96-632: Orange Cove is a city in Fresno County, California , United States. The population was 9,078 at the 2010 census, up from 7,722 at the 2000 census. Almost all of Orange Cove's residents are Hispanic , many of them farmers . Orange Cove is located in the San Joaquin Valley , 8 miles (13 km) east-northeast of Reedley , at an elevation of 423 feet (129 m). According to the United States Census Bureau ,
192-470: A GOP-leaning swing county. It barely favored Reagan's successor (then) vice president George H. W. Bush in 1988 . Fresno would narrowly vote Democratic for Bill Clinton in 1992 , marking the first time that Democrats won the county since Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Republicans won elections in Fresno County by increasing margins from 1996 to 2004 , then again in 2024 . Between 2008 to 2020 ,
288-543: A UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services." David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for
384-418: A certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem – from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today
480-514: A day at 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP). The new figure of $ 1.90 is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $ 1.90 could buy in the US in 2011. Most scholars agree that it better reflects today's reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries. The common IPL has in the past been roughly $ 1 a day. These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of Newcastle University . He believes
576-399: A different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like water , food , clothing , housing, and basic health care ), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An example of this could be a person living in poor conditions or squalid housing in
672-421: A high crime area of a developed country and struggling to pay their bills every month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person still benefits from the infrastructure of the developed country, they still endure a less than ideal lifestyle compared to their more affluent countrymen or even the more affluent individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs. Living Income refers to
768-402: A majority of Democratic voters. Presidential elections have been competitive in recent decades. In 2020 , Joe Biden became the first Democratic presidential candidate since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to win a majority of the vote in Fresno County. The cities of Clovis , Coalinga , and Kingsburg voted overwhelmingly for Mitt Romney in 2012 . Reedley did so by much lesser margins and
864-680: A pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line , a concept originally conceived by the London School Board . Booth set the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on. Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in York , and drew
960-510: A political party. Republicans have a plurality or majority of voter roll registration in the cities of Clovis, Coalinga, Kingsburg, Reedley, and the unincorporated areas. The other cities and towns have Democratic pluralities or majorities. From Fresno County's incorporation in 1856, it voted Democratic in every election until 1904 , when President Theodore Roosevelt stood for re-election. Fresno County backed Roosevelt over his Democratic opponent Alton B. Parker . This did not immediately change
1056-445: A population of 9,078. The population density was 47,488,869.6 people per square mile (1,800/km). The racial makeup of Orange Cove was 3,940 ( 43.4%) White, 72 ( 0.8%) African American, 131 ( 1.4%) Native American, 101 ( 1.1%) Asian, 3 ( 0.03%) Pacific Islander, 4,481 ( 49.4%) from other races, and 350 ( 3.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,413 persons ( 92.7%). The census reported that 9,078 people (100% of
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#17327808828281152-556: A population of 930,450. The racial makeup of Fresno County was 515,145 (55.4%) White , 49,523 (5.3%) African American , 15,649 (1.7%) Native American , 89,357 (9.6%) Asian (3.3% Hmong, 1.7% Asian Indian, 1.0% Filipino, 0.8% Laotian, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Cambodian, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani, 0.1% Thai), 1,405 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 217,085 (23.3%) from other races , and 42,286 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 468,070 persons (50.3%). 46.0% of Fresno County's population
1248-504: A poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary, before people get ill or lose weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of
1344-509: A result, depending on the indicator of economic status used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups have the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not just a matter of measuring things accurately, but it also necessitates fundamental social judgments, many of which have moral implications. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of
1440-413: Is Victor P. Lopez. Lopez was mayor of Orange Cove for over three decades before being voted out of office in 2010. He was later elected to the city council in 2013 and re-elected as mayor in 2014 in what he claimed would be his last term in office, but he then went on to win re-election as mayor again in 2018. The community of Orange Cove maintained its own police department for many years. In 1992 however,
1536-434: Is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)." However, some have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a country's income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all. In 1776, Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for
1632-596: Is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone £9,191 a year – before tax or National Insurance". In 2019, the Low Pay Commission estimated that about 7% of people employed in the UK were earning at or below the National Minimum Wage . In 2021,
1728-603: Is chronically threatened by the presence of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter and the disease it carries, Pierce's Disease. See Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in California and Pierce's Disease in California . Pistachio production in the United States was 523,900 MT in 2021, with 40% of that number being from Fresno, California. The peach harvest was worth $ 264,139,238 in 2017. Fresno is
1824-401: Is hard to have exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must be taken at face value. As a result, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully represent the income earned illegally. In addition, if the data were correct and accurate, it would still not mean serving as an adequate measure of
1920-471: Is less than one-half the median family income." This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate as typically computed today In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in
2016-445: Is not considering establishing an official poverty line, with Minister for Social and Family Development Chan Chun Sing claiming it would fail to represent the magnitude and scope of problems faced by the poor. As a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed opportunity for those living right above such a line. In the United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in
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#17327808828282112-679: Is now a GOP-leaning "swing" city in the county. Huron , Mendota , Orange Cove , Parlier , Fowler , Firebaugh , Fresno , Kerman , Sanger , Selma , and San Joaquin voted overwhelmingly for President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. According to the California Secretary of State , in October 2012, there were 410,188 registered voters in Fresno County. 158,267 (38.6%) were registered Republican, 164,663 (40.1%) were registered Democratic, 19,841 (4.8%) are registered with other political parties, and 67,417 (16.4%) declined to state
2208-413: Is of Mexican descent; 0.7% of its residents are Salvadoran, and 0.3% of its residents are Puerto Rican. As of the census of 2000, there were 799,407 people, 252,940 households, and 186,669 families residing in the county. The population density was 134 people per square mile (52 people/km ). There were 270,767 housing units at an average density of 45 per square mile (17/km ). The racial makeup of
2304-633: Is served by State Route 63 (SR 63), which approaches the city from Orosi . SR 63 bypasses the city along Hills Valley Road, while straddling the Fresno–Tulare county line, and continues north toward SR 180 . Hills Valley Road continues south as County Route J19 , which connects to Reedley (via Manning Avenue) and Dinuba . Orange Cove was formerly served by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway along its Porterville-Orosi District branch line. The station serving this line
2400-459: Is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately US$ 12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately US$ 7.50) In 2019, the Indian government stated that 6.7% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As India is one of
2496-520: Is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities. To assist in measuring this, the World Bank has a daily per capita international poverty line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $ 2.15 a day as of September 2022. The new IPL replaces the $ 1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a figure (revised largely due to inflation) of $ 1.25
2592-418: Is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for the average adult. The cost of housing, such as the rent for an apartment, usually makes up the largest proportion of this estimate, so economists track the real estate market and other housing cost indicators as a major influence on
2688-554: Is the primary industry in Fresno County. 1.88 million acres (0.76 million hectares; 7,600 square kilometres; 2,940 square miles) are under cultivation, almost half the total county area of 3.84 million acres (1.55 million hectares; 15,500 square kilometres; 6,000 square miles). Ag production totaled $ 7.98 billion in 2017, making it the number one agricultural county in the nation. Over 300 different crops are grown here. Major crops and livestocks include: The grape harvest brought in $ 1,046,356,645 in 2017. Production
2784-642: The 49th most populous combined statistical area and the 55th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012. The Government of Fresno County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution , law , and the Charter of the County of Fresno. Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments, such as
2880-709: The Fresno County Jail in downtown Fresno. The department provides police patrol and detective services for the unincorporated areas of the county which encompasses approximately 250,000 residents, or 25% of the county's total population. The department also provides law enforcement services by contract with the city of San Joaquin , population 4100. Municipal police departments in the county are: Fresno, population 500,000; Clovis, 110,000; Sanger, 25,000; Reedley, 24,000; Selma, 23,000; Coalinga, 17,000; Kerman, 14,000; Kingsburg, 12,000; Huron, 7,000; Firebaugh, 8,500; Fowler, 6,500. Fresno County's voter registration shows
2976-522: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local minimum wage to the amount of money needed to cover expenses beyond what is needed to merely survive across the United States. The cost of living varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household. An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to find solutions to
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3072-681: The Office for National Statistics found that 3.8% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from 7.4% in 2020 but an increase from 1.4% in 2019. They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is connected to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom . The Guardian reported in 2021 that "almost 5m jobs, or one in six nationally, pay below the real living wage". India's official poverty level as of 2005
3168-714: The San Joaquin River , Kings River , Delta-Mendota Canal , Big Creek , Friant Kern Canal , Helm Canal and Madera Canal . It is bordered on the west by the Coast Range and on the east by the Sierra Nevada . It is the center of a large agricultural area, known as the most agriculturally rich county in the United States . The county withdrew 3.7 billion US gallons (14,000,000 m ) of fresh water per day in 2000, more than any other county in
3264-694: The Sheriff , District Attorney, Assessor-Recorder, Auditor-Controller/Treasurer-Tax Collector, and Clerk/Registrar of Voters, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. As of February 2018 the members of the Fresno County Board of Supervisors are: The Fresno County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for all of Fresno County and its population of approximately of 994,400 residents. They operate
3360-708: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers. In the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators." "Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space." "Once economic development has progressed beyond
3456-486: The European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income. A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty. The term relative poverty can also be used in
3552-622: The Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the Fresno– Madera , CA Combined Statistical Area . It is located in the Central Valley , south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield . Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security . The area now known as Fresno County was the traditional homeland of Yokuts and Mono peoples, and
3648-425: The Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau ranked the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 56th most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012. The Office of Management and Budget has further designated the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as a component of the more extensive Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area ,
3744-538: The GOP had lost ground with Hispanic voters, thus allowing the county to swing Democratic, voting twice for Obama, and then for Hillary Clinton in 2016 , and for Joe Biden in 2020. However, in 2024 , Fresno County would swing Republican when it voted for Donald Trump , making it one of eight counties to flip from Biden to Trump, and making Fresno one of six counties to vote for the Republican presidential candidate for
3840-443: The Government of Fresno County. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. The County government is composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, several other elected offices including
3936-480: The Iranian economy suffered the highest inflation in 75 years; official statistics put the poverty line at 10 million tomans ($ 500), while the minimum wage given in the same year has been 5 million toman. Singapore has experienced strong economic growth over the last ten years and has consistently ranked among the world's top countries in terms of GDP per capita. Inequality has however increased dramatically over
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4032-470: The United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs: In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; it was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving
4128-488: The United States is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the United States, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$ 12,760, or about $ 35 per day. The threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$ 26,200, about $ 72 per day. According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2018 One-year Estimates, 13.1% of Americans lived below
4224-539: The United States. In recent years, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's water security . Fresno County is part of the Madera AVA wine region . However, Fresno was named after two particular ash trees that grew near the town of Minkler on the Kings River, one of which is still alive and standing. A number of minerals have been discovered in
4320-709: The World Bank updated the International Poverty Line ( IPL ), a global absolute minimum, to $ 2.15 per day (in PPP ). In addition, as of 2022, $ 3.65 per day in PPP for lower-middle income countries, and $ 6.85 per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries. Per the $ 1.90/day standard, the percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to 10% by 2015, according to United Nations estimates, which found roughly 734 million people remained in absolute poverty. Charles Booth ,
4416-422: The age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.59. In the county, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under
4512-462: The age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 34,725, and the median income for a family was $ 38,455. Males had a median income of $ 33,375 versus $ 26,501 for females. The per capita income for
4608-471: The area. In 1865, William Helm brought his sheep to Fresno county, which was then a vast space of open land. Helm was the largest individual sheep grower in Fresno County. Moses Church developed the first canals , called "Church Ditches", for irrigation . These canals allowed extensive cultivation of wheat . Francis Eisen, leader of the wine industry in Fresno County, also began the raisin industry in 1875, when he accidentally let some of his grapes dry on
4704-440: The cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats). The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being , usually in terms of consumption goods . The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach
4800-904: The city disbanded its police department, due to an inadequate budget and began contracting with the Fresno County Sheriff's Department for police services. As of December 16, 2009, the city restarted its police department. Frank Steenport was the Chief. Later, Marty Rivera became the Chief of Police. Schools in Orange Cove are part of the Kings Canyon Unified School District . Orange Cove has one High School (Orange Cove High School) and Middle School (Citrus Middle School) as well as three Elementary Schools: Sheridan Elementary School, McCord Elementary School, and A.L. Conner Elementary School. Orange Cove
4896-512: The city has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km), all of its land. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orange Cove has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate , abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Elmer M. Sheridan founded the town in 1914, and named it prior to large scale citrus growing. The first post office opened in 1914. The city incorporated in 1948. At the 2010 census Orange Cove had
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#17327808828284992-855: The city of Fresno, the Meux Home , and Kearney Mansion Museum . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 6,011 square miles (15,570 km ), of which 5,958 square miles (15,430 km ) is land and 53 square miles (140 km ) (0.9%) is water. Fresno County consists of about 38 smaller towns including Fresno, Selma, Parlier, Clovis, Reedly, Sanger, Kerman, Kingsburg, Coalinga, Firebaugh, Calwa, Friant, Mendota, Fowler, Shaver lake, San Joaquin, Orange Cove, Del Ray, Yokuts Valley, Auberry, Huron, Caruthers, Riverdale, Laton, Big Creek, Tranquility, Biola, Raisin City, Easton, Three Rocks, Cantou Creek, Lanare, Minkler, Mayfair, Malaga, Bowles, Monmouth, and West Park. Major watercourses are
5088-538: The city was 33.55% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 2.42% Native American, 1.49% Asian, 58.84% from other races, and 3.38% from two or more races. 90.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,694 households, 62.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.7% were non-families. 7.1% of households were one person and 3.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size
5184-591: The concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, so does our idea of what is substandard." In 1965, Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965. In 1967, American economist Victor Fuchs proposed that "we define as poor any family whose income
5280-444: The county was $ 15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. Fresno County is also known for having the highest rate of chlamydia in the state. In 2006 it had 545.2 cases per 100,000 people, compared with the statewide average of 363.5. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Fresno County as
5376-522: The county was 54.3% White , 5.3% Black or African American , 1.6% Native American , 8.1% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 25.9% from other races , and 4.7% from two or more races. 44.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, the county was 7.5% German , 6.6% Irish , 6.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000 . 59.3% spoke English , 31.5% Spanish and 3.1% Hmong as their first language. There were 252,940 households, out of which 41.2% had children under
5472-718: The county's voting tendencies, however. It supported southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the elections of 1912 and 1916 . Fresno County was generally Republican from the onset of the "roaring 1920s" until the Great Depression, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt forged the New Deal Coalition that benefitted the agrarian county. From 1932 to 1976 , the county consistently voted Democratic , barring Richard Nixon 's landslide victory over former Senator George McGovern (D-SD) in 1972 . With President Jimmy Carter 's defeat by Ronald Reagan , Fresno became
5568-574: The county, including macdonaldite , krauskopfite , walstromite , fresnoite , verplanckite , muirite , traskite , and kampfite . In October 2019 , the Bureau of Land Management ended a five-year moratorium on leasing federal land in California to fossil fuel companies, opening 725,000 acres (1100 sq. miles; 29,000 ha) to drilling in San Benito , Monterey , and Fresno counties. The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno County had
5664-437: The county. It voted "Yes" in the 2021 gubernatorial recall election and has voted for the Republican gubernatorial candidate in every election since 1978 . On November 4, 2008, Fresno County voted 68.6% for Proposition 8 , which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages . The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. Agriculture
5760-410: The efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives knowledge of which poverty reduction strategies work and which do not, helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to do so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral concern. It
5856-489: The fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the country, with close to 44 Indians escaping extreme poverty every minute, as per the World Poverty Clock . India lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16. In 2008 Iran government report by central statistics had recommended 9.5 around million people living below poverty line. As of August 2022
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#17327808828285952-1098: The first time since George W. Bush in 2004 In the United States House of Representatives , Fresno County is split among four congressional districts: In the California State Senate , the county is split among three legislative districts: In the California State Assembly , Fresno County is split between the 8th Assembly District, represented by Republican Jim Patterson, and the 31st Assembly District , represented by Democrat Joaquin Arambula . Fresno tends to remain socially conservative but more moderate on economic issues, which can be seen in Fresno's support for both socially conservative proposition amendments and Democratic candidates in presidential elections, especially if economic times are poor. In contrast, gubernatorial elections are considered safe for Republicans in
6048-484: The impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy". Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption. In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty . Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country: for example, below 60% of the median income of people in that country. Relative poverty measurements, unlike absolute poverty measurements, take
6144-491: The income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing feature between a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and expert consultations, the Living Income Community of Practice, an open learning community, established the formal definition of living income drawing on
6240-430: The living standards, the well-being or economic position of a given family or household. Research done by Haughton and Khandker finds that there is no ideal measure of well-being, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should be approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised. As
6336-490: The person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to enjoy the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying. Relative poverty is thus a form of social exclusion that can for example affect peoples access to decent housing, education or job opportunities. The relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
6432-400: The poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of
6528-593: The population) lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized. There were 2,068 households, out of which 1,459 ( 70.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,202 ( 58.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 430 ( 20.8%) had a single female householder, 222 ( 10.7%) had a single male householder. There were 207 ( 10%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 10 ( 0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 174 households ( 8.4%) were one person and 88 ( 4.3%) had someone living alone who
6624-606: The poverty line calculation, using a single global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide. Additionally, the Living Income should be adjusted quarterly due to inflation and other significant changes such as currency adjustments. The actual income or proxy income can be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Bank notes that poverty and standard of living can be measured by social perception as well, and found that in 2015, roughly one-third of
6720-481: The poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain. In the UK in 2006, "more than five million people – over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees – were paid less than £6.67 an hour". This value
6816-403: The poverty line. Women and children find themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single mother families. The poverty rate of women has increasingly exceeded that of men's. While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty rate is 13.8% which is above the average and men are below the overall rate at 11.1%. Women and children (as single mother families) find themselves as
6912-411: The poverty line. Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of poverty , the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries . In September 2022,
7008-467: The problem of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, as well as several private organizations and charities, to decide who needs assistance. The assistance can take many forms, but it is often difficult to put in place any type of aid without measurements which provide data. In a rapidly evolving economic climate, poverty assessment often aids developed countries in determining
7104-407: The real number as of 2015 was $ 7.40 per day. Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries. Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP exchange rates, the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of
7200-419: The same time span, yet there is no official poverty line in the country. Given Singapore's high level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not exist in the country, or that domestic poverty is not comparable to global absolute poverty. Such a view persists for a selection of reasons, and since there is no official poverty line, there is no strong acknowledgement that it exists. Yet, Singapore
7296-524: The second highest cotton producer in the state, harvesting 223,443 bales in 2017. This is a close second to neighboring Kings . Due to its tremendous agricultural success, the county also has a tremendous problem with glyphosate resistance . Okada et al. , 2013 finds a high degree of resistance in Marestail ( Conyza canadensis ). Poverty line The poverty threshold , poverty limit , poverty line , or breadline
7392-582: The social economic environment of the people observed into consideration. It is based on the assumption that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who are living in the same economy. The threshold for relative poverty is considered to be at 50% of a country's median equivalised disposable income after social transfers . Thus, it can vary greatly from country to country even after adjusting for purchasing power standards (PPS). A person can be poor in relative terms but not in absolute terms as
7488-685: The societies to which they belong (page 31)." Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question." Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the European Union , UNICEF and the OECD . The main poverty line used in the OECD and
7584-422: The support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without." In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community." In 1964, in a joint committee economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed
7680-483: The total population of York lived below this poverty line. This result corresponded with that from Booth's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty , those lacking in income and secondary poverty , those who had enough income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96). The poverty threshold
7776-493: The vine. Anthony Easterby and Clovis Cole developed extensive grain and cattle ranches. These and other citizens laid the groundwork for the cultivation of Fresno County – now one of the nation's leading agricultural regions. In more recent times cotton became a major crop in Fresno and the southern San Joaquin Valley, but recent drought and lower demand have lessened cotton's importance to the local economy. The discovery of oil in
7872-481: The western part of the county, near the town of Coalinga at the foot of the Coast Ranges , brought about an economic boom in the 1900s (decade), even though the field itself was known at least as early as the 1860s. By 1910, Coalinga Oil Field , the largest field in Fresno County, was the most richly productive oil field in California; a dramatic oil gusher in 1909, the biggest in California up until that time,
7968-538: The work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income as: The net annual income required for a household in a particular place to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, water, housing, education, healthcare, transport, clothing, and other essential needs including provision for unexpected events. Like
8064-451: The world's population was considered poor in relation to their particular society. The Living Income Community of Practice (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and find ways to bridge this gap. A variation on the LICOP's Living Income is
8160-485: The world. It influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach." A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies use different lists. According to
8256-419: Was $ 22,525. Males had a median income of $ 21,042 versus $ 16,821 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 7,126. About 39.9% of families and 44.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 54.6% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over. Orange Cove's local government includes an elected mayor, mayor pro tem, and a three-member city council. As of 2020, its current mayor
8352-463: Was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 4,047 people ( 44.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 5,031 people ( 55.4%) lived in rental housing units. At the 2000 census there were 7,722 people, 1,694 households, and 1,512 families in the city. The population density was 5,030.4 people per square mile (1,900/km). There were 1,767 housing units at an average density of 1,151.1 per square mile (440/km). The racial makeup of
8448-422: Was 4.56 and the average family size was 4.66. The age distribution was 40.4% under the age of 18, 13.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% 65 or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was US$ 22,357, and the median family income
8544-748: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 4.39. There were 1,854 families ( 89.7% of all households); the average family size was 4.53. The age distribution was 3,619 people ( 39.9%) under the age of 18, 1,113 people ( 12.3%) aged 18 to 24, 2,398 people ( 26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 1,435 people ( 15.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 513 people ( 5.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 23.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.1 males. There were 2,231 housing units at an average density of 1,167.0 per square mile (450/km), of which 2,068 were occupied, of which 893 ( 43.2%) were owner-occupied, and 1,175 ( 56.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate
8640-599: Was along the San Joaquin River in Millerton , but was moved to the rapidly growing town of Fresno on the newly built Southern Pacific Railroad line. A special election was held on March 23, 1874, to decide if Millerton should remain the County Seat or if the County Seat should be moved to another location. Fresno won the election that day and became the new Fresno County Seat. The settling of Fresno County
8736-667: Was an event of sufficient excitement to cause the Los Angeles Stock Exchange to close for a day so that its members could come by train to view it. The Coalinga field continues to produce oil, and is currently the eighth-largest field in the state. More than thirty structures in Fresno County are on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Fresno Water Tower , which once held over 250,000 US gallons (950 m ) of water for
8832-444: Was first developed by Mollie Orshansky between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold as a measure of income inadequacy by taking the cost of food plan per family of three or four and multiplying it by a factor of three. In 1969 the inter agency poverty level review committee adjusted the threshold for only price changes. The term "absolute poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty
8928-650: Was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976. "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over
9024-635: Was later settled by Spaniards during a search for suitable mission sites. In 1846, this area became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican War. Fresno County was formed in 1856 from parts of Mariposa , Merced and Tulare counties. Fresno is Spanish for "ash tree" and it was in recognition of the abundance of the shrubby local ash, Fraxinus dipetala , growing along the San Joaquin River that it received its name. Parts of Fresno County's territory were given to Mono County in 1861 and to Madera County in 1893. The original county seat
9120-563: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Fresno County, California Fresno County ( / ˈ f r ɛ z n oʊ / ), officially the County of Fresno , is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2020 Census , the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno , the fifth-most populous city in California. Fresno County comprises
9216-416: Was not without its conflicts, land disputes, and other natural disasters. Floods caused immeasurable damage elsewhere and fires also plagued the settlers of Fresno County. In 1882, the greatest of the early day fires wiped out an entire block of the city of Fresno, and was followed by another devastating blaze in 1883. At the same time residents brought irrigation , electricity, and extensive agriculture to
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