Öpir or Öper ( Old Norse : Øpiʀ / Œpir , meaning "shouter") was a runemaster who flourished during the late 11th century and early 12th century in Uppland , Sweden . He was the most productive of all the old runemasters and his art is classified as being in the highly refined Urnes style .
72-426: During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, the small number of professional runemasters and their apprentices were contracted to make runestones. When the work was finished, the stone was usually signed with the name of the runemaster. Öpir had been an associate or an apprentice of the runemaster Visäte . He has signed about 50 runestones , and an additional 50 runestones were probably made by him. He
144-400: A colophon ( / ˈ k ɒ l ə f ən , - f ɒ n / ) is a brief statement containing information about the publication of a book such as an "imprint" (the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication). A colophon may include the device ( logo ) of a printer or publisher. Colophons are traditionally printed at the ends of books (see History below for the origin of
216-479: A scribe to the end of an Ancient Near East ( e.g. , Early/Middle/Late Babylonian , Assyrian , Canaanite ) text such as a chapter, book, manuscript, or record. The colophon usually contained facts relative to the text such as associated person(s) ( e.g. , the scribe, owner, or commissioner of the tablet), literary contents ( e.g. , a title , "catch phrases" (repeated phrases), or number of lines), and occasion or purpose of writing. Colophons and catch phrases helped
288-486: A cohesive and well-disciplined military emerged in Dahomey. Apprenticeships can be divided into two main categories: Independent and Cooperative. Independent apprenticeships are those organized and managed by employers, without any involvement from educational institutions. They happen dissociated from any educational curricula, which means that, usually, the apprentices are not involved in any educational programme at
360-525: A colophon that concludes the histories ( toledot ) of Jacob . An extensive study of the eleven colophons found in the book of Genesis was done by Percy John Wiseman. Wiseman's study of the Genesis colophons, sometimes described as the Wiseman hypothesis , has a detailed examination of the catch phrases mentioned above that were used in literature of the second millennium B.C. and earlier in tying together
432-429: A craft depending on the length of the apprenticeship; this can be lost in translation. Each of the over 300 nationwide defined vocational profiles has defined framework – conditions as length of education, theoretical and practical learning goals and certification conditions. Typically an apprenticeship can commence for individuals once they are aged 15 or 18 after finishing general education. Some apprenticeships have
504-1012: A hypothesis that there were two runemasters named Öpir. With the question regarding whether there was more than one runemaster named Öpir, one scholar accepted the following 46 signed inscriptions as being made by Öpir: Sö 308 in Vid Järnavägen, U 23 in Hilleshögs, U 36 in Svartsjö Djurgård, U 104 in Eds, U 118 in Älvsunda, the now-lost U 122 in Järva Krog, U 142 in Fällbro, the now-lost U 168 in Björkeby, U 179 in Riala, U 181 in Össeby-Garn, U 210 in Åsta, U 229 in Gällsta,
576-780: A length of 3 or 4 years are the most common ones. The certificate awarded after successfully completing a 3 or 4-year apprenticeship is called "Certificat Fédéral de Capacité" ( CFC ) in French, "Eidgenössisches Fähigkeitszeugnis" ( EFZ ) in German and "Attestato federale di capacità" (AFC) in Italian. It could be translated as "Federal Certificate of Proficiency". Some crafts, such as electrician , are educated in lengths of 3 and 4 years. In this case, an Electrician with 4 years apprenticeship gets more theoretical background than one with 3 years apprenticeship. Some languages have different names for
648-547: A mean for students to put theory in practice and master knowledge in a way that empowers them with professional autonomy. Their main characteristics could be summarized into the following: Australian Apprenticeships encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They cover all industry sectors in Australia and are used to achieve both 'entry-level' and career 'upskilling' objectives. There were 475,000 Australian Apprentices in-training as at 31 March 2012, an increase of 2.4% from
720-426: A policy of conservative French political parties, and was met by tough opposition from trade unions and students . Apprenticeships are part of Germany's dual education system , which combines a practical education in a company and a theoretical one in a vocational school. The lessons in vocational school can either happen once or twice a week, or in whole week blocks. During their apprenticeship, apprentices can earn
792-572: A priest who transcribed the book from Glagolitic into Cyrillic for the Novgorodian Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich . The priest writes that his name is " Upir′ Likhyi " ( Упирь Лихый ), which would mean something like "Wicked Vampire" or "Foul Vampire." This apparently strange name has been cited as an example of surviving paganism and/or of the use of nicknames as personal names. However, in 1982, Swedish Slavicist Anders Sjöberg suggested that "Upir′ likhyi"
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#1732786925743864-444: A recommend or required age of 18. There is formally no maximum age, however, for persons above 21 it is hard to find a company due to companies preferring younger ages due to the lower cost of labour. In Turkey, apprenticeship has been part of the small business culture for centuries since the time of Seljuk Turks who claimed Anatolia as their homeland in the 11th century. There are three levels of apprenticeship. The first level
936-493: A salary, which gets higher every year, with the average apprentice earning 1,066€ before taxes. The average apprenticeship takes between 2 and 3.5 years. As of 2024, there are 327 officially recognized apprenticeship trades. In India, the Apprentices Act was enacted in 1961. It regulates the programme of training of apprentices in the industry so as to conform to the syllabi, period of training etc. as laid down by
1008-425: A year. This minimum training time rose to 360 hours a year in 1961, then 400 in 1986. The first training centres for apprentices ( centres de formation d'apprentis , CFAs) appeared in 1961, and in 1971 apprenticeships were legally made part of professional training. In 1986 the age limit for beginning an apprenticeship was raised from 20 to 25. From 1987 the range of qualifications achievable through an apprenticeship
1080-677: Is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships may also enable practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated occupation. Most of their training is done while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade or profession, in exchange for their continued labor for an agreed period after they have achieved measurable competencies. Apprenticeship lengths vary significantly across sectors, professions, roles and cultures. In some cases, people who successfully complete an apprenticeship can reach
1152-421: Is made to match applicants with the right apprenticeship or traineeship. This is done with the aid of aptitude tests, tips, and information on 'how to retain an apprentice or apprenticeship'. Information and resources on potential apprenticeship and traineeship occupations are available in over sixty industries. The distinction between the terms apprentices and trainees lies mainly around traditional trades and
1224-412: Is no global consensus on a single term for apprenticeship. Depending on the culture, country and sector, the same or similar definitions are used to describe the terms apprenticeship , internship , and trainee-ship . The latter two terms may be preferred in the health sector. One example is internships in medicine for physicians and trainee-ships for nurses – and western countries. Apprenticeship
1296-599: Is organized in a school system with long-term training parts. So it is possible to get the Matura needed to enter university. WIFI company-based training of apprentices is complemented by compulsory attendance of a part-time vocational school for apprentices (Berufsschule). It lasts two to four years – the duration varies among the 250 legally recognized apprenticeship trades. About 40 percent of all Austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion of compulsory education (at age 15). This number has been stable since
1368-588: Is ternar, which is basically dual education system with mandatory practical courses. The length of an apprenticeship can be 2, 3 or 4 years. Apprenticeships with a length of 2 years are for persons with weaker school results. The certificate awarded after successfully completing a 2-year apprenticeship is called "Attestation de formation professionnelle" ( AFP ) in French, "Eidgenössisches Berufsattest" ( EBA ) in German and "Certificato federale di formazione pratica" (CFP) in Italian. It could be translated as "Attestation of professional formation". Apprenticeship with
1440-562: Is the apprentice, i.e., the "çırak" in Turkish . The second level is pre-master which is called, "kalfa" in Turkish. The mastery level is called as "usta" and is the highest level of achievement. An 'usta' is eligible to take in and accept new 'ciraks' to train and bring them up. The training process usually starts when the small boy is of age 10–11 and becomes a full-grown master at the age of 20–25. Many years of hard work and disciplining under
1512-696: Is the preferred term of the European Commission and the one selected for use by the European Center for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) , which has developed many studies on the subject. Some non-European countries adapt European apprenticeship practices. The system of apprenticeship first developed in the Late Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman
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#17327869257431584-637: Is where businesses that are not able to employ the Australian Apprentice for the full period until they qualify, are able to lease or hire the Australian Apprentice from a Group Training Organisation. It is a safety net, because the Group Training Organisation is the employer and provides continuity of employment and training for the Australian Apprentice. In addition to a safety net, Group Training Organisations (GTO) have other benefits such as additional support for both
1656-580: The National Framework of Qualifications . Each apprenticeship programme lasts between 2 and 4 years. Industry-led groups which work with education and training providers and other partners, oversee the development and roll-out of new apprenticeships. New apprenticeships in ICT , finance and hospitality include software development , accounting technician and commis chef . In Liberia, tailor apprenticeships engage with more skilled tailors to learn
1728-533: The Smith–Hughes Act (1917), The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), and National Apprenticeship Act , also known as the "Fitzgerald Act." The number of American apprentices has increased from 375,000 in 2014 to 500,000 in 2016, while the federal government intends to see 750,000 by 2019, particularly by expanding the apprenticeship model to include white-collar occupations such as information technology . Colophon (publishing) In publishing,
1800-617: The United Kingdom , dating back to around the 12th century. Apprenticeships flourished in the 14th century and were expanded during the Industrial Revolution . In modern times, apprenticeships were formalised in 1964 by act of parliament and they continue to be in widespread use in all four nations, with hundreds of apprenticeships to choose from. Apprenticeship programs in the United States are regulated by
1872-478: The civil unrest end of 2005 , the government, led by prime minister Dominique de Villepin , announced a new law. Dubbed "law on equality of chances", it created the First Employment Contract as well as manual apprenticeship from as early as 14 years of age. From this age, students are allowed to quit the compulsory school system in order to quickly learn a vocation. This measure has long been
1944-640: The title page , which sometimes existed in parallel with a colophon, so that colophons grew generally less common in the 16th century. The statements of printing which appeared, under the terms of the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 ( 39 Geo. 3 . c. 79), on the verso of the title leaf and final page of each book printed in Great Britain in the 19th century are not, strictly speaking, colophons, and are better referred to as "printers' imprints" or "printer statements". In some parts of
2016-442: The " journeyman " or professional certification level of competence. In other cases, they can be offered a permanent job at the company that provided the placement. Although the formal boundaries and terminology of the apprentice/journeyman/master system often do not extend outside guilds and trade unions , the concept of on-the-job training leading to competence over a period of years is found in any field of skilled labor . There
2088-426: The 1950s. The five most popular trades are: Retail Salesperson (5,000 people complete this apprenticeship per year), Clerk (3,500 / year), Car Mechanic (2,000 / year), Hairdresser (1,700 / year), Cook (1,600 / year). There are many smaller trades with small numbers of apprentices, e.g. "EDV-Systemtechniker" (Sysadmin), which is completed by fewer than 100 people a year. The Apprenticeship Leave Certificate provides
2160-570: The Apprenticeship Training is implemented under the National Apprenticeship Ordinance 1962 and Apprenticeship Rules 1966, regulating programs across industries in conjunction with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes. For companies with over fifty workers in apprenticeable trades, it's mandatory to conduct apprenticeship training. All costs, including wages, are covered by
2232-609: The Central Apprenticeship Council and to utilise fully the facilities available in industry for imparting practical training with a view to meeting the requirements of skilled manpower for industry. The Apprentices Act enacted in 1961 and was implemented effectively in 1962. Initially, the Act envisaged training of trade apprentices. The Act was amended in 1973 to include training of graduate and diploma engineers as "Graduate" & "Technician" Apprentices. The Act
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2304-574: The Government of Pakistan, through the National Vocational & Technical Training Commission, has begun reforms to modernize the apprenticeship system. Key aspects include: In Switzerland, after the end of compulsory schooling, two thirds of young people follow a vocational training. Ninety percent of them are in the dual education system . Switzerland has an apprenticeship similarly to Germany and Austria. The educational system
2376-694: The Host employer and the trainee/apprentice through an industry consultant who visits regularly to make sure that the trainee/apprentice are fulfilling their work and training obligations with their Host employer. There is the additional benefit of the trainee/apprentice being employed by the GTO reducing the Payroll/Superannuation and other legislative requirements on the Host employer who pays as invoiced per agreement. Apprenticeship training in Austria
2448-567: The Old Testament (2nd ed., 1969). Colophons are also found in the Pentateuch , where an understanding of this ancient literary convention illuminates passages that are otherwise unclear or incoherent. Examples are Numbers 3:1, where a later (and incorrect) chapter division makes this verse a heading for the following chapter instead of interpreting it properly as a colophon or summary for the preceding two chapters, and Genesis 37:2a,
2520-689: The apprentice with access to two different vocational careers. On the one hand, it is a prerequisite for the admission to the Master Craftsman Exam and for qualification tests, and on the other hand it gives access to higher education via the TVE-Exam or the Higher Education Entrance Exam which are prerequisites for taking up studies at colleges, universities, "Fachhochschulen", post-secondary courses and post-secondary colleges. The person responsible for overseeing
2592-478: The authority of the master is the key to the young apprentice's education and learning process. In Turkey today there are many vocational schools that train children to gain skills to learn a new profession. The student after graduation looks for a job at the nearest local marketplace usually under the authority of a master. Apprenticeships in the United Kingdom are devolved. It has a long tradition in
2664-409: The book. The existence of colophons can be traced back to antiquity. Zetzel, for example, describes an inscription from the 2nd century A.D., preserved in humanistic manuscripts. He cites the colophon from Poggio's manuscript, a humanist from the 15th century: Statili(us) / maximus rursum em(en)daui ad tyrone(m) et laecanianu(m) et dom̅ & alios ueteres. III. ( ‘I, Statilius Maximus, have for
2736-493: The city . Apprenticeship was adopted into military of the West African kingdom of Dahomey . Soldiers in the army were recruited as young as seven or eight years old, as they initially served as shield carriers for regular soldiers. After years of apprenticeship and military experience, the recruits were allowed to join the army as regular soldiers. With a combination of lifelong military experience and monetary incentives,
2808-601: The completion of the provincial exam, they may write the Provincial Standard exam. British Columbia is one province that uses these exams as the provincial exam. This means a qualification for the province will satisfy the whole country. The inter-provincial exam questions are agreed upon by all provinces of the time. At the time there were only four provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper Canada (now Ontario), and Lower Canada (now Quebec). In Canada, each province has its own apprenticeship program, which may be
2880-435: The craft and the skills that may be taught in more traditional school settings. They learn from master tailors, which gives the apprentices a promised job once their training is completed. Apprentices must have a grasp on patterns, measurement, and other mathematics skills. They demonstrate full concept mastery before moving on to the next piece of clothing. Instead of formal testing for evaluation, articles of clothing must meet
2952-476: The craftsman, the apprentice and, generally, the apprentice's parents would often be governed by an indenture . Most apprentices aspired to becoming master craftsmen themselves on completion of their contract (usually a term of seven years), but some would spend time as a journeyman and a significant proportion would never acquire their own workshop . In Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of
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3024-456: The industry. Enforcement is carried out by provincial governments through various TEVTAs, such as Punjab TEVTA, Sindh TEVTA, KP TEVTA, Balochistan TEVTA, and AJK TEVTA. The training period varies by trade, from 1 to 4 years. As of 2015, more than 30,000 apprentices were being trained in 2,751 industries across 276 trades. This accounts for less than 10% of the over 350,000 institution-based vocational trainees produced annually. In recent years,
3096-422: The initial h phoneme before vowels and its use in the beginning of words where it usually does not appear is a dialect trait still typical of Roslagen (eastern Uppland), where Öpir was active. However, recent research presents him as a consistent and careful speller with very few language errors, and based on this reinterpretation of his language skills, the different ways he spelled his own name have led to
3168-531: The name of a proofreader or editor, or other more-or-less relevant details, might be added. A colophon might also be emblematic or pictorial rather than in words. The normal position for a colophon was after the explicit (the end of the text, often after any index or register). Colophons sometimes contained book curses , as this was the one place in a medieval manuscript where a scribe was free to write what he wished. Such curses tend to be unique to each book. After around 1500 these data were often transferred to
3240-1491: The now-lost U 262 in Fresta, U 279 in Skälby, U 287 and U 288 in Vik, U 307 in Ekeby, the now-lost U 315 in Harg, U 462 in Prästgården, U 485 in Marma, U 489 in Morby, U 541 and U 544 in Husby-Lyhundra, the now-lost U 565 in Ekeby Skog, U 566 in Vällingsö, U 687 in Sjusta, U 880 in Skogstibble, U 893 in Högby, U 898 in Norby, U 922 and now-lost U 926 in Uppsala Cathedral , U 961 in Vaksala, U 970 in Bolsta, U 973 in Gränby,
3312-1025: The now-lost U 984 in Ekeby, U 993 in Brunnby, U 1034 in Tensta, U 1063 in Källslätt, U 1072 in Bälinge, U 1100 in Sundbro, U 1106 in Äskelunda, U 1159 in Skensta, U 1177 in Hässelby, U Fv1948;168 in Alsike, U Fv1976;107 at Uppsala Cathedral, and the now-lost Gs 4 in Hedesunda. Rundata lists three additional inscriptions: U 896 in Håga and U 940 in Uppsala, both of which have text stating that Öpir "arranged
3384-517: The number of apprentices from 365,000 in 2005 to 500,000 in 2009. To achieve this aim, the government is, for example, granting tax relief for companies when they take on apprentices. (Since 1925 a tax has been levied to pay for apprenticeships.) The minister in charge of the campaign, Jean-Louis Borloo , also hoped to improve the image of apprenticeships with an information campaign, as they are often connected with academic failure at school and an ability to grasp only practical skills and not theory. After
3456-646: The only route into jobs within compulsory trades . Organisations such as the Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship and Employment and Social Development Canada help to oversee the programmes. In the Czech Republic, the term "vocational school" (učiliště) can refer to the two, three or four years of secondary practical education. Apprenticeship Training is implemented under Education Act (školský zákon). Apprentices spend about 30–60% of their time in companies (sociální partneři školy) and
3528-437: The previous year. Australian Government employer and employee incentives may be applicable, while State and Territory Governments may provide public funding support for the training element of the initiative. Australian Apprenticeships combine time at work with formal training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based. Australian apprentice and traineeship services are dedicated to promoting retention, therefore much effort
3600-704: The quality standards before they can be sold and before the apprentice can begin a new design. The Igbo apprentice system is a framework of formal and informal indentured agreements between parties that ultimately facilitate burgeoning entrepreneurial communities within the Igbos . It is an economic model practiced widely by Igbos and originated in South-Eastern Nigeria . Its purposes were and still remains to spur economic growth and stability, and sustainable livelihood by financing and investing in human resources through vocational training . In Pakistan,
3672-418: The reader organize and identify various tablets, and keep related tablets together. Positionally, colophons on ancient tablets are comparable to a signature line in modern times. Bibliographically, however, they more closely resemble the imprint page in a modern book. Examples of colophons in ancient literature may be found in the compilation The Ancient Near East: Supplementary Texts and Pictures Relating to
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#17327869257433744-570: The rest in formal education. Depending on the profession, they may work for two to three days a week in the company and then spend two or three days at a vocational school. In France, apprenticeships also developed between the ninth and thirteenth centuries, with guilds structured around apprentices, journeymen and master craftsmen , continuing in this way until 1791, when the guilds were suppressed. The first laws regarding apprenticeships were passed in 1851. From 1919, young people had to take 150 hours of theory and general lessons in their subject
3816-400: The rise and perpetuation of printing for Armenians. With the development of the private press movement from around 1890, colophons became conventional in private press books, and often included a good deal of additional information on the book, including statements of limitation, data on paper, ink, type, and binding, and other technical details. Some such books include a separate "Note about
3888-560: The runes," and U 1022 in Storvreta. It has been suggested that these three inscriptions represent works from the beginning of Öpir's career. Another inscription that listed by Rundata, Sö 11 in Gryts, is indicated as being signed by a second person named Öpir. A record of Упирь ( Upir′ ) appears in a document dated 1047 AD. It is a colophon in a manuscript of the Book of Psalms written by
3960-418: The same time but, even if they are, there is no relation between the undergoing studies and the apprenticeship. Cooperative apprenticeships are those organized and managed in cooperation between educational institutions and employers. They vary in terms of governance, some being more employer lead and others more educational institution lead, but they are always associated with a curriculum and are designed as
4032-743: The scope of the Statutory Apprenticeship system, which is organised by SOLAS in co-operation with the Department of Education , employers and unions . An Apprenticeship Council is also in place. An apprenticeship provides on-the-job training with an employer. It usually alternates between off-the-job training in an education centre and on-the-job training at an employer's workplace. An apprenticeship generally lasts for 4 years, during which time there are 3 different periods in off-the-job training. This training phase takes place in an Education and Training Board (ETB) Training Centre while
4104-420: The second time revised the text according to Tiro, Laecanianus, Domitius and three others.’ ) A common colophon at the end of hand copied manuscripts was simply "Finished, thank God." Colophons can be categorized into four groups. Examples of expressive colophons: Example of a directive colophon: Example of a declarative colophon: The term is also applied to clay tablet inscriptions appended by
4176-477: The subsequent off-the-job training phases take place in an Institute of Technology . After on-going assessments through on-the-job competence testing as well as off-the-job modular assessments and examinations, if passed successfully the apprentice is awarded an Advanced Certificate in craft (level 6 on the National Framework of Qualifications ). New apprenticeships in other areas of industry were introduced from 2016, and can lead to an award between Levels 5–10 on
4248-464: The three pillars of employment, housing and equal opportunities. The French government pledged to further develop apprenticeship as a path to success at school and to employment, based on its success: in 2005, 80% of young French people who had completed an apprenticeship entered employment. In France, the term apprenticeship often denotes manual labor but it also includes other jobs like secretary, manager, engineer, shop assistant... The plan aimed to raise
4320-472: The time it takes to gain a qualification. The Australian government uses Australian Apprenticeships Centres to administer and facilitate Australian Apprenticeships so that funding can be disseminated to eligible businesses, apprentices and trainees, supporting the whole process as it underpins the future skills of Australian industry. Australia also has a fairly unusual safety net in place for businesses and Australian Apprentices with its Group Training scheme. This
4392-504: The training inside the company is called "Lehrherr" or "Ausbilder". An Ausbilder must prove that he has the professional qualifications needed to educate another person, has no criminal record and is an otherwise-respectable person. The law states that "the person wanting to educate a young apprentice must prove that he has an ethical way of living and the civic qualities of a good citizen". In Canada, apprenticeships tend to be formalized for craft trades and technician level qualifications. At
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#17327869257434464-433: The type", which will identify the names of the primary typefaces used, provide a brief description of the type's history, and a brief statement about its most identifiable physical characteristics. Some commercial publishers took up the use of colophons and began to include similar details in their books, either at the end of the text (the traditional position) or on the verso of the title leaf. Such colophons might identify
4536-454: The various accounts in a series of tablets. In early printed books the colophon, when present, was a brief description of the printing and publication of the book, giving some or all of the following data: the date of publication, the place of publication or printing (sometimes including the address as well as the city name), the name(s) of the printer(s), and the name(s) of the publisher(s), if different. Sometimes additional information, such as
4608-585: The word), but sometimes the same information appears elsewhere (when it may still be referred to as colophon) and many modern (post-1800) books bear this information on the title page or on the verso of the title leaf, which is sometimes called a biblio page or (when bearing copyright data) the copyright page . The term colophon derives from the Late Latin colophōn , from the Greek κολοφών (meaning "summit" or "finishing touch"). The term colophon
4680-423: The world, colophons helped fledgling printers and printing companies gain social recognition. For example, in early modern Armenia printers used colophons as a way to gain "prestige power" by getting their name out into the social sphere. The use of colophons in early modern Armenian print culture is significant as well because it signaled the rate of decline in manuscript production and scriptoria use, and conversely
4752-600: Was active mostly in southern and eastern Uppland, but there are stones made by him also in Gästrikland and Södermanland . It is a characteristic of his runestones that there is a single rune serpent in the shape of an 8. Moreover, the style is characterized by elegance and control in the complex intervolutions of the rune serpents. His name Öpir was probably originally a nickname as it means "shouter," and used as his sobriquet . On one runestone, U 485 in Marma, he gives his full name: Ofæigʀ Øpiʀ. The Old Norse of Öpir
4824-419: Was entitled to employ young people as an inexpensive form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging and formal training in the craft. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in crafts such as seamstress , tailor , cordwainer , baker and stationer . Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, and would live in the master craftsman's household. The contract between
4896-617: Was further amended in 1986 to bring within its purview the training of the 10+2 vocational stream as "Technician (Vocational)" Apprentices. Overall responsibility is with the Directorate General of Employment & Training (DGE&T) in the Union Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship . In Ireland the apprenticeships are split into two main categories: "craft" and "new". The main craft trades and professions have been designated by SOLAS and come within
4968-477: Was in fact an Old Russian transcription and/or translation of the name of Ofeigr Öpir. Sjöberg argued that Öpir could possibly have lived in Novgorod before moving to Sweden, considering the connection between Eastern Scandinavia and Kievan Rus' at the time. This theory is still controversial, although at least one Swedish historian, Henrik Janson, has expressed support for it. Apprentices Apprenticeship
5040-478: Was special as the h phoneme does not appear to have been part of his language , and not mastering where to use it, he is known to have added [REDACTED] , the Younger Futhark rune for the h phoneme , where it usually did not belong. Some instances of this misspelling are huaru ( varu ), hustr / huastr ( austr or vestr ), hut ( ut ) and Huikiar (the personal name Vigæir ). The loss of
5112-402: Was used in 1729 as the bibliographic explication at the end of the book by the English printer Samuel Palmer in his The General History of Printing, from Its first Invention in the City of Mentz to Its first Progress and Propagation thro' the most celebrated Cities in Europe. Thereafter, colophon has been the common designation for the final page that gives details of the physical creation of
5184-404: Was widened to include the brevet professionnel (certificate of vocational aptitude), the bac professionnel (vocational baccalaureate diploma), the brevet de technicien supérieur (advanced technician's certificate), engineering diplomas, master's degree and more. On January 18, 2005, President Jacques Chirac announced the introduction of a law on a programme for social cohesion comprising
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