Ethiopian victory
50-596: Orabi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ahmed ‘Urabi ("Orabi" in Egyptian Arabic; 1841–1911), Egyptian rebel and patriot Ibrahim Orabi (1912–1957), Egyptian sport wrestler Mohamed Orabi (born 1951), Egyptian diplomat and politician Osama Orabi (born 1962), Egyptian footballer Shams ad-Din Orabi (died 2009), Libyan politician [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
100-599: A 12-hour battle. Only three men escaped alive. Several ex- Confederate officers and Union officers who had both previously fought in the American Civil War participated in the conflict. The Egyptian Khedive was introduced to the idea of hiring American officers to reorganize his army when he met Thaddeus P. Mott , an ex-Union artillery officer and adventurer, in the sultan’s court in Constantinople in 1868. Mott regaled Ismail with testimonies about
150-554: A force of some 50,000 (of whom only about 15,000 could fight at one time due to battlefield layout), engaged them on the 7 March 1875, and Ratib Pasha ordered just over 5,000 out of 7,500 men stationed at Fort Gura to leave the fort and engage the Ethiopians. This force was quickly surrounded by the Ethiopian advance guard, probably commanded by Ras Alula , and quickly broke. The Ethiopians then fell back, and, on 10 March, mounted
200-531: A form of punishment . He was born in 1841 in the village of Hirriyat Razna near Zagazig in the Sharqia Governorate , approximately 80 kilometres to the north of Cairo . ʻUrabi was the son of a village leader and one of the wealthier members of the community, which allowed him to receive a decent education. After completing elementary education in his home village, he enrolled at Al-Azhar University to complete his schooling in 1849. He entered
250-664: A national hero. He also inspired political activists living in Ceylon . Ethiopian-Egyptian War The Egyptian–Ethiopian War was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt , an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, from 1874 to 1876. The conflict resulted in an unequivocal Ethiopian victory that guaranteed continued independence of Ethiopia in the years immediately preceding
300-671: A pan-Nile Valley empire were meant to avoid. Conversely, Ethiopia maintained its independence, and, hardened by war, was well prepared for its own defense during the imminent Scramble for Africa. The collapse of Egypt's African empire was seized upon by European empires, of whom Italy replaced Egypt in Eritrea, setting the stage for an eventual confrontation between Italy and Ethiopia in the First Italo-Ethiopian War 1895. Ethiopia's triumph in that war would in turn contribute to Fascist Italy 's desire to conquer Ethiopia in
350-514: A poem "At Kassassin ", say the battle began as it was getting dark. On September 9, Urabi seized what he considered his last chance to attack the British position. A fierce battle ensued on the railway line at 7 am. General Willis sallied out from emplacements to drive back the Egyptians, who at 12 pm returned to their trenches. Thereupon Sir Garnet Wolseley arrived with the main force, while
400-565: A secondary attack on Fort Gura, which was repelled. The Ethiopian force dissolved the next day, and the devastated Egyptians soon withdrew. Several European officers served on both sides of the conflict at various capacities; these include a British adventurer John Kirkham on the Ethiopian side, and the Dane Adolph Arendrup as well as Swiss explorer Werner Munzinger on the Egyptian side. Munzinger, former governor of
450-490: A state of tension, which largely abated after the 1884 Hewett Treaty . Ras Alula had shown himself to be a reliable general, and was promoted by Yohannes IV to the rank of Ras , and appointed governor of the Mareb Malash . The Egyptian defeat in the war had serious ramifications for Egypt. The war's costs added to the nation's massive financial debts, which, in 1879, were the cause of Isma'il's removal as Khedive at
500-659: A very important role in Egyptian history , with some historians noting that the 1881-1882 revolution laid the foundation for mass politics in Egypt. In July 1952, when Mohamed Naguib , one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , addressed crowds of supporters in Cairo's Ismailia Square on the toppling of King Farouk , he consciously linked this 20th century revolution to 'Urabi's revolt against
550-439: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Ahmed %E2%80%98Urabi Ahmed Urabi ( [ˈæħmæd ʕoˈɾɑːbi] ; Arabic : أحمد عرابي ; 31 March 1841 – 21 September 1911), also known as Ahmed Ourabi or Orabi Pasha , was an Egyptian military officer. He was the first political and military leader in Egypt to rise from the fellahin (peasantry). Urabi participated in an 1879 mutiny that developed into
SECTION 10
#1732773211414600-644: Is now the Orabi Pasha Cultural Center. During his time in Ceylon, ʻUrabi worked to improve the quality of education amongst the Muslims in the country. Hameed Al Husseinie College , Sri Lanka's first school for Muslims was established on 15 November 1884 and after eight years Zahira College , was established on 22 August 1892 under his patronage. In May 1901, Khedive Abbas II , Tewfik's son and successor permitted ʻUrabi to return to Egypt. Abbas
650-526: The Battle of Kafr El Dawwar . Another army, led by Sir Garnet Wolseley , landed in the Canal Zone and on 13 September 1882 they defeated ʻUrabi's army at the Battle of Tell El Kebir . From there, the British force advanced on Cairo which surrendered without a shot being fired, as did ʻUrabi and the other nationalist leaders. ʻUrabi was tried by the restored Khedivate for rebellion on 3 December 1882. He
700-654: The Blue Nile . Whilst Ethiopia's history mirrored that of Egypt in many respects, with both having ancient, continuous civilizations home to both Muslims and Orthodox Christians, the rapid modernization of Egypt under Muhammad Ali, and Isma'il's own enormous modernizing projects, convinced the Khedive that war with Ethiopia would result in certain Egyptian victory. Amongst Egypt's army were many European and American officers, whose training and experience further strengthened Isma'il's confidence. Meanwhile, King Yohannes IV became
750-536: The British force was attacked by the Egyptians, led by 'Urabi. They needed to carve a passage through Ismailia and the cultivated Delta. Both attacks were repulsed. The Household Cavalry under the command of General Drury Drury-Lowe led the "Moonlight Charge", consisting of the Royal Horse Guards and 7th Dragoon Guards galloping at full tilt into enemy rifle fire. Their ranks were whittled down from
800-585: The Keren and Massawa regions, led one of the Egyptian attacks against Ethiopia, marching inland from Tadjoura , but his troops were overwhelmed by the army of Muhammad ibn Hanfadhe, Sultan of Aussa , and he was killed in battle. Meanwhile, Arendrup, who was Isma'il's aide-de-camp was given the task of leading an expedition against the Abyssinians. In mid-November during clashes at Gundet, Arendrup, several other officers and about 1,000 privates died during
850-708: The Ottoman Sultan , to whom Egypt and Sudan still owed technical fealty. The Sublime Porte hesitated in responding to the request. The British were especially concerned that ʻUrabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the Suez Canal . Therefore, they and the French dispatched warships to Egypt to prevent such an eventuality from occurring. Tewfik fled to their protection, moving his court to Alexandria . The strong naval presence spurred fears of an imminent invasion (as had been
900-760: The Scramble for Africa . Conversely, for Egypt the war was a costly failure, severely blunting the regional aspirations of Egypt as an African empire, and laying the foundations for the beginning of the British Empire 's 'veiled protectorate' over Egypt less than a decade later. Whilst nominally a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire , Egypt had acted as a virtually independent state since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805, eventually establishing an empire to its south in Sudan . Multiple times throughout
950-407: The surname Orabi . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orabi&oldid=1217958009 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1000-645: The ʻUrabi revolt against the administration of Khedive Tewfik , which was under the influence of an Anglo - French consortium . He was promoted to Tewfik's cabinet and began reforms of Egypt 's military and civil administrations, but the demonstrations in Alexandria of 1882 prompted a British bombardment and invasion which led to the capture of ʻUrabi and his allies and the imposition of British control in Egypt . ʻUrabi and his allies were sentenced by Tewfik into exile far away in British Ceylon , as
1050-603: The Egyptian army, and in 1875 was promoted to chief of staff to the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian military expedition in Ethiopia. Loring would take part in the Battle of Gura which ended in defeat. The Egyptians blamed the Americans for the disastrous war, and the Loring, Sibley and the other officers had to endure two years of endless frustration and humiliation in Cairo. Following the war, Ethiopia and Egypt remained in
SECTION 20
#17327732114141100-569: The Egyptian monarch seven decades earlier, reciting 'Urabi's words to Khedive Tewfik that the people of Egypt were "no longer inheritable" by any ruler. The new revolutionary government mimicked 'Urabi in declaring that Ismailia Square, the main public plaza in Cairo, henceforth be Tahrir Square ( Liberation Square ). During the tenure of Gamal Abdel Nasser , who led the Revolution with Naguib and succeeded him as Prime Minister and later President, ʻUrabi would to be hailed as an Egyptian patriot and
1150-478: The Egyptian people as required by his duties. In accordance with an understanding made with the British representative, Lord Dufferin , ʻUrabi pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death, but the sentence was immediately commuted to one of banishment for life. He left Egypt on 28 December 1882 for Ceylon (now Sri Lanka ). His home in Halloluwa Road, Kandy (formerly owned by Mudaliyar Jeronis de Soysa )
1200-664: The Great Powers selected as Isma'il's successor, provoking the Orabi Revolt against the monarchy. The initial success of the revolt was met with alarm in Europe, and led ultimately to the United Kingdom dispatching its forces to occupy Egypt in support of Tewfik, thereby beginning the United Kingdom's occupation of Egypt. The result of the war had a defining impact on the trajectories of both African states. Prior to
1250-528: The Household Cavalry guarded his flank from a force at Salanieh. A total force of 634 officers and 16,767 NCOs and men were stationed at Kassassin before they marched on September 13, 1882, towards the main objective at Tell El Kebir where another battle was fought, the Battle of Tell El Kebir . In September a British army landed in Alexandria but failed to reach Cairo after being checked at
1300-451: The Khedive, who was himself subject to European influence under the rules of the Caisse de la Dette Publique . The Arab-Egyptian deputies demanded a constitution that granted the state parliamentary power. The revolt then spread to express resentment of the undue influence of foreigners, including the predominantly Turko- Circassian aristocracy from other parts of the Ottoman Empire. ʻUrabi
1350-515: The King of kings of Ethiopia in 1872 after defeating Tekle Giyorgis II in battle. He worked on modernizing his army, some of whom were trained by the British adventurer John Kirkham . The Egyptians under Arakil Bey and Danish Colonel Adolph Arendrup invaded from their coastal possessions in Massawa, in what is now Eritrea. Following some skirmishes, the armies of Yohannes and Isma'il met at Gundet on
1400-654: The Papal army, and Major Rushdi Bey, a Turk. Arakal Bey, the young nephew of Nubar Pasha (the Christian Armenian Premier of the Khedive) joined the expedition and was killed in battle. About 2,000 Egyptians perished with him and his two six gun batteries and six rocket-stands fell into the hands of the enemy. The Egyptians withdrew to Massawa on the coast and then to Keren, garrisoned since 1872 by some 1,200 Egyptians. But Isma'il Pasha could not leave
1450-461: The advances the Americans had achieved in technology and tactics during the US Civil War that he convinced the Khedive to hire American veterans to oversee the modernization of Egypt’s armed forces. In 1870, the first of these military overseers, ex-Confederate officers Henry Hopkins Sibley and William Wing Loring , arrived in Egypt. Loring was appointed by the Khedive as Inspector-General of
1500-401: The army and moved up quickly through the ranks, reaching lieutenant colonel by age 20. The modern education and military service of ʻUrabi, from a fellah , or peasant background, would not have been possible without the modernising reforms of Khedive Isma'il , who had done much to eliminate the barriers between the bulk of the Egyptian populace and the ruling elite, who were drawn largely from
1550-455: The army joined with the reformers in February 1882 to demand change. This revolt, also known as the ʻUrabi revolt , was primarily inspired by his desire for social justice for the Egyptians based on equal standing before the law. With the support of the peasants as well, he launched a broader effort to try to wrest Egypt and Sudan from foreign control, and also to end the absolutist regime of
Orabi - Misplaced Pages Continue
1600-593: The case in Tunisia in 1881 ) causing anti-Christian riots to break out in Alexandria on 12 June 1882. The French fleet was recalled to France, while the Royal Navy warships in the harbor opened fire on the city's artillery emplacements after the Egyptians ignored an ultimatum from Admiral Seymour to remove them. The Battle of Kassassin was fought at the Sweet Water Canal , when on August 28, 1882,
1650-414: The complete annihilation of the Egyptian expeditionary force led by Colonel Arrendrup and in the death of its commander. Arendrup's expedition was hopelessly inadequate for the tasks he set out to do. It amounted to scarcely more than some 4,000 troops and had no cavalry. Its leaders were, apart from the already mentioned Danish artilleryman and Major Dennison, an American, Major Durholtz, a Swiss, later of
1700-430: The conflict, Egypt had been in regional and, relative, international ascendancy, with aspirations of achieving geopolitical parity with the Great Powers of Europe. The defeat shattered these aspirations, and, combined with a disastrous economic situation in Egypt itself, contributed to the eventual deposition of Isma'il and subjugation of Egypt by the Great Powers, thereby leading to the very outcome which Isma'il's hopes for
1750-498: The early 19th century, Ottoman Egypt attempted to assert their control over the region around the modern Ethiopian-Sudanese border, putting them into conflict with the regional rulers of Ethiopia's western Begemder province, such as at Kalnabu , Wadkaltabu , Gallabat , and Dabarki . Muhammad Ali's grandson, Isma'il Pasha , became Khedive in 1863, and sought to expand this burgeoning empire further southwards. After annexing Darfur in 1875, he turned his attention to Ethiopia. It
1800-519: The group protesting the preference shown to aristocratic officers (again, largely Egyptians of foreign descent). ʻUrabi repeatedly condemned severe prevalent racial discrimination of ethnic Egyptians in the army. He and his followers, who included most of the army, were successful and the law was repealed. In 1879 they formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party in the hopes of fostering a stronger national identity. He and his allies in
1850-450: The insistence of Britain , and France . At the same time, many Egyptian soldiers who had served in the war became politicized by their experiences, posing a threat to the Egyptian monarchy itself. Among these disgruntled army officers was Colonel Ahmed Orabi , who is said to have been "incensed at the way in which [the war] had been mismanaged". Resentment over the defeat contributed to the general dissatisfaction with Tewfik Pasha , whom
1900-575: The matter there, it was absolutely essential to regain the lost prestige. At all costs, his European creditors had to be impressed, and he set out on mobilizing a larger force for a second expedition that would make amends for the devastating and humiliating loss he had suffered at the hands of the Ethiopians at Gundet. Following the botched invasion, the Egyptians again attempted conquest of Ethiopia, this time with an army of about 13,000 men. The forces of Isma'il Pasha, now under Ratib Pasha, arrived at Massawa on 14 December 1875. By March, they had reached
1950-457: The military castes that had ruled Egypt for centuries. Isma'il abolished the exclusive access to the Egyptian and Sudanese military ranks by Egyptians of Balkan, Circassian, and Turkish origin. Isma'il conscripted soldiers and recruited students from throughout Egypt and Sudan regardless of class and ethnic backgrounds in order to form a "modern" and "national" Egyptian military and bureaucratic elite class. Without these reforms, ʻUrabi's rise through
2000-458: The morning of 16 November 1875. Not only were the Egyptians vastly outnumbered, they were also taken completely by surprise as they were marching through a narrow mountain pass. The mass of Ethiopian warriors sallied forth from their hiding places up the slope and swiftly charged down upon the shocked Egyptian columns, nullifying the latter's advantage in firepower and causing many of the unenthusiastic fellahin soldiers to rout. This encounter ended in
2050-682: The nationalist Khedive Abbas II would form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against the United Kingdom during the First World War , the British administration in Egypt deposed him in favour of his uncle, Hussein Kamel . The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was terminated, and the Sultanate of Egypt that had been destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517 was re-established, with Hussein Kamel as Sultan . No longer an Ottoman vassal state, Egypt
Orabi - Misplaced Pages Continue
2100-565: The plain of Gura and set up two forts, one in the Plains of Gura and the other at the Khaya Khor mountain pass a few kilometers away. Yohannes had once again mobilized, this time presenting the issue as a struggle between Christianity and Islam, thousands of men answered with soldiers coming as far as Gojjam , although Menelik ’s soldiers in Shewa remained as observers. The Ethiopians, now with
2150-542: The ranks of the military would likely have been far more restricted. ʻUrabi served during the Ethiopian-Egyptian War (1874-1876) in a support role on the Egyptian Army's lines of communication. He is said to have returned from the war - which Egypt lost - "incensed at the way in which it had been mismanaged", and the experience turned him towards politics and decisively against the Khedive. He
2200-572: The saddle, but still they charged headlong, ever forward. Sir Baker Russell commanded 7th on the right; whereas the Household was led by Colonel Ewart, c/o of the Life Guards. They captured 11 Egyptian guns. Despite only half a dozen casualties, Wolseley was so concerned about the quality of his men that he wrote Cambridge for reforms to recruiting. Nonetheless, these were the elite of the British army and, these skirmishes were costly. Legend and
2250-465: Was Isma'il's intention that Egypt forge a contiguous African empire that would both rival the empires of Europe, and allow Egypt to escape the territorial ambitions of those same European great powers. In addition to expanding into modern-day Chad , Eritrea , Djibouti , Somalia , and Uganda , he wished to absorb within his empire the entirety of the Nile Valley , including Ethiopia, the source of
2300-510: Was a galvanizing speaker. Because of his peasant origins, he was at the time, and is still today, viewed as an authentic voice of the Egyptian people. Indeed, he was known by his followers as 'El Wahid' (the Only One), and when the British poet and explorer Wilfrid Blunt went to meet him, he found the entrance of ʻUrabi's house was blocked with supplicants. When Khedive Tewfik issued a new law preventing peasants from becoming officers, ʻUrabi led
2350-465: Was a nationalist in the vein of his grandfather, Khedive Isma'il the Magnificent , and remained deeply opposed to British influence in Egypt. ʻUrabi returned on 1 October 1901, and remained in Egypt until his death on 21 September 1911. While the British intervention was meant to be a temporary state of affairs, British forces continued to occupy Egypt for decades afterwards. In 1914, fearing that
2400-504: Was declared a British protectorate . Five years later, nationalist opposition to the United Kingdom's continued dominance of Egyptian affairs sparked the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , prompting the British to formally recognise Egypt as an independent sovereign state in 1922. ʻUrabi's revolt had a profound and long-lasting impact on Egypt, surpassing even the efforts of resistance hero Omar Makram in its significance as an expression of nationalistic sentiments in Egypt . It would later play
2450-479: Was defended by British solicitor Richard Eve and Alexander Meyrick Broadley . According to Elizabeth Thompson , ʻUrabi's defense stressed the idea that despite the fact that he had been illegally incarcerated by Riyad Pasha and the Khedive Tewfik he had still responded in a manner allowed under Egyptian law and with the hopes that the khedivate remain after his intervention, thus demonstrating loyalty to
2500-435: Was first promoted to Bey , then made under-secretary of war, and ultimately a member of the cabinet. Plans were developed to create a parliamentary assembly. During the last months of the revolt (July to September 1882), it was claimed that ʻUrabi held the office of Prime Minister of the hastily created common law government based on popular sovereignty. Feeling threatened, Khedive Tewfik requested assistance against ʻUrabi from
#413586