during Rehnquist's Senate confirmation hearings to become Chief Justice , a US District Attorney in Phoenix at the time testified that he had seen Rehnquist challenging black and hispanic voters at precincts in South Phoenix. Rehnquist denied any such involvement. However, his association with OEE remained

3245-461: Was a significant aspect of the OEE efforts. The Republican strategy attempted to discourage illegitimate voters from committing fraud by simply creating the appearance that they were being watched. It was for this reason that RNC leaders also encouraged poll watchers to bring cameras. In 1964, the Republican, Barry Goldwater suffered a stunning defeat. And although President Johnson won the election by

3304-457: Was in this context that the infamous Operation Eagle Eye was born. As shameful and un-American as it was, RNC’s goal was simple – to develop a strategy around voter suppression to win elections – and it has been effective. Many now believe that the 1958 ballot security program implemented in Arizona was the precursor to Operation Eagle Eye and the blueprint for which it was designed. The Republican National Committee announced its plan to conduct

3363-495: Was nullified by the Constitutional Court in 2020 because many results were changed by use of correction fluid, as well as duplicate, unverified and unsigned results forms. California allows correction fluid and tape, so changes can be made after the ballot leaves the voter. Where votes are recorded through electronic or mechanical means, the voting machinery may be altered so that a vote intended for one candidate

3422-770: Was the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack , where followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh deliberately contaminated salad bars in The Dalles, Oregon , in an attempt to weaken political opposition during county elections. Historically, this tactic included Lynching in the United States to terrorize potential African American voters in some areas. Polling places in an area known to support a particular party or candidate may be targeted for vandalism, destruction or threats, thus making it difficult or impossible for people in that area to vote. In this case, voters will be made to believe, accurately or otherwise, that they are not legally entitled to vote, or that they are legally obliged to vote

3481-529: Was used to maintain the agreed alternation between the Liberals and the Conservatives. This system of local political domination, especially rooted in rural areas and small cities, was known as caciquismo . Another method is to make it appear that the voter has spoiled his or her ballot, thus rendering it invalid. Typically this would be done by adding another mark to the paper, making it appear that

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