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87-523: The Lindenhof is a moraine hill that since the European Middle Ages is used as a public square, situated amidst the historic center of Zurich . It was the site of the Roman and Carolingian era Kaiserpfalz around which the modern city has historically grown. The hilltop area including its prehistoric, Celtic, Roman and medieval remains, therefore dominates the historical center alongside

174-486: A Celtic Oppidum from the 1st century BC ( La Tène culture ), whose remains were found in archaeological campaigns in the years 1989, 1997, 2004 and 2007 on Lindenhof and Rennweg . In 15 BC, Augustus's stepsons Drusus and Tiberius integrated the territory on the left side of Lake Zurich into the Roman provinces Raetia and Germania Superior . Several stone buildings from the Roman period were located on and around

261-399: A moraine hill and a public square in the historic center of Zürich , Switzerland. It is the site of the Roman and Carolingian era Kaiserpfalz around which the city has historically grown. The hilltop area—including its prehistoric, Roman, and medieval remains—is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance . Lindenhof (its northern part is called Sihlbühl ) dominates

348-404: A vicarius , Maximinus . Subsequently, Theodosius restored the rest of Britain to the empire and rebuilt many fortifications – renaming northern Britain ' Valentia '. After his return in 369, Valentinian promoted Theodosius to magister equitum in place of Jovinus. In 372, the rebellion of Firmus broke out in the still-devastated African provinces. This rebellion was driven by the corruption of

435-833: A Roman alliance with the Burgundians did have the effect of scattering the Alemanni through fear of an imminent attack from their enemies. This event allowed the magister equitum Theodosius to attack the Alemanni through Raetia. The many prisoners he took were settled in the Po river valley in Italy, where they still resided at the time Ammianus wrote his history. Valentinian campaigned unsuccessfully for four more years to defeat Macrian, who in 372 barely escaped capture by Theodosius. Meanwhile, Valentinian continued to recruit heavily from Alemanni friendly to Rome. The Alemannic king Fraomarius

522-471: A bigamist. It is also possible that Socrates attempted to accuse Justina, who was an Arian , of fornication, a common aspersion against other cults. According to John Malalas , the Chronicon Paschale , and John of Nikiu , the empress Severa was banished by Valentinian I for conducting an illegal transaction, before he consorted with Justina. Barnes believes this story to be an attempt to justify

609-531: A circle of 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter. The rotunda is located on the former island settlement, about 500 metres (1,640 ft) away from the Vicus Turicum . The archaeological material indicates that the facility sure may was used up in the 3rd century AD, even up in the 4th century AD by the Gallo-Roman population. On the one hand, the interpretation as the temple is based on the insularity and

696-468: A coordinated assault on Roman Britain by Picts , Scoti , and Saxons . Valentinian founded the Valentinianic dynasty , with his sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the western half of the empire. Valentinian was born in 321 at Cibalae (now Vinkovci , Croatia ) in southern Pannonia into a family of Illyrian-Roman origin . Valentinian and his younger brother Valens were

783-497: A hostile meeting with a Quadi deputation, who received permission for their people to leave in peace in return for supplying fresh recruits to the Roman army. The envoys insisted that the conflict was caused by the building of Roman forts in their lands. They added that individual bands of Quadi, not affiliated with the chiefs who had made the treaties, might still attack the Romans at any time. Enraged, Valentinian began yelling abuse at

870-418: A humiliating peace treaty, then started back to Constantinople. During Jovian's brief reign Valentinian was promoted to tribune of a Scutarii (elite infantry) regiment, which Hughes considered to reflect the emperor’s trust in him, and dispatched to Ancyra . Jovian died in mysterious circumstances before he reached the capital, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened at Nicaea to choose

957-541: A man well qualified and at hand, the assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian and sent messengers to inform him in Ancyra. Valentinian accepted the acclamation on 25 or 26 February 364. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain of his loyalties. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. According to Ammianus the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian's bold demeanour and his willingness to assume

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1044-468: A new emperor. Salutius , who had already refused the throne after Julian's death, now did so again, first for himself and then on behalf of his son. Two other names were proposed: Aequitius , a tribune of the first Scutarii, and Januarius, a relative of Jovian's in charge of military supplies in Illyricum. Both were rejected; Aequitius as too rough and boorish, Januarius because he was too far away. As

1131-527: A physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city. He also reissued an edict of Constantine I making infanticide a capital offence. Unfortunately Valentinian's good intentions were often frustrated by a bad choice of ministers, and "an obstinate belief in their merits despite all evidence to the contrary." Further, the benevolence of his more generous edicts was counterbalanced by remarkable cruelty and barbarism in his private affairs. He often had servants and attendants executed on trifling charges, and

1218-525: A place of festivities, including the engagement of the German emperor Henry IV with Bertha von Turin on Christmas in 1055. The Roman castle's remains existed until the early medieval age: a Carolingian , later Ottonian Pfalz (1054) was built on its remains. This Kaiserpfalz was a long building with a chapel on the eastern side of the fortified hill; it is last mentioned in 1172, and it was derelict by 1218, when its remains were scavenged for construction of

1305-470: A representative of the army, and Rusticus Julianus, magister memoriae and a representative of the Gallic nobility. The conflict dissipated when Valentinian recovered and appointed his son Gratian as his co-Augustus in the west. Ammianus remarks that such an action was unprecedented. Jovinus quickly returned saying that he needed more men to take care of the situation. In 368 Valentinian appointed Theodosius as

1392-479: A settlement Turicum that was more significant than assumed before. A v-shaped Celtic ditch was also dug out, which was discovered a few years ago at the site of the former Oetenbach nunnery . It was probably not an external but an inner moat. This finding is important because the Celts of the late LaäTène period divided their settlements with trenches into different zones. As in other Celtic settlements, this moat marks

1479-532: Is engraved on the 2nd-century AD tombstone of a little boy. It was found on 15 May 1747, at Pfalzgasse lane leading to the St. Peter church, and refers to the Roman STA(tio) TUR(i)CEN(sis) . Using the advantage of the local topography, the Roman military built a citadel on top of the hill in the years of the Roman emperor Valentinian I (364–375), to defend migrations from the north by

1566-420: Is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance , including the remains of its prehistoric Celtic , Gallo-Roman and medieval settlements and buildings. 47°22′23″N 8°32′27″E  /  47.37306°N 8.54083°E  / 47.37306; 8.54083 Valentinian I Valentinian I ( Latin : Valentinianus ; 321 – 17 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian

1653-541: The Lindenhofkeller at one's own risk by contacting Baugeschichtliches Archiv situated at Neumarkt, Zurich . During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, a round wooden temple as an island sanctuary was built at the Grosser Hafner island. The building was erected in 122 AD, and consisted of oak piles driven deep into the lake bottom, surrounded probably with walls made of perishable materials, which formed

1740-404: The magister equitum . Ammianus makes it clear that Valens was subordinate to his brother. The remainder of 364 was spent delegating administrative duties and military commands. According to the 5th century pagan historian Zosimus , who was inclined to revile the restorer of Christianity , all the ministers and officials appointed by Julian were summarily dismissed in disgrace. This assertion

1827-574: The Alamanni . 4,500 square metres (48,438 sq ft) large, it was fitted with 10 towers and 2 metres (7 ft) wide walls. Likely between the fifth and seventh centuries AD, the hilltop leveled fort became the retaining wall of the growing Gallo-Roman settlement, and so gave the Lindenhof terrace largely its current form. The remains of the Roman Castra were used as the center of

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1914-567: The Bürkliplatz square and Lindenhof). Lindenhof was largely surrounded by water: until the early medieval area, neighboring Münsterhof ( Fraumünster abbey square) was a swampy hollow flooded by the Sihl . Therefore, Lindenhof was an optimal location for early fortified settlements. Middle Bronze Age (1500 BC) artefacts were found near the Limmat ( Schipfe ). Archaeologists found remains of

2001-812: The Lindenhof quarter in district 1 (Altstadt) , the historical center of Zürich's Altstadt . To the North, it ends at Uraniastrasse (City police station) and to the South, it ends near St. Peter church . In the West, the hill is limited by the Bahnhofstrasse , and in the east, it ends at the Limmat and the Schipfe quarter. Lindenhof sits atop the remains of a glacier . The hill and its public square are part of

2088-546: The Linth Glacier's moraines in the area of Zürich. The now largely flattened Lindenhof (428 m ü. M) rises about 25 meters above the Limmat. At the flat shore of Lake Zurich were Neolithic and Bronze Age (4500 to 850 BC) lakeside settlements , such as Kleiner Hafner and Grosser Hafner (both small former islands west of Sechseläutenplatz , near Bauschänzli at the Stadthausquai , Alpenquai at

2175-490: The Middle Ages , the hilltop leveled fort became the retaining wall and gave the Lindenhof terrace a form similar to its current form. The remains of the Roman camp were used as the center of the later fortification of the historical center of Zürich. Significant parts of the lime mortar and ancient castle wall were integrated into the town houses around the Lindenhof and in a Kaiserpfalz (broken in 1218), which served as

2262-462: The Paradies building and converted it into a lodge building with distinctive gables. At this time, coins, stove tiles and other artefacts from the Roman and medieval times were found. 1865, severe storm damage resulted in a redesign: Instead of Lime trees, the park was dominated for some years by chestnut and acacia trees. The redesign was not accepted by the population, and in 1900, Lindenhof Square

2349-487: The Swiss National Museum ; a copy is integrated in the Lindenhof wall at Pfalzgasse , leading to St. Peter church. Using the topography, the Roman military built a citadel on top of the hill in the years of the Roman emperor Valentinian I (364–375), to defend migrations from the North by the Alamanni . It was 4500 square meters large, and it was fitted with 10 towers and two meter wide walls. During

2436-621: The city walls and stone masonry on private houses. In 1937, archaeologists found graves of late medieval children and adults that were oriented from the east to the west. In the year 1384, a chapel on the Lindenhof was mentioned, but no remains have been found. It is believed that the chapel was part of the processional axis Wasserkirche , Grossmünster and Fraumünster church processions that ended in 1524 or 1525 ( Reformation in Zürich ). These religious celebrations at Pentecost honored Zürich's Saints Felix and Regula and Exuperantius. Following

2523-629: The comes Romanus. Romanus took sides in the murderous disputes among the legitimate and illegitimate children of Nubel, a Moorish prince and leading Roman client in Africa. Resentment of Romanus's personal use of public funds and his failure to defend the province from desert nomads caused some of the provincials to revolt. Valentinian sent in Theodosius to restore imperial control. Over the following two years Theodosius uncovered Romanus' crimes, arrested him and his supporters, and defeated both Firmus and

2610-672: The African tribes like the Abanni and Caprarienses that supported him. In 373, hostilities erupted with the Quadi , a group of Germanic-speaking people living on the upper Danube. Like the Alamanni, the Quadi were outraged that Valentinian was building fortifications in their territory. They complained and sent deputations to the magister armorum per Illyricum Aequitius, who promised to refer

2697-454: The Alemanni while he himself made preparations to march east and help Valens. After receiving counsel from his court and deputations from the leading Gallic cities begging him to stay and protect Gaul, he decided to remain and fight the Alemanni. Valentinian advanced to Durocortorum and sent two generals, Charietto and Severianus, against the invaders. Both generals were promptly defeated and killed; Dagalaifus took their place in 366, but he

Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-530: The Alemanni, who promptly re-crossed the Rhine and plundered Moguntiacum . Valentinian succeeded in arranging the assassination of Vithicabius , an Alemannic leader, but wanted to decisively end the conflict by bringing the Alemanni under Roman hegemony. Valentinian spent the entire winter of 367 gathering a massive army for a spring offensive. He summoned the Comes Italiae Sebastianus, with

2871-618: The Emperor's presence was needed to counter an invasion of Illyricum by the Quadi and Sarmatians. In 367, events known as the Great Conspiracy threatened Roman control of Britain. Valentinian received reports that a combined force of Picts , Attacotti and Scots had attacked the province, killing the Comes litoris Saxonici Nectaridus and Dux Britanniarum Fullofaudes . At the same time, Frankish and Saxon forces were raiding

2958-668: The Great , was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. He ruled the Western half of the empire, while his brother Valens ruled the East . During his reign, he fought successfully against the Alamanni , Quadi , and Sarmatians , strengthening the border fortifications and conducting campaigns across the Rhine and Danube . His general Theodosius defeated a revolt in Africa and the Great Conspiracy ,

3045-567: The Italian and Illyrian legions, to join Jovinus and Severus, the magister peditum . In the spring of 368 Valentinian, his eight-year-old son Gratian and the army crossed the Rhine and Main rivers into Alemannic territory. Initially they encountered no resistance, burning any dwellings or food stores they found along the way. Finally, Valentinian fought the Alemanni in the Battle of Solicinium ;

3132-429: The Limmat at Schipfe— Limmatquai . At the flat shore of Lake Zurich , there are Neolithic and Bronze Age (4500 to 850 BC) finds, most of them related to the lakeside settlements Kleiner Hafner and Grosser Hafner (both small former islands west of Sechseläutenplatz , near Bauschänzli at the Stadthausquai , and Alpenquai at the Bürkliplatz square. Lindenhof then was largely surrounded by water: until

3219-541: The Quadi to war, along with their allies the Sarmatians. During the fall, they crossed the Danube and began ravaging the province of Pannonia Valeria . The marauders could not penetrate the fortified cities, but they heavily damaged the unprotected countryside. Two legions were sent in but failed to coordinate and were routed by the Sarmatians. Meanwhile, another group of Sarmatians invaded Moesia , but were driven back by

3306-436: The Quadi. He was accompanied by Sebastianus and Merobaudes , and spent the summer months preparing for the campaign. In the fall he crossed the Danube at Aquincum into Quadi territory. After pillaging Quadi lands without opposition, he retired to Savaria to winter quarters. Without waiting for the spring, Valentinian decided to continue campaigning and moved from Savaria to Brigetio . He arrived on 17 November 375 and had

3393-482: The Romans were victorious but suffered heavy casualties. A temporary peace was reached and Valentinian returned to Trier for the winter. During 369, Valentinian ordered new defensive works to be constructed and old structures refurbished along the length of the Rhine's west bank. Boldly, he ordered the construction of a fortress across the Rhine in the mountains near modern Heidelberg . The Alemanni sent envoys to protest, but they were dismissed. The Alemanni attacked

3480-519: The about 18,000 coins originate from the Eastern Gaul , others are of the Zurich type, that were assigned to the local Helvetii , and date to around 100 BC. The find is so far unique, and the scientific research assumes that the melting down of the lumps was not completed, therefore the aim was to form cultic offerings . The site of the find was at that time at least 50 metres (164 ft) from

3567-521: The artisans' quarter, lodging for the nobilitas, cult districts and public spaces. Emil Vogt assumed in the 1960s for traces of an early Roman military system, which he put into context with the Roman Alps campaigns in 15 BC, and so the Celtic finds in the beginning have been classified as Roman finds. During the renovations at Rennweg in 1989, archaeologists discovered traces of a Celtic settlement for

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3654-424: The beauty of her friend Justina , [t]he emperor, treasuring this description by his wife in his own mind, considered with himself how he could espouse Justina, without repudiating Severa, as she had borne him Gratian, whom he had created Augustus a little while before. He accordingly framed a law, and caused it to be published throughout all the cities, by which any man was permitted to have two lawful wives. The law

3741-426: The coastal areas of northern Gaul. Valentinian set out for Britain, sending Comes domesticorum Severus ahead of him to investigate. Severus was not able to correct the situation and returned to Gaul, meeting Valentinian at Samarobriva . Valentinian then sent Jovinus to Britain and promoted Severus to magister peditum . It was at this time that Valentinian fell ill and a battle for succession broke out between Severus,

3828-605: The confusion and cross the Rhine , attacking several important settlements and fortifications. In 355, after deposing his cousin Gallus but still feeling the crises of the empire too much for one emperor to handle, Constantius raised his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar . With the situation in Gaul rapidly deteriorating, Julian was made at least nominal commander of one of the two main armies in Gaul, Barbatio being commander of

3915-434: The cultural layers and rich bar decoration of ceramics occurred exclusively in the lower layer, while the decoration on cannelure groups was limited to the upper layer, as well as some graphite-decorated fragments. So-called Potin lumps , those largest weights 59.2 kilograms (131 lb), where found at Alpenquai in 1890. They consist of a large number of fused Celtic coins, which are mixed with charcoal remnants. Some of

4002-403: The demolition of the former royal residence, the hill—the only public park within the city walls—became an area for public life and relaxation, with dense tree vegetation, stone tables, crossbow stands, and bowling and chess; the latter are still very popular in modern times. According to a chronicle, fifty-two tilias (lime trees) were planted in 1774. Bow and crossbow-shooting was probably one of

4089-570: The design, on the other hand on finds of coins; the majority of the now nearly 90 coins probably are from a so far not proven predecessor building, probably from the third quarter of the 1st century AD. An island sanctuary of the Helvetii in connection with the 1st century BC settlement oppidum may be assumed. On the occasion of construction works at the Alpenquai site, investigation conducted by probes and probing ditches occurred in 1970. Despite

4176-404: The divorce of Valentinian I without accusing the emperor. The coin portraits of Valentinian and Valens are of dubious quality, showing "heavy" faces rendered with "no animation, and little consistency". A more flattering physical description of Valentinian is given by Ammianus (XXX.9.6), who praises the emperor's "strong and muscular body, his brilliant complexion, his grey eyes, with a gaze that

4263-467: The dredging for the construction of the Seequai between 1916 and 1919, an amazingly big area of approximately 2.8 hectares (7 acres) with two cultural layers was preserved. Both, the upper and the lower cultural layer, were separated by an about 10 centimetres (3.94 in) cm thick layer of lake marl composed of several layers of different materials. There were found pile shoes at different altitudes in

4350-505: The early medieval area, the neighboring Münsterhof area was a swampy, by the Sihl river delta flooded hollow, so that Lindenhof hill was an optimal location for early probably fortified settlements. Middle Bronze Age (1500 BC) artefacts were found at Schipfe ). For the 1st century BC ( La Tène culture ), archaeologists excavated individual and aerial finds of the Celtic oppidum, whose remains were discovered in archaeological campaigns in

4437-540: The easterly Limmat riverbank and the historical Schipfe quarter. Its northern part, where the former medieval Oetenbach nunnery was built at the site of a prehistoric cultic place at the present Uraniastrasse road, is called Sihlbühl , meaning the slope towards the Sihl river delta. At the same place, the Urania Sternwarte and Waisenhaus Zürich were built in 1901/02, and therefore important historical archaeological excavations never were done. To

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4524-485: The eastern side of the still fortified hill; it is last mentioned in 1172, and was derelict by 1218, when its remains were partly scavenged for construction of the city walls and stone masonry on private houses. The Masonic lodge Modestia cum Libertate (MCL) bought in 1851 the so-called Paradies building, where coins, stove tiles and other artefacts from the Celtic, Roman and medieval times were found. The Celtic and Roman remains and foundation stones can be seen in

4611-585: The entire invading force. Valentinian meanwhile tried to persuade the Burgundians – bitter enemies of the Alemanni – to attack Macrian , a powerful Alemannic chieftain. If the Alamanni tried to flee, Valentinian would be waiting for them with his army. Negotiations with the Burgundians broke down when Valentinian, in his usual high-handed manner, refused to meet with the Burgundian envoys and personally assure them of Roman support. Nevertheless, rumors of

4698-617: The envoys and suffered a fatal stroke. As was the custom, he was deified , becoming known as Latin: Divus Valentinianus Senior , lit.   'the Divine Valentinian the Elder';. Modern historian A.H.M. Jones writes that although Valentinian I was "less of a boor" than his chief rival for election to the imperial throne, "he was of a violent and brutal temper, and not only uncultivated himself, but hostile to cultivated persons". According to Ammianus , "he hated

4785-417: The first time. The significance of the findings was recognized, however, only when in sewer rehabilitation remains of Celtic buildings a few years later have been found. Since then, archaeologists have made further discoveries during excavations at the foot of the Lindenhof hill, whose scientific evaluation proves the Celtic settlement. Recent discoveries set older finds in a new light, and the interpretation of

4872-551: The fortress while it was still under construction and destroyed it. In 370 the Saxons renewed their attacks on northern Gaul. Nannienus, the comes in charge of the troops in northern Gaul, urged Severus to come to his aid. After several modest successes, a truce was called and the Saxons handed over young men fit for duty in the Roman military, in exchange for free passage back to their homeland. The Romans ambushed them and destroyed

4959-485: The hill. It was part of the small vicus Turicum , located on both sides of the Limmat and connected by a Roman bridge located near the present Rathausbrücke . Turicum , Zürich's Roman name and possibly also its Celtic name, is engraved on a 2nd-century tombstone of a little boy. It was found on May 15, 1747, and it refers to the Roman STA(tio) TUR(i)CEN(sis) . The tombstone is located in

5046-515: The imperial authority. To further prevent a succession crisis he agreed to pick a co- Augustus , perhaps as a reassurance to civilian officials in the Eastern part of the Empire that someone with imperial authority would be present to protect their interests. Valentinian selected his brother Valens as co- Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364. This was done over the objections of Dagalaifus ,

5133-514: The lake shore, and probably 1 metre (3 ft) to 3 metres (10 ft) deep in the water. During the November 2007 excavation under the guidance of Margrit Balmerm, well plates were found that were used by the Celts for making money. Researchers believe that in the wells, small amounts of metal were melted thereby producing metal blanks, and the planchets were later used for coinage. The 1st century BC inhabitants of Celtic Zurich therefore lived in

5220-407: The later fortification of the historical center of Zurich. Significant parts of the lime mortar and ancient castle wall are integrated into the town houses around the Lindenhof and in a Pfalz . The Gallo-Roman remains existed until the early European Middle Ages, when a Carolingian , later Ottonian Pfalz (1054) was built on its remains. This Kaiserpfalz was a long building with a chapel on

5307-513: The matter to Valentinian. However, the increasingly influential minister Maximinus, now praetorian prefect of Gaul, blamed Aequitius to Valentinian for the trouble, and managed to have him promote his son Marcellianus to finish the project. The protests of Quadic leaders continued to delay the project, and to put an end to their clamor Marcellianus murdered the Quadic king Gabinius at a banquet ostensibly arranged for peaceful negotiations. This roused

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5394-403: The most brilliant Latin scholar at that time, as tutor for his son Gratian, showing an appreciation for the kind of classical education which he himself had been denied. An able soldier and a conscientious administrator, he took an interest in the welfare of the humbler classes, from which his father had risen. He founded schools, and provided medical attendance for the poor of Rome by appointing

5481-549: The most important leisure activities on the Lindenhof. Each Zürich guild had its own stone table, and the costumed guild members met on Sechseläuten for dinner, described by Gottfried Keller in his poem Ein Festzug in Zürich (a procession in Zürich, 1856). In August 1526, guests from St. Gallen were invited by the city councils and all the Guilds of Zürich for a dinner. The attendees of this dinner included Ulrich Zwingli ,

5568-452: The new Comes Britanniarum with instructions to return Britain to Roman rule. Meanwhile, Severus and Jovinus were to accompany the emperor on his campaign against the Alamanni. Theodosius arrived in 368 with the Batavi , Heruli , Jovii and Victores legions. Landing at Rutupiæ , he proceeded to Londinium , restoring order to southern Britain. Later, he rallied the remaining garrison which

5655-454: The other. Constantius devised a strategy where Julian and Barbatio would operate in a pincer movement against the Alamanni. However, a band of Alamanni slipped past Julian and Barbatio and attacked Lugdunum ( Lyon ). Julian sent the tribunes Valentinian and Bainobaudes to watch the road the raiders would have to return by. However, their efforts were hindered by Barbatio and his tribune Cella. The Alamanni king Chnodomarius took advantage of

5742-572: The practice of magic . In Christian affairs, he released edicts against the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. One new law, issued via Pope Damasus I , prohibited the granting of bequests to clergymen, and another said that members of the sacerdotal order must discharge the public duties owed on account of their property, or else relinquish it. An account by Socrates Scholasticus , in his Historia Ecclesiastica , has led some to describe Valentinian as polygamous . The text says that, having heard his wife Marina Severa constantly praise

5829-555: The prominent Zürich cleric; Leo Jud ; Konrad Pelikan ; Friedrich Myconius ; and the Kappel abbey 's abbot. The Hedwig Fountain (1688) was sculpted by Gustav Siber . It depicts the legend of the siege of Zürich in 1292 with a helmeted sculpture of the leader of the Zürich women. Under baroque influence, Lindenhof was converted in 1780 to a strictly geometrical park. 1851, the Masonic lodge Modestia cum Libertate (M.c.L.) bought

5916-450: The research is still not succeeded, and therefore old finds will be re-interpreted. The hillside area is listed as in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance , including the remains of its prehistoric, Roman and medieval settlements respectively buildings as a Class A object. Lindenhof hill The Lindenhof (lit.: courtyard of the lime ) is

6003-525: The situation and attacked the Romans, inflicting heavy losses. Barbatio complained to Constantius and the debacle was blamed on Valentinian and Bainobaudes, who were cashiered from the army. With his career in ruins, Valentinian returned to his new family estate in Sirmium . Two years later his first wife Marina Severa gave birth to a son, Gratian . During the sole reign of the polytheist Julian, Valentinian's actions and location become uncertain, but he

6090-466: The son of Theodosius, Dux Moesiae and later emperor Theodosius . Valentinian did not receive news of these crises until late 374. The following spring he set out from Trier and arrived at Carnuntum , which was deserted. There he was met by Sarmatian envoys who begged forgiveness for their actions. Valentinian replied that he would investigate what had happened and act accordingly. Valentinian ignored Marcellianus’ treacherous actions and decided to punish

6177-436: The sons of Gratianus (nicknamed Funarius), a military officer renowned for his wrestling skills. Gratianus was promoted to comes Africae in the late 320s or early 330s, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Africa. However, Gratianus was soon accused of embezzlement and retired. Valentinian joined the army in the late 330s and later probably acquired the position of protector domesticus . Gratianus

6264-506: The south, near the St. Peter church hill, there was another cultic construction towards Münsterhof , and in the west, the hill is limited by the today's Rennweg—Bahnhofstrasse lanes, the site of the Helvetii accommodation and artisan district. The now largely flattened Lindenhof area elevates at 428 metres (1,404 ft) above sea level, and rises about 25 metres (82 ft) above the level of

6351-425: The territory on the easterly shore of Lake Zurich into the Roman provinces Raetia and Germania Superior . Several stone buildings from the Roman period were located on and surrounding the hill. It was part of the small vicus Turicum , located on both banks of the Limmat, and connected by a Roman bridge located near the present Rathausbrücke – Weinplatz . Turicum , Zurich's Roman and possibly Celtic name,

6438-455: The two emperors met in Pannonia and fought the Battle of Mursa Major , which ended in a costly victory for Constantius. Two years later Magnentius killed himself after another defeat at the Battle of Mons Seleucus , leaving Constantius sole ruler of the empire. It was around this time that Constantius confiscated Gratianus' property, for supposedly showing hospitality to Magnentius when he

6525-509: The well-dressed and educated and wealthy and well-born". Clearly, Valentinian had his enemies in Rome who wanted to defame him by describing him as an illiterate brute. This was not a complete picture: Ammianus concedes that Valentinian had some spontaneous oratorical skill, and also says that in his spare time the emperor was "an elegant painter and modeller [i.e., sculptor], and an inventor of new kinds of [weapons]" (XXX.9.4). He appointed Ausonius,

6612-611: The years 1989, 1997, 2004 and 2007 on Lindenhof and Rennweg , and also in the 1900s but mistakenly identified as Roman objects. Not yet archaeologically proven but suggested by historians, as well for the first construction of the today's Münsterbrücke Limmat crossing, the present Weinplatz square was the former civilian harbour of the Celtic-Roman Turicum , and so the term Weinplatz may have kept its ancient meaning wine square . In 15 BC, Augustus' stepsons Drusus and later Emperor Tiberius Claudius Nero integrated

6699-585: Was also ineffective. Late in the campaigning season Dagalaifus was replaced by Jovinus , a general from the court of Valentinian. After several victories along the Meuse river, Jovinus fought and won a pitched battle with the Alemanni near Chalôn. After his victory he pushed the Alemanni out of Gaul and was awarded the consulate the following year for his efforts. In early 367, crises in Britain and northern Gaul postponed Valentinian's punitive expedition against

6786-612: Was given its present appearance. Today, there are numerous public events and festivals in addition to the historical guild dinner. The Square is also a tourist attraction. Cars are not allowed in the narrow streets to the Lindenhof. Among the prominent historical visitors are Giacomo Casanova ; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ; Johannes von Müller ; Herzog Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ; Johann Gottlieb Fichte ; Anne Louise Germaine de Staël ; Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel ; Johann Ludwig Uhland ; Franz Liszt ; Richard Wagner and Johannes Brahms . The hillside area

6873-743: Was given the Prefecture of Oriens , governed by prefect Salutius . Valentinian gained control of Italy , Gaul , and Illyricum . Valens resided in Constantinople , while Valentinian's court was situated in Milan ( Mediolanum ). In 365 the Alemanni crossed the Rhine and invaded Gaul. Simultaneously, Procopius began his revolt against Valens in the east. According to Ammianus, Valentinian received news of both crises on 1 November while on his way to Paris . He initially sent Dagalaifus to fight

6960-484: Was given the rank of tribune and sent to Britain in 372–373 with an army of reinforcements, and the noblemen Bitheridius and Hortarius became commanders in Valentinian's army, although Hortarius was soon executed for conspiring with Macrian. The campaigns against hostile Alemanni were hampered by troubles first in Africa, and later on the Danube river. In 374 Valentinian was forced to make peace with Macrian because

7047-421: Was in Pannonia. Despite his father's fall from favour, Valentinian does not seem to have been adversely affected at this time, making it unlikely he ever fought for the usurper. It is known that Valentinian was in the region during the conflict, but what involvement he had in the war, if any, is unknown. The conflict between Magnentius and Constantius had allowed the Alamanni and Franks to take advantage of

7134-584: Was later recalled during the early 340s and was made comes Britanniae . After holding this post, he retired to the family estate in Cibalae. In 350, Constans I was assassinated by agents of the usurper Magnentius , a commander who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul . Constantius II , older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army. The following year

7221-537: Was likely exiled, or perhaps simply sent to command a remote outpost. The sources give contradictory accounts of what happened, with some versions saying that he refused to make pagan sacrifices and voluntarily chose to leave, and others saying he was merely dismissed for his Christianity. At the news of Julian's death on a campaign against the Sassanids, the army hastily declared Jovian the new emperor. He extricated his soldiers from Persian territory by agreeing to

7308-403: Was originally stationed in Britain; it was apparent the units had lost their cohesiveness when Fullofaudes and Nectaridus had been defeated. Theodosius sent for Civilis to be installed as the new vicarius of the diocese and Dulcitius as an additional general. In 369, Theodosius set about reconquering the areas north of Londinium, putting down the revolt of Valentinus , the brother-in-law of

7395-407: Was promulgated and he married Justina, by whom he had Valentinian the younger . This story is known only from Socrates, and there is no trace of any edict by any emperor allowing polygamy. Valentinian I and Severa may have divorced, a course permitted by Roman law (see marriage in ancient Rome ). However, since divorce was not acknowledged by Christians, Socrates contemptuously describes him as

7482-481: Was qualified by modern authorities. It is certain that some reshuffling of commands occurred along with the division of the provinces, but the changes were strictly based on merit. The Sophists and philosophers who had proliferated in the court of the Julian, drawing large salaries for delusive services, were cashiered. Valentinian retained the services of Dagalaifus and promoted Aequitius to Comes Illyricum . Valens

7569-514: Was reportedly accustomed to feed his victims to two bears, known as Mica Aurea (golden flake), and Innocence , whose iron cage was transported wherever the emperor went. At length Innocence , when she was considered to have faithfully discharged her office, was released with Valentinian's good wishes into her native wilds. Valentinian was a Christian but permitted liberal religious freedom to all his subjects, proscribing only some forms of rituals such as particular types of sacrifices, and banning

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