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97-584: Their population is difficult to estimate and their geographical location and concentration is not easily defined. Despite living in a rather developed region and easily coming into contact with outsiders, the Duano’ remain little known to the outside world. Their settlements are scattered along the coast of the Strait of Malacca , where individual settlements form local groups that are loosely interconnected. The Orang Kuala numbered about 2,000 people in 2000. They speak

194-601: A Para-Malay language called Duano' , which is currently endangered. Of all the local subgroups of Duano people, the most studied are found on the west coast of the Malaysian state of Johor , where they receive government services such as healthcare, police, education and infrastructure. In Malaysia , they are called Orang Kuala and are officially recognized as Orang Asli population, the general name for indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia . In Indonesia,

291-565: A wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as

388-491: A 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra. Both events caused large tsunamis . Earthquakes are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, and tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area. By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra. Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra. Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to

485-425: A quarter of all oil carried by sea passes through the strait, mainly from Persian Gulf suppliers to Asian markets. In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million barrels per day were transported through the strait, increasing to an estimated 15.2 million barrels per day in 2011. In addition, it is also one of the world's most congested shipping choke points because it narrows to only 2.8 km (1.5 nautical miles ) wide at

582-528: A rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants. Unique species include the Sumatran pine which dominates the Sumatran tropical pine forests of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as Rafflesia arnoldii (the world's largest individual flower), and the titan arum (the world's largest unbranched inflorescence ). The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to

679-644: A similar pipeline proposal. Sumatra Sumatra ( / s ʊ ˈ m ɑː t r ə / ) is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia . It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km (182,812 mi. ), including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , Enggano , Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago . Sumatra

776-675: A stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the economic policy of the Singhasari and Majapahit . The Palembang sultanate experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century. With the coming of the Dutch Empire , the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903). During

873-541: A total of 22,800 people. The Duano' language belongs to the Malayan languages group, along with Indonesian language , Standard Malay language , Minangkabau language and many others. Along with other 35 languages, it is credited with Malay (macrolanguage) . So far the Duano' language has not been thoroughly studied by any linguists. At different times, separate lists of words were identified, which are attributed with

970-506: A western port on the Malay Peninsula . They traded glassware, camphor , cotton goods, brocades , ivory , sandalwood , perfume, and precious stones. These traders sailed to Kedah via the monsoon winds between June and November. They returned between December and May. Kedah provided accommodations, porters, small vessels, bamboo rafts, elephants, as well as tax collections for goods to be transported overland toward eastern ports of

1067-514: Is a dugout-boat with a keel . Another type is a bigger boat called kota' . They have a dry palm leaf atap (roofing) and are able to seat a family on board. In Malay language , this type of boat is called sampan kotak . The main occupation of the Duano' people is fishing. Fishes are caught in the river mouths, trapping them with a net, or in the open sea with grids, fishing line or traps. Additionally, mollusks and other marine life that are found in

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1164-658: Is a narrow stretch of water, 800 kilometres (500 mi) long and from 65 to 250 km (40–155 mi) wide, between the Malay Peninsula to the northeast and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southwest, connecting the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). As the main shipping channel between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in

1261-495: Is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas. The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait. The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom. Islam entered Sumatra through pious Arabs and Tamil traders in

1358-521: Is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province. Religion in Sumatra (2023) The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.12%), while 10.69% are Christians, and less than 2.19% are Buddhists and Hindus. Sumatra is one of seven geographical regions of Indonesia , which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original provinces of Indonesia between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as

1455-467: Is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula , which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast,

1552-578: Is even shallower and narrower, meaning that ships exceeding the Malaccamax must detour a few thousand nautical miles and use the Lombok Strait , Makassar Strait , Sibutu Passage , and Mindoro Strait instead. Piracy has been a problem in the strait. Piracy had been high in the 2000s, with additional increase after the events of September 11, 2001. After attacks rose again in the first half of 2004, regional navies stepped up their patrols of

1649-669: Is generally known to be found in China, West Kalimantan , and in the waters of Jambi , as well as parts of Riau Islands , Indonesia . In fact, these sumbuns that are found in muddy waters made East Tanjung Jabung Regency as one of three special regions of sumbun producers in Indonesia . Harvesting of the sumbun is a unique tradition of the locals with the potential for further development. The harvesting and gathering of sumbun can be introduced through this tradition, especially in Jambi due to

1746-533: Is likely the cause of confusion regarding the correct name of the group. They refer to themselves as Desin Duano', or simply Duano'. In Malaysia , as noted by Sharifudin Mohamed Yusuf, only the older generation remembers Duano' as the true name of their tribe, since it has been almost completely replaced by the official name, Orang Kuala. The Duano' people live on both sides of the Straits of Malacca , but

1843-405: Is not connected with the sea. There are some existing small Duano' farms and plantations. While some of them are hired in the industry and agriculture. The development of infrastructure in the region has made it easier for them to travel to work in large cities. Some of the Duano' people have achieved some success in business or working in the service sector. At least one Duano' village specializes in

1940-534: Is said that he named the location "Melaka" after the Malacca tree under which he had rested. Over time, the name "Malacca" came to refer not only to the city but also to the strategically significant waterway between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, known as the Malacca Strait. The International Hydrographic Organization define the limits of the Strait of Malacca as follows: On

2037-583: Is the largest producer of Indonesian coffee . Small-holders grow Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) in the highlands, while Robusta ( Coffea canephora ) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the Giling Basah (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity. Sumatra is a highly seismic island. Huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history. In 1797, an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, and in 1833,

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2134-559: Is the situation in Malaysia , where it is vigorously supplanted by Standard Malay language , while most of the older generation are still able to converse in their native language. In Malaysia , the Duano' language is threatened with decay. In addition to their native language, most of the Duano' people are able to speak the Malay language (Bradley 2007a). Duano' people does not have a proper written language. The level of literacy among

2231-479: Is to cast spell on the spirits. At the same time, the Duano' people do not speak about their traditional religion, emphasizing their beliefs in Islam in every possible way. The Duano' people have developed a highly specialized complex economic, based on rich, but very limited variety of composition, local natural resources. Their villages are on the very edge of the land, usually in the river mouths and quite close to

2328-483: Is to gather and harvest sumbun ( Solen grandis) once a year. Sumbun is a type of a local razor clam that is a favorite delicacy of the Duano' community in Jambi , Indonesia . This habit of catching the sumbun is common among the Duano' people and many of those that inhabit the east coast of Jambi , Indonesia , especially in East Tanjung Jabung Regency and West Tanjung Jabung Regency . Sumbun

2425-465: The 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event. The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the South China Sea . Heading north to south, the Asahan , Rokan , Siak , Kampar , Indragiri , Batanghari flow into

2522-404: The 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Several unconnected railway networks built during Netherlands East Indies exist in Sumatra, such as

2619-755: The Barisan Mountains in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia. To the southeast is Java , separated by the Sunda Strait . To the north is the Malay Peninsula (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the Strait of Malacca . To the east is Borneo , across the Karimata Strait . West of the island is the Indian Ocean . The Great Sumatran fault (a strike-slip fault), and

2716-551: The Batu Pahat District . These roads ended the isolation of the coastal region, and now the Duano' villages can be found further inland on Peninsular Malaysia . In Malaysia government authorities track and provide services to the indigenous peoples of the Peninsular Malaysia , so there are good statistics regarding the population of Orang Asli , and in particular, the Orang Kuala. According to official data

2813-443: The Duano' language is close to the Malay language . The discrepancies between them consist mainly of minor phonetic differences. However, the Duano' language contains a whole group of words denoting action, body parts and various natural objects; for which it is difficult to determine their origin. Because of this, as well as the presence of a number of pronouns, questioning words, prefixes and adverbs, which are quite different from

2910-507: The Duano' language . In the early 2000s, Mohd Sharifudin Yusop for the first time in his field research conducted in the territory of the Malaysian state of Johor , composed the list of Duano' words presented in phonetic form. Using these records, the reader will be able to correctly pronounce the Duano' words, even if one has never spoken to the native speakers. The results were published in 2013. An analysis of existing word lists suggests that

3007-708: The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean , linking major Asian economies such as India , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Vietnam , China , Japan , Taiwan , and South Korea . The Strait of Malacca is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to

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3104-523: The Indragiri Hilir Regency in eastern Riau Province. Generally speaking, when determining the area of resettlement for the Duano' people, it is necessary to take into consideration their lifestyle. They are always on the move, and villages are seen as providing only temporary shelter. The Duano' people could easily leave their village and if necessary, settle in a new place. In West Peninsular Malaysia , Duano' villages are located on

3201-594: The Kota Tinggi District , Johor , Malaysia . Those that were interviewed included 51 heads of households in the village of Sungai Layau. As it turned out, the Duano' people markedly dominated the Orang Kanaq on all indicators of living standards. None of them had a lower income than RM500 per month, that is, not being below the poverty line; 35.3% had earnings at RM500-999 per month, 37.3% at RM1,000-1,499, and 27.5% over RM1,500 per month. Significantly

3298-532: The Malacca Strait , while the island's largest river, the Musi , flows into the sea at Bangka Strait in the south. To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – palm oil and petroleum . Sumatra

3395-624: The Malay language , that it is incomprehensible to the Malay people . In general, it can be said that, although the Duano' language is different from Malay language , there are every reason to consider it as one of the Malay dialects, which is slightly different from the Standard Malay language compared to, for instance, the Minangkabau language . In the Indonesian territory, the Duano' language continues to be actively used. Another

3492-573: The Riau Archipelago . They might well have close business relationships with certain groups of the Duano' people. The Bugis people during this period also occupied leading positions in a number of Malay sultanates , including in Johor . It is not surprising, then, that the Duano' people, to whom their Malay neighbors were contemptuous, sought an alliance, whether true or apparently, with representatives of this prestigious group of people. Unlike

3589-584: The Second World War , Japan invaded Sumatra in 1942. The Free Aceh Movement fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami . Sumatra’s population as of 2023 was estimated to be about 60,795,669 ; it has about

3686-509: The Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Sumatra

3783-577: The Sunda megathrust (a subduction zone ), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following the Indian Ocean earthquake . This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds (8.33–10 minutes). More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include

3880-657: The United States Navy destroyer USS  John S. McCain lost ten of its crew's lives in a collision with the merchant ship Alnic MC a short distance east of the strait whilst full steering capabilities had been lost. The ship had made a series of errors in attempted mitigation, its external lights being changed to "red over red" ("vessel not under command"). Another risk is the annual haze due to wildfires in Sumatra , Indonesia . It may reduce visibility to 200 metres (660 ft), forcing ships to slow in

3977-479: The 13th century. In terms of economic development the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for maritime transport . Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in Medan grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of Palembang faced

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4074-1250: The 2010 census (including Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung , Nias , Mentawai , Simeulue and islands around it) There are over 52 languages spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: Chamic (which are represented by Acehnese in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by Ethnic Chams in Cambodia and Vietnam), Malayic ( Malay , Minangkabau and other closely related languages), Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands ( Batak languages , Gayo and others), Lampungic (includes Proper Lampung and Komering ) and Bornean (represented by Rejang in which its closest linguistic relatives are Bukar Sadong and Land Dayak spoken in West Kalimantan and Sarawak ( Malaysia )). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to

4171-477: The 6th and 7th centuries AD. At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the pepper trade by shipping quality piperaceae ( pepper ). Aceh became

4268-406: The Duano' people are Muslims. They were converted to Islam in the 19th century. In Malaysia , where the question of religion is related to the official status of the people, the Duano' people insist that they are not pagans , as they do not eat pork or dugongs , do not have dogs on their boats and therefore cannot be considered in the same category as with other indigenous Orang Asli people of

4365-677: The Duano' people are called Desin Dolak (alternatively Desin Dola', Desin Dolak or Desin Dolaq), and are not included in the official statistics. The name Desin Dola' is only a translation into the Duano' language of the Malay term for Orang Laut , where desin means "people" and dolak means "sea". Early sources of history and ethnography in the region referred to certain local groups of Duano' as Orang Laut Bugis (J.G. Schot, 1884), Orang Lahut (Tassillo Adam, 1928) and Sendaur (H. Kähler, 1949). This

4462-433: The Duano' people are more effective than the Orang Kanaq in using state aid, which is allocated for education and development of entrepreneurial activity. The Duano' people clearly position themselves as a separate people group. They believe that they have nothing to do with other non-Malaysian populations living in the Malacca Strait. Indicative is the attitude of the Duano' people to the ethnic names imposed on them from

4559-474: The Duano' people are regularly to go to the shops in the city, where they would carry out trading operations and store fresh water. It is generally known that the Duano' people are simple and peaceful. They are not particularly attracted to modern technology and only a small percentage graduate high school. At the same time, contacts with the outside world are important. In Malaysia , the Duanp' people, like all of

4656-440: The Duano' village of Kuala Benut in Malaysia , located at the mouth of the same name Benut River, where in 1967 there were about 60 of such huts. During flood the water reaches up to the floor of their houses. During a flood the wooden stairs allow one to descend from the platform to the ground where the boats are. Almost every Duano' family has a boat. There are two main types of boats that they buy or build. The jelo 'penat

4753-565: The Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests. The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site – Gunung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park . The Berbak National Park is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as

4850-468: The Malay Peninsula and Java . The empire gained effective control of two major choke points in maritime Southeast Asia: the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait . By launching a series of conquests and raids on potential rival ports on both sides of the strait, Srivijaya ensured its economic and military domination in the region, which lasted about 700 years. Srivijaya gained great benefits from

4947-487: The Malay Peninsula such as Langkasuka and Kelantan . After the tenth century, ships from China began to trade at these eastern trading posts and ports. Kedah and Funan were famous ports throughout the 6th century, before shipping began to use the Strait of Malacca itself as a trade route. In the 7th century, the maritime empire of Srivijaya , based in Palembang , Sumatra , rose to power, and its influence expanded to

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5044-548: The Malay people, the Bugis people have always been kind to the indigenous population, as they were interested in the local's services as experts of the coast of the region. In the 19th century, the Duano' people began to accept Islam . After which they had already appeared on the territory of modern Malaysia . Malaysian Orang Kuala people are believed to be descended from the Bengkalis Island . In regards to religion,

5141-494: The Malaysian Duano' people in the Malay language is about 50%. Its place in the classification of the Austronesian languages remains unclear to this day. The history of the Duano' people, as well as the history of other stateless people, who lived in harmony with nature and led an appropriate way of life, is virtually unknown. There are no records about them in the historical sources of their neighboring peoples, and

5238-533: The Mediterranean, there to the upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . Over 94,000 vessels pass through the strait each year (2008) making it the busiest strait in the world, carrying about 25% of the world's traded goods, including oil, Chinese manufactured products, coal, palm oil and Indonesian coffee . About

5335-614: The Phillip Channel (close to southern Singapore ). The draught of some of the world's largest ships (mostly oil tankers ) exceeds the Strait's minimum depth of 25 metres (82 feet). This shallow point occurs in the Singapore Strait . The maximum size of a vessel that can pass through the Strait is referred to as the Malaccamax . The next closest passageway to the east, the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java,

5432-686: The Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and Penang . In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the Siak sultanate in the south of Sumatra. The port city of Banda Aceh was recorded in European historical writings since

5529-563: The Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's 38 provinces , which are set out below with their areas and populations. The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions:

5626-484: The area in July ;2004. Subsequently, attacks on ships in the Strait of Malacca dropped, to 79 in 2005 and 50 in 2006. Attacks have dropped to near zero in recent years. There are 34  shipwrecks , some dating to the 1880s, in the local TSS channel (the channel for commercial ships under the global Traffic Separation Scheme ). These pose a collision hazard in the narrow and shallow strait. On 20 August 2017,

5723-547: The busy strait. The strait is frequently used by ships longer than 350 metres (1,150 ft) . Thailand has developed plans to divert much of the strait's traffic and hence some of its economic significance to a shorter route: the Thai government has several times proposed cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Kra , saving around 960 kilometres (600 mi) from the journey between the two oceans. China has offered to cover

5820-406: The coast. When, for example, in May, the southern winds interfere with navigation in the Strait of Malacca , the Duano' people often go to the eastern coast of the Malaysian Peninsula . Thus, we can say that their practices are seasonally based. At the same time, their migrations pattern have always taken place and occur in a limited area, where for centuries their places have remained practically in

5917-477: The costs, according to a report leaked to The Washington Times in 2004. Nevertheless, and despite the support of several Thai politicians, the prohibitive financial and ecological costs suggest that the canal will not be built. An alternative is to install a pipeline across the Isthmus of Kra to carry oil to ships waiting on the other side. Proponents calculate it would cut the cost of oil delivery to Asia by about $ 0.50/barrel ($ 3/m ). Myanmar has also made

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6014-412: The early 18th century, found shelter in the river mouth of the Indragiri River . Subsequently, a disaster destroyed their villages and caused many deaths; they vowed to no longer live in huts on the land and since then chose to remain in their boats. In this legend there are two themes, firstly the destruction of the original village, a very common folktale among the sea nomads of the region, and secondly

6111-514: The ethnic Malays and Chinese . The east coast of Sumatra is almost entirely covered by mangrove forests and swamps, making it almost inaccessible. Inland areas can only be reached by river transport. Similar natural conditions exist on the west coast of Johor , on the other side of the Strait of Malacca . Until recent development, the mangrove forests and swamps between the Kluang District and Kulai District were inaccessible, except via river mouths as wide as 20 km. These rivers flow into

6208-399: The execution of Muslim rituals, the Duano' people are always carefree, and in turn, offending the feelings of other believers. Another norm not seen in the Duano' people is also the typical of Muslims social segregation by gender. In their everyday practice, the Duano' people often turn to their pre-Islamic traditional animistic beliefs. They believe that the world around them is filled with

6305-847: The group on the Malaysian side is much smaller. Within Indonesia , the Duano' people settle the east coast of Sumatra and nearby islands, along a strip of coast between Bengkalis Island and the mouth of the Kampar River in the west, and the delta of the Batang Hari River in the east, including the western part of the Riau Archipelago , within the provinces of Riau , the Riau Islands and Jambi . Duano' villages in Indonesia are located on Bengkalis Island , Kundur Island , Burung Island, Bangkong Island, Punai Island, Mendulang Island, as well as Tanjung Datu, Pasang Api, Istira, Batang Tuato, Djamih, Perigi Radja, Concong Luar (Kuala Langan), including estuaries located in Batang Hari River , Kateman River, Kampar River , Tungkal River , Retih River and Indragiri River . In Indonesia, most Duano' people live in

6402-414: The island at its centre in West Sumatra and Riau provinces. The climate of the island is tropical , hot, and humid. Lush tropical rain forest once dominated the landscape. Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in the last 35 years. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger ,

6499-509: The island. Like all parts of Indonesia, Indonesian (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, variants of Malay like Medan Malay and Palembang Malay are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect) is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in Pekanbaru and areas bordered with West Sumatra ) while Acehnese

6596-417: The lucrative spice trade, e.g. the tributary trade system with China, and trade with Indian and Arab merchants. The Strait of Malacca became an important maritime trade route between India and China. The importance of the Strait of Malacca in global trade networks continued well into later centuries with the rise of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, the Johor Sultanate , the Straits Settlements , and

6693-413: The main commercial centre of the Aceh Sultanate and trading routes were established to the Mediterranean via the Red Sea to rival the Portuguese shipping lanes . The reign of Iskandar Muda is known as the golden age of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to Padang and Johor . The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the Johor sultanate , the Dutch, and

6790-405: The milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building. At the same time, the spread of Islam in Indonesia occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku. The island of Sumatra

6887-426: The modern city-state of Singapore . Since the 17th century, the strait has been the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Various major regional powers have managed the straits during different historical periods. From an economic and strategic perspective, the Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. The strait is the main shipping channel between

6984-510: The mud by the coast are harvested. For this purpose, they use a special board called papantungka . There is no division of labor by gender in the Duano' society. Only young mothers caring for small children are exempted from fishing. Although the Duano' people are often counted as part of the Orang laut , they are not sea nomads. Though they can live for a long time in their boats and go to sea for fishing, they would still return to their village by

7081-579: The name " Orang Melayu Kuala " (Kuala Malay people or Kuala Malays), that is, "estuary Malay people" or "Malay people of the estuary", as this would be more in line with their social status. They also reject the name " Orang laut " because of its disdainful shade. So the inhabitants of the land scornfully call the sea nomads, "dirty" people living in boats, do not adhere to Muslim traditions, involved with witchcraft and find themselves with unclean power. The Duano' people do not consider themselves to be as such. Strait of Malacca The Strait of Malacca

7178-618: The name for the entire island. By the year 692 , the Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya . Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the Chola Empire in southern India By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded

7275-703: The narrow Sunda Strait , containing the Krakatoa Archipelago , separates Sumatra from Java . The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands , while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait and the Java Sea . The Bukit Barisan mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, mangrove forest and complex river systems. The equator crosses

7372-416: The nearby Mentawai Islands . There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra. There are 93 amphibian species in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra. The Sumatran tiger , Sumatran rhinoceros , Sumatran elephant , Sumatran ground cuckoo , Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008,

7469-472: The north. The southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula. On the south. The northeastern coast of Sumatra as far to the eastward as Tanjong Kedabu ( 1°06′N 102°58′E  /  1.100°N 102.967°E  / 1.100; 102.967 ), thence to Klein Karimoen. Early traders from Arabia , Africa , Persia , and southern India reached Kedah before arriving at Guangzhou . Kedah served as

7566-509: The oral tradition of the people is very poor. The records of J.G. Schot (1884) mentions the historical tradition of the Orang Laut Bugis people, one of the Duano' local groups living in the Indragiri Hilir Regency in the east of the Indonesian province of Riau . They considered themselves descendants of the Bugis people, who, after participating in the wars in Johor against Raja Kecil (Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah of Johor) in

7663-580: The other Orang Asli tribes, are supported by the Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA). Employees of the department regularly visit the Duano' community to implement various social, economic and educational programs. People are increasingly integrating into mainstream culture. They borrowed many aspects of Malay culture and lifestyle. The traditional life of the Duano' people in Malaysia has now undergone significant changes. Their settlements have also appeared in inland areas, where their livelihood

7760-509: The outside. Oranq Kuala in Malaysia do not perceive the term " Orang Asli ", they consider it only as an official euphemism, which should replace the obscene name of "Sakai", which in the past was applied to the "wild" tribes of the inland areas of the Malay Peninsula . These people are pagans, do not adhere to Muslim rules, and the Duano' people who practice the Islamic faith can not be united with them. Orang Kuala wants to officially recognize

7857-427: The peninsular part of the country. They are also advocates of Islam , according to official statistics held in Malaysia . Thus, according to JHEOA 1997, in Johor , all 2,918 Orang Kuala were Muslims. Despite the fact that the Duano' people have long been advocates of Islam , they are not diligent in daily prayers, nor do they visit mosques regularly, and do not usually attend to Friday prayers. It happens that during

7954-406: The population of Duano' (Kuala) people in Malaysia has been as follows: As for statistics on the Duano' in Indonesia , there are only estimates. For example, according to Ethnologue's data, there are 15,000 (2006, SIL) Duano' people in Indonesia and 19,000 (2006, E. Seidlitz) globally. Data from the 2017 Joshua Project estimates that there are 18,000 in Indonesia and 4,800 in Malaysia , for

8051-503: The relationship between India and the Indonesian archipelago. In the late 13th century, Marco Polo referred to the kingdom as Samara , while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the form Sumoltra . Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai and the subsequent Sultanate of Aceh . From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used Sumatra or similar forms of

8148-408: The restoration and sale of used furniture. But the leading branch of the economy remains, as before, the fishery, although here the increasing numbers of Duano' people have begun to use modern methods and technical means. Mustafa Omar and Nor Hafizah Mohd Fizer, in 2015, published the results of a survey conducted in 2012 between the two communities of Orang Asli : the Orang Kuala and Orang Kanaq in

8245-473: The same number of inhabitants as South Africa , making it the fifth-most populous island in the world . Yet because it is such a large island, it is not densely populated: it has an average of about 126 people per km . The largest indigenous ethnic groups in Sumatra are Malays, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Acehnese, and Lampungs. Other major non-indigenous ethnic groups are Javanese , Sundanese , and Chinese . Below are 11 largest ethnic groups in Sumatra based on

8342-399: The same region. Their villages are not permanent, people can easily change the location of the village, usually due to the variability of the coastline. The Duano' people are well known in the local waters, as it is also known to all Orang laut tribes living in the region. Fish and seafood are used for both own consumption and for sale. One of the unique traditions of the Duano' people

8439-462: The seaside coast. During the sea tides, the water level rises high. The Duano' people place their huts on a narrow marshy land strip that appears along the mangrove thickets only during the outflow. Duano' buildings are made of wooden platforms, mounted on stilts, and resemble like bridges. On this platform, there is a living room, as well as a spacious area for drying nets and drying fish. All the designs are casually built from wooden boards. For example,

8536-428: The shallow straits, and the Duano' settlements are found directly adjacent to the river mouths. Just inland are Malay villages, often with the same placenames. In these villages, there are Chinese stores where local fishermen can come to sell their products and buy necessities that are not available locally. In the last 20 years of the 20th century, roads linking the cities of Johor Bahru and Malacca were laid through

8633-415: The southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula ( 1°16′N 103°31′E  /  1.267°N 103.517°E  / 1.267; 103.517 ), and The Brothers ( 1°11.5′N 103°21′E  /  1.1917°N 103.350°E  / 1.1917; 103.350 ), and thence to Klein Karimoen ( 1°10′N 103°23.5′E  /  1.167°N 103.3917°E  / 1.167; 103.3917 ). On

8730-418: The southwest coast, mainly in estuaries in Batu Pahat District and Pontian District in the state of Johor . They are located in towns like Lenga , Semerah , Minyak Beku , Senggarang , Rengit , Kuala Benut, Pontian Besar and Sungai Layau. Today, the Duano' people no longer form a single ethnic settlement, instead, there are only isolated villages, often among the settlements of other ethnicities, mainly

8827-443: The spirits of nature ( Malay language , hantu ). Causing dissatisfaction with the spirits, according to their beliefs, can result in one's illness, conflict, and death. A fisherman who dares to throw a fishing net in the rainy season without having fulfilled a pre-established ritual will inevitably suffer from it. The Duano' people have their own spiritual healers, who, in their opinion, have supernatural abilities. The only way to treat

8924-541: The tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day Banda Aceh which was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including Andalas or Percha Island . Scholars suggest that mention of Suwarnadwipa in the Hindu Epic the Ramayana may be a reference to Sumatra. According to experts on The Ramayana , the epic is one of the first sources to document

9021-437: The theme of Bugis domination. Of course, there is no reason to associate the Orang Laut Bugis people with the true Bugis people. Dictionary of the Orang Laut Bugis language, compiled by Shelter, fully corresponds to the Duano' language and therefore, has little in common with the Bugis language of the island of Sulawesi . On the other hand, the Bugis people in the 18th century had actively pursued commercial activities in

9118-445: The uniqueness of the region's water biota. The special dish of the local Duano' community is the sumbun soup, which is known of its soft and uniquely distinct meat. The traditional way of managing their welfare does not allow these people to provide themselves with everything that they need. Clothing, foods and vegetables are bought from the neighboring Chinese or Malay population. They themselves offer fish and seafood. For this purpose,

9215-490: The west. A line joining Pedropunt , the northernmost point of Sumatra ( 5°40′N 95°26′E  /  5.667°N 95.433°E  / 5.667; 95.433 ), and Lem Voalan, the southern extremity of Goh Puket [Phromthep Cape on Phuket Island ] in Siam [ Thailand ] ( 7°45′N 98°18′E  /  7.750°N 98.300°E  / 7.750; 98.300 ). On the east. A line joining Tanjong Piai (Bulus),

9312-530: The world. The name “Malacca” is traditionally associated with the Malacca tree ( Phyllanthus emblica ), also known as the Indian gooseberry tree, and is believed to derive from the local Malay word 'Melaka'. According to historical traditions, Parameswara , a Sumatran prince and the founder of the Malacca Sultanate , selected the site for his new kingdom where the city of Malacca now stands. It

9409-506: Was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Svarṇadvīpa ('Island of Gold') and Svarṇabhūmi ('Land of Gold'), because of the gold deposits in the island's highlands . The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the local king Haji Sumatrabhumi ("king of the land of Sumatra") sent an envoy to China . Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri ( Lamuri , Lambri or Ramni ) in

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