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46-594: The Kurukh or Oraon , also spelt Uraon or Dhangad , ( Kurukh : Karḵẖ and Oṛāō ) are a Dravidian speaking ethnolinguistic group inhabiting Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjoining areas - mainly the Indian states of Jharkhand , Odisha , Chhattisgarh , and West Bengal . They predominantly speak Kurukh as their native language, which belongs to the Dravidian language family . In Maharashtra , Oraon people are also known as Dhangad. Traditionally, Oraons depended on

92-706: A Parha Panchayat. The Kurukh are patrilocal and patrilineal. Clan name descends from father to son. The major lineage is known as Bhuinhari Khunt . Bhuinhari means owner of the land. Khunt has two sub groups: the Pahan Khunt and Mahato Khunt . Pahan and Mahato are two main office of Bhuinhari lineage. Religion of Kurukh people, 2011 census *Statistics of the religion of the Kurukh population in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, and Tripura, where they are classified as Scheduled Tribes. According to

138-563: A number of alternative names such as Uraon, Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, Urang, Morva, and Birhor. Two dialects, Oraon and Kisan, have 73% intelligibility between them. Oraon but not Kisan is currently being standardised. Kisan is currently endangered, with a decline rate of 12.3% from 1991 to 2001. Book- Tribal Cultural Society, Jamshedpur. An Etinicity Wing of Tata Steel Foundation. https://tolongsiki.com/ Kol uprising The Kol uprising , Kol rebellion , also known in British records as

184-413: A particular role in religious ceremonies, festivals and solving disputes in the village. The traditional informal educational institution youth dormitory is called Dhumkuria . The public and common meeting place is Akhra where people meet for the purpose of discussion and solving disputes. Twelve to thirty villages form a Parha council. Each village has a village council, member of village council act as

230-714: A speaker. According to the Indian Anthropological Society , Konkan is said to be the original home of the Kurukh tribes from where they migrated to the Chota Nagpur Plateau . The group is said to have settled in the Chota Nagpur Plateau by 100 CE. There are three opinions of scholars about the origin of Kurukh people. According to Sarat Chandra Roy , Kurukh people might have migrated from Coorg in South India . In 1987, Elefenbein proposed Baloch's hypothesis, in which he proposed

276-669: A subject in the schools of Jharkhand , Chhattishgarh , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , West Bengal and Assam . All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. होर्मा आलारिन् हक् गहि बारे नू मल्लिन्ता अजादि अरा आण्टें मन्ना गहि हक़् ख़खर्कि रै। आरिन् लुर् अरा जिया गहि दव् बौसा ख़खकि रै अरा तम्है मझि नू मेल्-प्रें गहि बेव्हार् नन्ना चहि। Hōrmā ālārin hak gahi bāre nū mallintā azādi arā aṅṭēm mannā gahi haq xakharki raī. Ārin lur arā jiyā gahi dav bausā xakhakī raī arā tumhē majhi nū mēl-prēm gahi bēvhār nannā nā cahi. Kurukh has

322-667: Is also spoken in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal , Assam and Tripura states by Kurukh who are mostly Tea-garden workers. It is spoken by 2,053,000 people from the Oraon and Kisan tribes , with 1,834,000 and 219,000 speakers respectively. The literacy rate is 23% in Oraon and 17% in Kisan. Despite the large number of speakers, the language is considered to be endangered . The governments of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have introduced

368-525: Is based on nature worship. Some of the groups started following Sarnaism in a Hindu style, as the sects of the Bishnu Bhagats, Bacchinda Bhagats, Karmu Bhagats and Tana Bhagats. The Oraons have established several Sarna sects. Oraons worship Sun as biri (a name given for Dharmesh). Kurukhar also believe in Animism. Most of population is Sarna , which is a religion that is indigenous to Adivasis in

414-642: Is patrilocal and patrilineal. Kurukhs are divided into many exogamous clans. Clans names among the Kurukh are taken from plants, animals and objects. Some important clans are: Kurukh are traditional speakers of Kurukh , which belongs to the northern branch of the Dravidian family. Just under half still speak this language as their mother tongue. Many have adopted the local lingua franca s, Sadri and Odia , as their first languages. This shift to regional languages, especially Sadri, has been most pronounced in West Bengal , Bangladesh , Assam and Tripura , where

460-419: Is sometimes returned. Afterwards, water is poured over the couple and they return to a separate area of the house to change. When they are emerged, they are considered married. During this entire time, the rest of the party continue to dance. At the turn of the 20th century, Kurukh men wore a loincloth tied around the hips, while women less influenced by other communities would wear a cloth reaching to just above

506-716: The Brahui tribe migrated from Baluchistan to Sindh where Brahui is still spoken, and the Rohtasgarh and Rajmahal hills. Those who migrated to Rohtasgarh were Kurukh and Rajmahal hills were Malto . According to another opinion, Kurukh people were living in Indus Valley Civilisation , then they migrated to South and Central India after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation due to droughts and floods in 2500 BCE. According to

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552-582: The Chota Nagpur Plateau . Sarna perform religious rituals under the shade of a sacred grove. They worship the sun as Biri and the moon as Chando, and call the earth Dharti Aayo (Earth as mother). Chando Biri are the words which are used in Sarna pujas. Dharmesh is their supreme almighty god. Kamru Bhagats (Oraon or Munda devotees) originated when Oraons acquired special powers after making a pilgrimage to Kamakhya in Assam to pay respect to Durga . The Tana Bhagat

598-550: The East India Company (EIC), rose in revolt against the EIC. The Kols rebels under the leadership of Budhu Bhagat , Joa Bhagat, Jhindrai Manki and others. The Kols grew restive over the increasing encroachment on tribal territories by the non-tribals like Hindus , Muslims and Sikhs . The new non-tribal landlords resorted to forced labour, fines, and often confiscated their cattle. The Kol insurrection started in 1831 when

644-635: The Kol mutiny was a revolt of the tribal Kol people of Chhota Nagpur that took place between 1831 and 1832. It was due to economic exploitation brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by the East India Company . Tribal people of Chotanagpur including Mundas , Oraons , Hos and Bhumijs were called Kols. They initially plundered and killed Sikh and Muslims thikedars (contractors) who collected taxes by different means. Later they also started to plunder and kill Hindus of nearby villages and burn their houses. The insurgency

690-718: The Kurukh Banna script. In Sundargarh district of Odisha the Kurukh Banna alphabet is taught and promoted by Kurukh Parha. Fonts have been developed and people are using it widely in books, magazines and other material. The alphabet is also used by Oraon people in the states of Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam. In 1999, Narayan Oraon, a doctor, invented the alphabetic Tolong Siki script specifically for Kurukh. Many books and magazines have been published in Tolong Siki script, and it saw official recognition by

736-672: The 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India. Kurukh language Kurukh belongs to the Northern Dravidian group of the Dravidian family languages, and is closely related to Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia, which are often together referred to as Malto . Kurukh is written in Devanagari , a script also used to write Sanskrit , Hindi , Marathi , Nepali and other Indo-Aryan languages . In 1991, Basudev Ram Khalkho from Odisha released

782-714: The 2011 census, the Scheduled Tribes Kurukh population in India numbers 3,623,512. Among them, 36.37% are followers of Hinduism , 30.24% follow Christianity , 29.2% practice Sarna , 1.95% follow Adi Dharam, 0.98% adhere to Addi Bassi, and 0.48% follow Adi, while 0.25% did not state any religious affiliation. Additionally, there are smaller numbers of Muslims (7,459), Buddhists (1,904), Tana Bhagats (978), Oraons (770), Sikhs (423), and others, with 5,381 individuals returning some unclassified religion. The Oraon follow their traditional religion ( Sarnaism ), which

828-650: The British Period, Kurukh people rebelled against the British East India Company authority and local Zamindars against tax imposition. The Budhu Bhagat led the Lakra rebellion which is also known as the Kol uprising in 1832. Jatra Bhagat led civil disobedience movement Tana Bhagat Movement from 1914 to 1920. After independence of India, They listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's reservation system . The Kurukh tribe

874-577: The Gumla district in Bihar and 204 migrants to the Jalpaiguri district of North Bengal. At the hemoglobin locus one example of HbAS was observed in the Gumla sample, while two cases of HbAS were found in the Jalpaiguri group. The Oraons are a distinct tribe and are characterized by a very low frequency of Hp1, TFC2, and a high frequency of TfD1 and GcIF at the serum protein loci. In the red cell enzyme systems

920-549: The Kurukh are mainly tea garden workers and Sadri is the main link language. The Kurukh celebrate all traditional festivals of the Chota Nagpur plateau: Sarhul , Karma , Dhanbuni, Harihari, Nawakhani , Khariyani etc. Since time immemorial The Oraon people have a rich range of folk songs, dances and tales, as well as traditional musical instruments. Both men and women participate in dances, which are performed at social events and festivals. The Mandar, Nagara and Kartal are

966-697: The Kurukh community uses plough agriculture. At the turn of the 20th century however, due to the policies of the British colonial government , most of the tribe worked as agricultural labourers for the Zamindars on their own lands. However, recently many have become settled agriculturists, while others became migrant workers. In a Kurukh village, the village level political organisation is called Parha which consists of post such as Pahan (village priest), Panibharwa (water-bearer of Pahan), Pujar (assistant of Pahan), Bhandari and Chowkidar (watchman). Each has

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1012-399: The Kurukh language in schools with majority Kurukhar students. Jharkhand and West Bengal both list Kurukh as an official language of their respective states. Bangladesh also has some speakers. Kurukh has five cardinal vowels. Each vowel has long, short nasalized and long nasalized counterparts. The table below illustrates the articulation of the consonants. Kurukh languages is taught as

1058-567: The Oraons have a higher frequency of pa at the acid phosphatase locus and GLO1 at the Glyoxalase I locus. Absence of red cell lactate dehydrogenase and very low HbS and GdB- is also characteristic of the Oraons. A probable new nondeficient slow variant of Gd has been observed in polymorphic frequency in the Oraons of Gumla. There was an excess of homozygotes at the Gc locus. No significant difference in

1104-731: The activity. He killed many leaders of insurgency and their followers. On 14 February 1832, he killed Bhagat Singh, a munda leader, his seven sons and his 150 followers in village of Sillagaon. Captain Wilkinson encamped in Tamar . He summoned the chief of Bundu, Tamar who were Munda as well as king of Chotanagpur and dicided to kept away Lakra Kol (Hos) from the region. The Rautia of the Sundari, Khunti, Torpa and other places conferred title of Baraik to Thomas Wilkinson. Then Wilkinson went to Porahat and made some Hos friend and succeeded in capturing

1150-518: The application of new land laws, the Kols were exploited by outsiders moving into the area and commercial activities. Another irritation was the taxation on the movement of products such as salt that were formerly freely moved. Corrupt official practices and lawlessness followed. When some Mankis disposed, Mankis and their followers plundered and burnt the houses of the newly settled people as well as nearby villages of Hindus in revenge. Harinath Shahi,

1196-712: The brother of Nagvanshi king Jagannath Shah Deo granted lands to some Sikh horse traders and Muslim cloth merchant to collect taxes Sonpur Pargana due to debts. The twelve villages belongs to Singrai Manki and Mohan Manki. Then the Manki disposed and their two sisters seduced by Sikhs and kept as concubine. The twelve villages of Byjunath Manki were given to Hussain Khan and he send the Manki to Police of Govindpur and send to jail in Sherghati . The thikedars were collecting taxes by different means such as Abwabs, Salami etc. Then Munda of

1242-546: The farm of two Sikh thikadar (contractors) was plundered and burnt. In 1832, there were clashes between the armed forces and the tribals Kols rebels. Kharwar and Chero also joined in the uprisings. Professor Sunil Sen mentions that in a memorable guerilla campaign Budhu Bhagat and his followers fought with primitive weapons such as bows and arrows . According to British, Kols people restored in indiscriminately attacking Hindus, Muslim and other foreigner people, plundered and burnt their houses. Thomas Wilkinson suppressed

1288-428: The forest and farms for their ritual practices and livelihoods, but in recent times, they have become mainly settled agriculturalists. Many Oraon migrated to tea gardens of Assam , West Bengal and Bangladesh as well as to countries like Fiji , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago and Mauritius during British rule , where they were known as Hill Coolies . They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe in seven Indian states for

1334-697: The gene frequency between the two groups of Oraons was observed at any of the loci. Genetic distance estimates using the gene frequency data indicate that the Oraons of the two localities are genetically homogeneous and form one cluster with the Bhils. They are nearer to the Irula and Kurumba tribes of the Nilgiris rather than the other Dravidian tribes, Tamils, or Nayars. PubMed Disclaimer Genetic Studies (Download) This article includes material from

1380-470: The knee, covering the chest. Today, women traditionally a wear thick cotton sari with detailed stitched borders of purple or red thread. Traditional tattoos include elaborate symmetrical patterns around their forearms, ankles, and chest. Men wear a thick cloth with similar detailed borders as a dhoti or lungi . Originally, the Oraons relied on the forest and its goods for an economic livelihood. Unlike many other communities of Jharkhand which practice jhum ,

1426-452: The leader of the kol insurgency Dasai Manki in 1836. Katey and Binji Rai captured when they were enjoying dinner party, then they were taken to Kolkata in chain. After the insurgency, the British created division of South-West Frontier with its then headquarters at Lohardaga established police stations in different areas. According to the British report, the insurgency was the result of disposition of some Mankis and their mistreatment at

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1472-406: The main musical instruments. In Kurukh, song is known as "Dandi". Some Kurukh folk dances are war dances (between two Parhas), Karma dance (Karam dandi), Khaddi or Sarhul dance, Phagu, Jadur, jagra, Matha, Benja Nalna (wedding dance) and Chali (courtyard dance). Marriage among Kurukhs is usually arranged by the parents. The parents negotiate a bride price, after which the wedding can take place. On

1518-461: The members of Parha council in the headship of Parha chief. One of the villages in Parha is called Raja (King) village, another dewan (prime minister) village, another panrey (clerk of the village), a fourth kotwar (orderly) village and remaining village are called praja (subject) village. Raja village has highest social status because headman of this village presides at the meeting of

1564-546: The other Mankis of area, looted and burnt down houses of thikedars as well as plundered and destroyed villages of Hindus. The uprising was a reaction to the appointment of a Political Agent to the Government in South Bihar and recently ceded districts nearby around 1819. This resulted in many people moving into these areas which were the lands of numerous aboriginal tribes. These tribes ruled by Munda-Manki system. With

1610-496: The purpose of reservation system . According to Edward Tuite Dalton , "Oraon" is an exonym assigned by neighbouring Munda people , meaning "to roam". They call themselves Kurukh. According to Sten Konow , Uraon will mean man as in the Dravidian Kurukh language , the word Urapai, Urapo and Urang means Man . The word Kurukh may be derived from the word Kur or Kurcana means Shout and stammer. So Kurukh will mean

1656-465: The region convened a meeting and started looting, burning houses, killings of Sikhs and Muslims. The houses of Saifullah Khan, Muhammad Ali Naik, Zafar Ali Khan Pathan were looted and killed. Then they also started to plundering houses and killings of Hindus of nearby villages. Then Oraon and Ho also joined in the insurgency in at attempt to destroy Sad (Sadan) or Hindus and Diku or foreigners. According to colonel Edward Tuite Dalton , In every Paragana

1702-542: The region, the Sadan people . The situation continue for several months. They also destroyed Mahamaya temple which was built by Nagvanshi king Gajghat Rai and killed the wife and children of the caretaker of temple Barju Ram. He has described the incident in a Nagpuri poem. British historiography described the Kol uprising as banditry . In 1831, the Kol tribesmen of Chhota Nagpur , who were upset over exploitation by agents of

1748-483: The reign of Akbar and possibly some Oraon were in Rohtas hills when Rohtasgarh fort was constructed by Muslims. According to him the Oraon language is similar to Tamil , but some words spoken by Oraon are of Sanskrit origin due to their living with Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking people in the past. The physical features of Oraon are the darkest but those who live in mixed settlements have varieties of features. During

1794-645: The same level of phonetic precision. If linguistic fidelity is the priority, Tolong Siki aligns better with both Grignard’s and Hahn’s classifications. However, for widespread adoption, Devanagari can be adapted but will need careful phonetic mapping to respect these classifications. Distribution of Kurukh language in the state of India, 2011 census In India, Kurukh language mostly spoken in Raigarh , Surguja , Jashpur of Chhattisgarh , Gumla , Ranchi , Lohardaga , Latehar , simdega of Jharkhand ; Jharsuguda , Sundargarh and Sambalpur district of Odisha . It

1840-524: The state of Jharkhand in 2007. The Kurukh Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature. For Grignard’s and Hahn’s classifications," Tolong Siki is the better fit because it is inherently designed to represent the unique phonetics and phonology of the Kurukh language as identified by these linguists." Kurukh Bana (Devanagari), though practical, requires significant modifications to achieve

1886-756: The tricolour with a chakra symbol on it, which is fixed at their courtyard. Among Christian Oraons, there are Roman Catholics and Protestants , the latter of which having several denominations. In 1957, film-maker Ritwik Ghatak shot a preparatory test film named Oraon on the life of the Adivasis of the Ranchi region in Jharkhand and on the Oraons of Rani Khatanga Village in Jharkhand. A total of 334 Oraons of both sexes from two localities in eastern India were tested for 11 polymorphic and six monomorphic blood genetic markers. The sample comprised 130 sedentes from

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1932-440: The villages in which Sads (Sadan/Hindus) resided were destroyed and all Dikus (foreigners) who fell into the hands of the insurgents were murdered. The Zamindars of Rahe, Bundu , Tamar , and Barwa, though neither Sads nor Dikus, narrowly escaped with their lives, when those places were all sacked and destroyed. Then it spread to other area of Ranchi district . They indulged in plunder and killings. They attacked non-tribal of

1978-425: The wedding day, the groom arrives with his friends to the bride's house, and they hold a dance. A pandal is constructed in front of the bride's father's house, and the bride and groom stand on a stone, under which is grain above a plough yoke. A cloth is then thrown over the couple, who are doubly screened by the groom's friends. Then the sindoordaan is done: the groom applies sindoor to the bride's forehead, which

2024-590: The writings of Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton , Oraon claimed that they were settled in Gujarat , then they were expelled from there. Then they settled in Kalinjar , where they fought with Lowrik Sowrik of Palipiri and were defeated. Then they came to Rohtasgarh and were driven out by Muslims during the reign of Akbar. Then they settled in Chotanagpur. According to Dalton, Oraon were settled in Chotanagpur before

2070-529: Was formed by Oraon saints Jatra Bhagat and Turia Bhagat. Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and staged a Satyagraha movement even before Mahatma Gandhi . All Tana Bhagats were followers of Gandhi during the Independence movement. Tana Bhagats still wear a khadi kurta, dhoti and Gandhi topi (cap) with tricoloured flag in their topi. All Tana Bhagats perform puja to the Mahadeo and

2116-658: Was suppressed by killing of the leaders, their followers and arrest of many leaders by Thomas Wilkinson. In 18th century, Nagvanshi king Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority over the estates of Bundu , Silli , Barwe, Rahe, Tamar and the chief of these estates were compelled to acknowledge the Nagvanshi ruler as their Chief. These chief were known as Mankis of these area. During 19th century, some Mankis revolted after being disposed by Nagvanshi and appointment of Thikedars to collect taxes due to fulfill debt of Nagvanshi. These Mankis and their followers attacked

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