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55-428: Oracle Cloud provides infrastructure as a service (IaaS) , platform as a service (PaaS) , software as a service (SaaS) , and data as a service (DaaS) . These services are used to build, deploy, integrate, and extend applications in the cloud. This platform supports numerous open standards ( SQL , HTML5 , REST , etc.), open-source applications ( Kubernetes , Spark , Hadoop , Kafka , MySQL , Terraform , etc.), and

110-456: A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.6% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is primarily driven by the adoption of cloud-based infrastructure within the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance ( BFSI ) sector, which employs these technologies to enhance scalability and reduce operational costs. The UK Government encourages departments to use public cloud solutions as a first option. IaaS

165-416: A public cloud (where users share hardware, storage, and network devices), a private cloud (users do not share resources), or a hybrid cloud (combination of both). The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines infrastructure as a service as: The capability provided to the consumer is provision processing, storage, networks, as well as other fundamental computing resources where

220-541: A (physical) computer with an operating system. The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor . Software executed on these virtual machines is separated from the underlying hardware resources. For example, a computer that is running Arch Linux may host a virtual machine that looks like a computer with the Microsoft Windows operating system; Windows-based software can be run on

275-434: A hypervisor (a piece of software) imitates a particular piece of computer hardware or the entire computer. Furthermore, a hypervisor is not the same as an emulator ; both are computer programs that imitate hardware, but their domain of use in language differs. Hardware-assisted virtualization (or accelerated virtualization; Xen calls it hardware virtual machine (HVM), and Virtual Iron calls it native virtualization)

330-646: A hypervisor in paravirtualized mode. The first appearance of paravirtualization support in Linux occurred with the merge of the ppc64 port in 2002, which supported running Linux as a paravirtualized guest on IBM pSeries (RS/6000) and iSeries (AS/400) hardware. At the USENIX conference in 2006 in Boston, Massachusetts , a number of Linux development vendors (including IBM, VMware, Xen, and Red Hat) collaborated on an alternative form of paravirtualization, initially developed by

385-401: A non-virtualized environment. The paravirtualization provides specially defined 'hooks' to allow the guest(s) and host to request and acknowledge these tasks, which would otherwise be executed in the virtual domain (where execution performance is worse). A successful paravirtualized platform may allow the virtual machine monitor (VMM) to be simpler (by relocating execution of critical tasks from

440-539: A private system. This simulation was comprehensive, and was based on the Principles of Operation manual for the hardware. It thus included such elements as an instruction set, main memory, interrupts, exceptions, and device access. The result was a single machine that could be multiplexed among many users. Hardware-assisted virtualization first appeared on the IBM System/370 in 1972, for use with VM/370 ,

495-405: A service from these cloud regions. Infrastructure as a service Infrastructure as a service ( IaaS ) is a cloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, and virtualization (which emulates computer hardware). This service frees users from maintaining their own data center , but they must install and maintain

550-483: A single central processing unit (CPU). This parallelism tends to reduce overhead costs and differs from multitasking, which involves running several programs on the same OS. Using virtualization, an enterprise can better manage updates and rapid changes to the operating system and applications without disrupting the user. " Ultimately, virtualization dramatically improves the efficiency and availability of resources and applications in an organization. Instead of relying on

605-492: A variety of programming languages , databases , tools, and frameworks including Oracle-specific, open source , and third-party software and systems. Oracle's cloud infrastructure was made generally available (GA) on October 20, 2016 under the name "Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services." Oracle Bare Metal Cloud Services was rebranded as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure in 2018 and dubbed Oracle's "Generation 2 Cloud" at Oracle OpenWorld 2018. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure offerings include

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660-516: A virtual machine that does not implement the hard-to-virtualize parts of the actual x86 instruction set. In 2005, VMware proposed a paravirtualization interface, the Virtual Machine Interface (VMI), as a communication mechanism between the guest operating system and the hypervisor. This interface enabled transparent paravirtualization in which a single binary version of the operating system can run either on native hardware or on

715-564: A virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage , file or object storage , firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. IaaS-cloud providers supply resources on-demand from the large pools of equipment installed in data centers . For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks , VPNs). To deploy their applications, users install operating-system images and

770-403: Is Linux containers , which run in isolated partitions of a Linux kernel that runs directly on the physical hardware. Containers are isolated, secured and managed using Linux cgroups and namespaces. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. The global IaaS market is projected to reach a value of $ 411.9 billion by 2030, expanding at

825-408: Is a way of improving overall efficiency of hardware virtualization using help from the host processors. A full virtualization is used to emulate a complete hardware environment, or virtual machine , in which an unmodified guest operating system (using the same instruction set as the host machine) effectively executes in complete isolation. Hardware-assisted virtualization was first introduced on

880-483: Is available as a public cloud (Oracle-managed regions); to selected government agencies as an Oracle-managed government cloud in the United States (with FedRAMP High and DISA SRG IL5 compliance) and United Kingdom; and as a "private cloud" or "hybrid cloud" as an Oracle-managed database-only service or full-service dedicated region - what Oracle calls "Cloud at Customer." Oracle's public and government cloud

935-537: Is in use within the UK Government but the technology community within government recommends consideration of Platform as a Service (PaaS) in cases where a department may not have IaaS skills and management capacity. Virtualization In computing, virtualization (v12n) is a series of technologies that allows dividing of physical computing resources into a series of virtual machines , operating systems , processes or containers. Virtualization began in

990-787: Is offered through a global network of Oracle-managed data centers, connected by an Oracle-managed backbone network. Oracle's Exadata Cloud at Customer leverages this network for control plane services. Oracle deploys their cloud in Regions, typically with two geographically distributed regions in each country for disaster resiliency with data sovereignty . Inside each Region are at least one fault-independent Availability Domain and three fault-tolerant Fault Domains per Availability Domain. Each Availability Domains contains an independent data center with power, thermal, and network isolation. Oracle Cloud hosts customer-accessible cloud infrastructure and platform services, as well as end-user accessible software as

1045-420: Is simply updated on the server, and the desktop gets the updated version when it reboots. It also enables centralized control over what applications the user is allowed to have access to on the workstation. Moving virtualized desktops into the cloud creates hosted virtual desktops (HVDs), in which the desktop images are centrally managed and maintained by a specialist hosting firm. Benefits include scalability and

1100-629: The IBM 308X processors in 1980, with the Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction. It was added to x86 processors ( Intel VT-x , AMD-V or VIA VT ) in 2005, 2006 and 2010 respectively. IBM offers hardware virtualization for its IBM Power Systems hardware for AIX , Linux and IBM i , and for its IBM Z mainframes . IBM refers to its specific form of hardware virtualization as "logical partition", or more commonly as LPAR . Hardware-assisted virtualization reduces

1155-529: The Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements to achieve "classical virtualization": This made it difficult to implement a virtual machine monitor for this type of processor. Specific limitations included the inability to trap on some privileged instructions. Therefore, to compensate for these architectural limitations, designers accomplished virtualization of the x86 architecture through two methods: full virtualization or paravirtualization . Both create

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1210-424: The logical desktop from the physical machine. Operating-system-level virtualization, also known as containerization , refers to an operating system feature in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user-space instances. The usual goal of virtualization is to centralize administrative tasks while improving scalability and overall hardware-resource utilization. A form of virtualization

1265-477: The x86 architecture called Intel VT-x and AMD-V, respectively. On the Itanium architecture, hardware-assisted virtualization is known as VT-i. The first generation of x86 processors to support these extensions were released in late 2005 early 2006: Hardware virtualization (or platform virtualization) pools computing resources across one or more virtual machines . A virtual machine implements functionality of

1320-404: The 1960s with IBM CP/CMS . The control program CP provided each user with a simulated stand-alone System/360 computer. In hardware virtualization , the host machine is the machine that is used by the virtualization and the guest machine is the virtual machine. The words host and guest are used to distinguish the software that runs on the physical machine from the software that runs on

1375-865: The Xen group, called "paravirt-ops". The paravirt-ops code (often shortened to pv-ops) was included in the mainline Linux kernel as of the 2.6.23 version, and provides a hypervisor-agnostic interface between the hypervisor and guest kernels. Distribution support for pv-ops guest kernels appeared starting with Ubuntu 7.04 and RedHat 9. Xen hypervisors based on any 2.6.24 or later kernel support pv-ops guests, as does VMware's Workstation product beginning with version 6. Hybrid virtualization combines full virtualization techniques with paravirtualized drivers to overcome limitations with hardware-assisted full virtualization. A hardware-assisted full virtualization approach uses an unmodified guest operating system that involves many VM traps producing high CPU overheads limiting scalability and

1430-410: The application software on the cloud infrastructure. Users patch and maintain the operating systems. IaaS services are typically billed as a utility: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated or consumed. Typically, IaaS involves the use of a cloud orchestration technology such as OpenStack , Apache CloudStack , or OpenNebula . It manages the creation of a virtual machine (VM) and decides on

1485-570: The changing needs of the user and business. Another form, session virtualization, allows multiple users to connect and log into a shared but powerful computer over the network and use it simultaneously. Each is given a desktop and a personal folder in which they store their files. With multiseat configuration , session virtualization can be accomplished using a single PC with multiple monitors, keyboards, and mice connected. Thin clients , which are seen in desktop virtualization, are simple and/or cheap computers that are primarily designed to connect to

1540-407: The consumer is able to deploy & run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, & deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as

1595-432: The data center. For users, this means they can access their desktop from any location, without being tied to a single client device. Since the resources are centralized, users moving between work locations can still access the same client environment with their applications and data. For IT administrators, this means a more centralized, efficient client environment that is easier to maintain and able to more quickly respond to

1650-419: The efficiency of server consolidation. The hybrid virtualization approach overcomes this problem. Desktop virtualization separates the logical desktop from the physical machine. One form of desktop virtualization, virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI), can be thought of as a more advanced form of hardware virtualization. Rather than interacting with a host computer directly via a keyboard, mouse, and monitor,

1705-495: The first virtual machine operating system. IBM added virtual memory hardware to the System/370 series in 1972 which is not the same as Intel VT-x Rings providing a higher privilege level for Hypervisor to properly control Virtual Machines requiring full access to Supervisor and Program or User modes. With the increasing demand for high-definition computer graphics (e.g. CAD ), virtualization of mainframes lost some attention in

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1760-499: The following services: In 2016, Oracle acquired Dyn , an internet infrastructure company. On May 16, 2018 Oracle announced that it had acquired DataScience.com, a privately held cloud workspace platform for data science projects and workloads. In April 2020, Oracle became the cloud infrastructure provider for Zoom , an online and video meeting platform. The same month, Nissan announced its migration to Oracle Cloud for its high-performance computing (HPC) workloads used for simulating

1815-606: The full instruction set, input/output operations, interrupts, memory access, and whatever other elements are used by the software that runs on the bare machine , and that is intended to run in a virtual machine. This approach was pioneered in 1966 with the IBM CP-40 and CP-67 , predecessors of the VM family. In binary translation , instructions are translated to match the emulated hardware architecture. A piece of hardware imitates another while in hardware assisted virtualization,

1870-428: The guest operating system communicate with the hypervisor. By allowing the guest operating system to indicate its intent to the hypervisor, each can cooperate to obtain better performance when running in a virtual machine. The intent of the modified interface is to reduce the portion of the guest's execution time spent performing operations which are substantially more difficult to run in a virtual environment compared to

1925-572: The hypervisor (i.e. physical host) in order to start it. A hypervisor runs virtual machines (VMs) as guests. Pools of hypervisors in the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to demand by customers. Hypevisors include Xen , Oracle VirtualBox , Oracle VM , KVM , VMware ESX /ESXi, or Microsoft Hyper-V . It also enables VM migration between hosts, allocates storage volumes, and attaches them to VMs that track usage information for billing. An alternative to hypervisors

1980-681: The illusion of physical hardware to achieve the goal of operating system independence from the hardware but present some trade-offs in performance and complexity. Full virtualization was not fully available on the x86 platform prior to 2005. Many platform hypervisors for the x86 platform came very close and claimed full virtualization (such as Adeos , Mac-on-Linux, Parallels Desktop for Mac , Parallels Workstation , VMware Workstation , VMware Server (formerly GSX Server), VirtualBox , Win4BSD, and Win4Lin Pro ). In 2005 and 2006, Intel and AMD (working independently) created new processor extensions to

2035-431: The kernel is shared between containers. Containerization started gaining prominence in 2014, with the introduction of Docker . Virtualization, in particular, full virtualization has proven beneficial for: A common goal of virtualization is to centralize administrative tasks while improving scalability and overall hardware-resource utilization. With virtualization, several operating systems can be run in parallel on

2090-406: The late 1970s, when the upcoming minicomputers fostered resource allocation through distributed computing , encompassing the commoditization of microcomputers . The increase in compute capacity per x86 server (and in particular the substantial increase in modern networks' bandwidths) rekindled interest in data-center based computing which is based on virtualization techniques. The primary driver

2145-493: The maintenance overhead of paravirtualization as it reduces (ideally, eliminates) the changes needed in the guest operating system. It is also considerably easier to obtain better performance. Paravirtualization is a virtualization technique that presents a software interface to the virtual machines which is similar, yet not identical, to the underlying hardware–software interface. Paravirtualization improves performance and efficiency, compared to full virtualization, by having

2200-410: The network. They may lack significant hard disk storage space , RAM or even processing power , but many organizations are beginning to look at the cost benefits of eliminating "thick client" desktops that are packed with software (and require software licensing fees) and making more strategic investments. Desktop virtualization simplifies software versioning and patch management, where the new image

2255-501: The operating system and application software. Iaas provides users high-level APIs to control details of underlying network infrastructure such as backup, data partitioning, scaling, security and physical computing resources. Services can be scaled on-demand by the user. According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), such infrastructure is the most basic cloud-service model. IaaS can be hosted in

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2310-549: The paravirtual framework. The term "paravirtualization" was first used in the research literature in association with the Denali Virtual Machine Manager. The term is also used to describe the Xen , L4 , TRANGO , VMware , Wind River and XtratuM hypervisors . All these projects use or can use paravirtualization techniques to support high performance virtual machines on x86 hardware by implementing

2365-506: The point of view of programs running in them. A computer program running on an ordinary operating system can see all resources (connected devices, files and folders, network shares , CPU power, quantifiable hardware capabilities) of that computer. However, programs running inside a container can only see the container's contents and devices assigned to the container. This provides many of the benefits that virtual machines have such as standardization and scalability, while using less resources as

2420-518: The predictability, continuity, and quality of service delivered by their converged infrastructure . For example, companies like HP and IBM provide a hybrid VDI model with a range of virtualization software and delivery models to improve upon the limitations of distributed client computing . Selected client environments move workloads from PCs and other devices to data center servers, creating well-managed virtual clients, with applications and client operating environments hosted on servers and storage in

2475-443: The reduction of capital expenditure, which is replaced by a monthly operational cost. Operating-system-level virtualization, also known as containerization , refers to an operating system feature in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user-space instances. Such instances, called containers, partitions, virtual environments (VEs) or jails ( FreeBSD jail or chroot jail ), may look like real computers from

2530-556: The significant performance advantages of paravirtualization. For example, the Xen Windows GPLPV project provides a kit of paravirtualization-aware device drivers, that are intended to be installed into a Microsoft Windows virtual guest running on the Xen hypervisor. Such applications tend to be accessible through the paravirtual machine interface environment. This ensures run-mode compatibility across multiple encryption algorithm models, allowing seamless integration within

2585-439: The software on-the-fly to replace instructions that "pierce the virtual machine" with a different, virtual machine safe sequence of instructions. Hardware-assisted virtualization allows guest operating systems to be run in isolation with virtually no modification to the (guest) operating system. Full virtualization requires that every salient feature of the hardware be reflected into one of several virtual machines – including

2640-541: The structural impacts of a car design. Xerox announced a partnership with Oracle Cloud in 2021, where Xerox will use Oracle’s cloud-computing capabilities within its business incubator. Oracle provides SaaS applications also known as Oracle Cloud Applications. These applications are offered across a variety of products, industrial sectors with various deployment options to adhere to compliance standards. The below list mentions Oracle Cloud Applications provided by Oracle Corporation . On July 28, 2016 Oracle bought NetSuite ,

2695-558: The user interacts with the host computer using another desktop computer or a mobile device by means of a network connection, such as a LAN , Wireless LAN or even the Internet . In addition, the host computer in this scenario becomes a server computer capable of hosting multiple virtual machines at the same time for multiple users. As organizations continue to virtualize and converge their data center environment, client architectures also continue to evolve in order to take advantage of

2750-510: The very first cloud company, for $ 9.3 billion. This platform is known as the Oracle Data Cloud. This platform aggregates and analyzes consumer data powered by Oracle ID Graph across channels and devices to create cross-channel consumer understanding. Oracle Cloud is available in 44 regions as of July 2023, including North America, South America, UK, European Union, Middle East, Africa, India, Australia, Korea, and Japan. Oracle Cloud

2805-477: The virtual domain to the host domain), and/or reduce the overall performance degradation of machine execution inside the virtual guest. Paravirtualization requires the guest operating system to be explicitly ported for the para- API – a conventional OS distribution that is not paravirtualization-aware cannot be run on top of a paravirtualizing VMM. However, even in cases where the operating system cannot be modified, components may be available that enable many of

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2860-509: The virtual machine. Different types of hardware virtualization include: Full virtualization employs techniques that pools physical computer resources into one or more instances; each running a virtual environment where any software or operating system capable of execution on the raw hardware can be run in the virtual machine. Two common full virtualization techniques are typically used: (a) binary translation and (b) hardware-assisted full virtualization. Binary translation automatically modifies

2915-403: The virtual machine. The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor . Hardware virtualization is not the same as hardware emulation . Hardware-assisted virtualization facilitates building a virtual machine monitor and allows guest OSes to be run in isolation. Desktop virtualization is the concept of separating

2970-507: Was first demonstrated with IBM's CP-40 research system in 1967, then distributed via open source in CP/CMS in 1967–1972, and re-implemented in IBM's VM family from 1972 to the present. Each CP/CMS user was provided a simulated, stand-alone computer. Each such virtual machine had the complete capabilities of the underlying machine, and (for its user) the virtual machine was indistinguishable from

3025-475: Was the potential for server consolidation: virtualization allowed a single server to cost-efficiently consolidate compute power on multiple underutilized dedicated servers. The most visible hallmark of a return to the roots of computing is cloud computing , which is a synonym for data center based computing (or mainframe-like computing) through high bandwidth networks. It is closely connected to virtualization. The initial implementation x86 architecture did not meet

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