Public speaking , also called oratory , is the practice of delivering speeches to a live audience. Throughout history, public speaking has held significant cultural, religious, and political importance, emphasizing the necessity of effective rhetorical skills.
85-488: Oratory is a type of public speaking . Oratory may also refer to: Public speaking The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius , a key figure in the study of public speaking, advocated for speeches that could profoundly affect individuals, including those not present in the audience. He believed that words possess the power to inspire actions capable of changing the world. In the Western tradition, public speaking
170-530: A speakers bureau , or by other means. Public speaking plays a large role in the professional world. It is believed that 70 percent of all jobs involve some form of public speaking. New technology has opened different forms of public speaking that are non-traditional such as TED Talks , which are conferences that are broadcast globally. This form of public speaking has created a wider audience base because public speaking can now reach both physical and virtual audiences. These audiences can be watching from all around
255-524: A "wish to change the world". Each winner unveiled their wish at the main annual conference. Since 2010, a single winner has been chosen to ensure that TED can maximize its efforts in achieving the winner's wish. In 2012, the prize was not awarded to a person, but to a concept connected to the current global phenomenon of increasing urbanization . In 2013, the prize amount was increased to $ 1 million. TED Prize winners in previous years have been: TED Conference commissioned New York artist Tom Shannon to create
340-475: A TED Talk in which he explained his vision of the conference and his future role of curator . Wurman left after the 2002 conference. In 2006, attendance cost was $ 4,400 per person and was by invitation only. The membership model was shifted in January 2007 to an annual membership fee of $ 6,000, which included attendance of the conference, club mailings, networking tools, and conference DVDs. The 2018 conference
425-694: A club such as Rostrum , Toastmasters International , Association of Speakers Clubs (ASC), or Speaking Circles , in which members are assigned exercises to improve their speaking skills. Members learn by observation and practice and hone their skills by listening to constructive suggestions, followed by new public speaking exercises. Toastmasters International is a public speaking organization with over 15,000 clubs worldwide and more than 300,000 members. This organization helps individuals with their public speaking skills, as well as leadership skills necessary to become effective public speakers such as content development, club development, and speech contests. Members of
510-475: A communication tool effectively, and continuously researching their topic area of focus. They also recognize that content is king and advocate writing as a self-training exercise because it requires a speaker to focus on developing the content, not just speaking techniques. Public speaking for business and commercial events is often done by professionals, whose expertise is well established. These speakers can be contracted independently, through representation by
595-412: A connection between the speaker's concern and the audience's interest. Chinese rhetoric analyzes public speakers based on three standards: Although evidence of public speaking training exists in ancient Egypt , the first known writing on oratory is 2,000 years old from ancient Greece . This work elaborates on principles drawn from the practices and experiences of ancient Greek orators. Aristotle
680-462: A group of teachers called Sophists , who taught paying students how to speak effectively using their methods. Separately from the Sophists, Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle developed their theories of public speaking, teaching these principles to students interested in learning rhetorical skills. Plato founded The Academy and Aristotle founded The Lyceum to teach these skills. Demosthenes
765-443: A high value on ethics. Ancient Chinese rhetoric had three objectives: (i) using language to reflect people's feelings; (ii) using language to be more pointed, effective, and impactful; and (iii) using rhetoric as an "aesthetic tool." Chinese rhetoric traditionally focused more on the written than the spoken word, but both share similar characteristics of construction. A unique and key difference between Chinese and Western rhetoric
850-405: A highly valued skill in various sectors, including government, industry, and advocacy. It has also evolved with the advent of digital technologies, incorporating video conferencing , multimedia presentations, and other innovative forms of communication. The main objective of public speaking is to inform or change the audience's thoughts and actions. The function of public speaking is determined by
935-420: A message's impact. Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, generalizations, exaggerations, metaphors, and irony may be employed to increase the likelihood of persuading an audience. Though historically uncommon, speakers today are enabled to utilise statistics , data as well as other sources of information, such as the internet , in order to strengthen their argument, stance or proposal; This has only evolved during
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#17327649825901020-802: A more internationally oriented sister conference was added, under the name TEDGlobal. It was held, in chronological order: in Oxford , UK (2005), in Arusha , Tanzania (2007, titled TEDAfrica), in Oxford again (2009 and 2010), and in Edinburgh , UK (2011, 2012, and 2013). In 2014, it was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . Additionally, there was TED India, in Mysore (2009) and TEDGlobal London in London (2015). TEDGlobal 2017
1105-412: A notable increase in the number of training solutions, offered in the form of video and online courses. Videos can provide simulated examples of behaviors to emulate. Professional public speakers often engage in ongoing training and education to refine their craft. This may include seeking guidance to improve their speaking skills, such as learning better storytelling techniques, learning how to use humor as
1190-662: A powerful orator, who led many women to rebel through militant forms until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Kishida Toshiko (1861–1901) was a female speaker during the Meiji era in Japan . In October 1883, she publicly delivered a speech entitled 'Hakoiri Musume' (Daughters Kept in Boxes) in front of approximately 600 people. Presented in Yotsu no Miya Theater in Kyoto , she criticized
1275-459: A prize sculpture for all TED Prize winners. It consists of an eight-inch-diameter (20 cm) aluminum sphere magnetically levitated above a walnut disc. As of 2018 the prize has been recast as The Audacious Project . In 2005, Chris Anderson hired June Cohen as Director of TED Media. In June 2006, after Cohen's idea of a TV show based on TED lectures was rejected by several networks, a selection of talks that had received highest audience ratings
1360-412: A successor at age 65, met with new-media entrepreneur and TED enthusiast Chris Anderson to discuss future happenings. Anderson's UK media company Future bought TED for $ 14 million ($ 12 million in cash and $ 2 million in stocks). In November 2001, Anderson's non-profit The Sapling Foundation (motto: "fostering the spread of great ideas") acquired TED from Future for £6m. In February 2002, Anderson gave
1445-525: A wide range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture, often through storytelling. Since June 2006, TED Talks had been offered for free viewing online, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Creative Commons license , through TED.com. As of December 2020, over 3,500 talks are freely available on the official website. In June 2011, TED Talks' combined viewing figures surpassed 500 million, and by November 2012, they had been watched over one billion times worldwide. While
1530-439: A wider audience. The intervention style of speaking is a relatively new method proposed by rhetorical theorist William R. Brown. This style revolves around the theory of idealism , which holds that humans create a symbolic meaning for life and the things around them. Due to this, the symbolic meaning of everything changes based on the way one communicates. When approaching communication with an intervention style, communication
1615-414: A year; now it's about a million people a day watching TED Talks online. When we first put up a few of the talks as an experiment, we got such impassioned responses that we decided to flip the organization on its head and think of ourselves not so much as a conference but as "ideas worth spreading," building a big website around it. The conference is still the engine, but the website is the amplifier that takes
1700-561: Is a collection of podcasts with over 25 shows. One of those shows is the TED Interview podcast which launched on October 16, 2018, during which Chris Anderson holds conversations with speakers who have previously given a TED talk , providing the guest a chance to speak in greater depth about their background, projects, motivation, re-evaluation of past experiences, or plans for the future. Each interview lasts between 45 minutes and about one hour. All podcasts are available on
1785-480: Is a term derived from the Latin word "persuadere." Persuasive speaking aims to change the audience's beliefs and is commonly used in political debates. Leaders use such public forums in an attempt to persuade their audience, whether they be the general public or government officials. Persuasive speaking involves four essential elements: (i) the speaker or persuader; (ii) the audience; (iii) the speaking method; and (iv)
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#17327649825901870-687: Is an American-Canadian non-profit media organization that posts international talks online for free distribution under the slogan "Ideas Change Everything" (previously "Ideas Worth Spreading"). It was founded by Richard Saul Wurman and Harry Marks in February 1984 as a technology conference, in which Mickey Schulhof gave a demo of the compact disc that was invented in October 1982. Its main conference has been held annually since 1990. It covers almost all topics—from science to business to global issues —in more than 100 languages. TED's early emphasis
1955-533: Is helpful for large conference meetings and face-to-face communication between parties without demanding the inconvenience of travel. An organization called the Penguin Club of Australia was founded in Sydney in 1937 and aimed at developing women's communication skills. Led by Jean Ellis, the organization spread to other territories of Australia and current-day Papua New Guinea over time. A main premise of
2040-472: Is known for sticking pebbles into his mouth to improve his pronunciation, talking while running so that he would not lose his breath, and practicing speaking in front of a mirror to improve his delivery. When Philip II, the ruler of Macedon, tried to conquer the Greeks, Demosthenes made a speech called Kata Philippou A. In this speech, he spoke about why he opposed Philip II as a threat to all of Greece. This
2125-443: Is often mentioned as one of the most common phobias. The reason is uncertain, but it has been speculated that this fear is primal, similar to how animals fear being seen by predators. The apprehension experienced when speaking in public can have several causes, such as social anxiety disorder , or a prior experience of public humiliation. This can be related to stage fright . Effective public speaking can be developed by joining
2210-422: Is persuaded by considering people's interests and how the society in which they live influences their interests. In his writing De Inventione , Cicero explained the five canons or tenets of rhteoric. The five canons apply to rhetoric and public speaking. The five canons are invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. The fear of speaking in public, known as glossophobia or public speaking anxiety,
2295-408: Is similar to dialect : he defines both as being acts of persuasion. However, dialect is the act of persuading someone in private, whereas rhetoric is about persuading people in a public setting. Aristotle defines someone who practices rhetoric or a "rhetorician" as an individual who can comprehend persuasion and how it is applied. Aristotle divides rhetoric into three elements: (i) the speaker; (ii)
2380-453: Is the audience targeted for persuasion. In Chinese rhetoric, state rulers were the audience, whereas Western rhetoric targets the public. Another difference between Chinese and Western rhetoric practices is how a speaker establishes credibility or Ethos . In Chinese rhetoric, the speaker does not focus on individual credibility, like Western rhetoric. Instead, the speaker focuses on collectivism by sharing personal experiences and establishing
2465-501: Is understood to be responsible for the constant changes in society, behaviors, and how one considers the meaning behind objects, ideologies, and everyday life. From an interventional perspective, when individuals communicate, they are intervening with what is already a reality and might "shift symbolic reality." This approach to communication encompasses the possibility or idea that one may be responsible for unexpected outcomes due to what and how one communicates. This perspective widens
2550-585: The Roman Empire , though less central to political life than during the Republic, remained important in law and entertainment. Famous orators were celebrities in ancient Rome, becoming wealthy and prominent in society. The ornate Latin style was the primary form of oration through the mid-20th century. After World War II and the increased use of film and television, the Latin oration style began to fall out of favor. This cultural change likely had to do with
2635-469: The TEDx Music Project . In 2011, TED began a program called "TEDx in a Box", which is intended to enable people in developing countries to hold TEDx events. TEDx also expanded to include TEDxYouth events, TEDx corporate events, and TEDxWomen. TEDxYouth events are independent programs set up for students who are in grades 7–12. These events usually have audiences of people close to the age of
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2720-751: The United Nations . She is the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize , at the age of 17, which was awarded to her in 2014. Her public speaking has brought worldwide attention to the difficulties of young girls in Pakistan. She continues to advocate for educational rights for women and girls worldwide through the Malala Fund , to help girls around the world receive 12 years of education. TED (conference) TED Conferences, LLC ( Technology, Entertainment, Design )
2805-782: The Vancouver Convention Centre since 2014. The first conferences from 1984 (TED1) through 2008 (TED2008) were held at the Monterey Conference Center in Monterey, California . Between 2009 and 2014, it was held in Long Beach, California , United States. TED events are also held throughout North America and in Europe , Asia , and Africa , offering live streaming of the talks. TED returned to Monterey in 2021 with TEDMonterey. The talks address
2890-459: The 4.5 billion people on the planet who don't speak English", according to TED Curator Chris Anderson. The OTP used crowd-based subtitling platforms to translate the text of TED and TED-Ed videos, as well as to caption and translate videos created in the TEDx program. (Until May 2012 it worked with its technology partner dotSUB, and then with the open source translation tool Amara ). When the project
2975-507: The OTP Wiki OTPedia, Facebook groups, or video tutorials. TEDx was founded by Lara Stein . TEDx are independent events similar to TED in presentation. They can be organized by anyone who obtains a free license from TED, and agrees to follow certain principles. TEDx events are required to be non-profit, but organizers may use an admission fee or commercial sponsorship to cover costs. Speakers are not paid and must also relinquish
3060-600: The TED Audio Collective with a number of podcasts featuring previous TED Talks and other relevant topics. TED 2022 was held in Vancouver. There was criticism after Marvin Rees , Mayor of Bristol , flew 9,200 miles (14,800 km) to speak about climate change and the need for reduced carbon emissions . The TED Prize was introduced in 2005. Until 2010, $ 100,000 was given annually to three individuals with
3145-559: The TED website, in part together with transcripts, as well as through platforms such as Apple Podcasts , Spotify , Google Podcasts , TuneIn , Stitcher , RadioPublic , Castbox , iHeartRadio , and BBC Radio 4 Extra . Season Four began in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic as a live-stream broadcast co-hosted by Chris Anderson and Whitney Pennington Rodgers and often offered listeners
3230-616: The Web Visionary Award for Technical Achievement, and The One Show Interactive Bronze Award (2008); the AIGA Annual Design Competition (2009); and a Peabody Award (2012). In January 2009, TED videos had been viewed 50 million times. In June 2011, they reached 500 million views; and on November 13, 2012, they reached their billionth video view. In March 2012, Chris Anderson said in an interview: It used to be 800 people getting together once
3315-588: The action of parents that shelter their daughters from the outside world. Despite her prompt arrest, Kishida demonstrated the ability of Japanese women to evoke women's issues, experiences, and liberation in public spaces, through the use of public speaking. Malala Yousafzai , a public speaker born in the Swat Valley in Pakistan , is an educational activist for women and girls. After the Taliban restricted
3400-539: The ancient Greeks capture how they taught and developed the art of public speaking thousands of years ago. In classical Greece and Rome, rhetoric was the main component of composition and speech delivery, both critical skills for use in public and private life. In ancient Greece, citizens spoke for themselves rather than having professionals, such as modern lawyers, speak for them. Any citizen who wished to succeed in court, politics, or social life had to learn public speaking techniques. Rhetorical tools were first taught by
3485-412: The attempt to persuade by making the argument of the case so clear and valid that the audience will understand and believe that the speaker's point is real. In the last part of "Rhetoric", Aristotle mentions that the most critical piece of persuasion is to know in detail what makes up government and to attack what makes it unique: "customs, institutions, and interest". Aristotle also states that everyone
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3570-729: The benefits of teaching public speaking strategies to students in an academic setting, including a higher level of self-confidence and helping to render community well-being with access to a variety of information. Harvard University offers a range of courses in public speaking, including persuasive communication and personal narratives. With the continued popularity of academic conferences and TED talks taking place worldwide, public speaking has become an essential subject in academia for scholarly and professional advancement. Additionally, work meetings and presentations require proficiency in public speaking to actively formulate ideas and solutions, and modern technology helps companies release information to
3655-460: The character of a speaker is effective in persuasion because the audience will believe what the speaker is saying to be true if the speaker is credible and trustworthy. With the audience's emotional state, Aristotle believes that individuals do not make the same decisions when in different moods. Because of this, one needs to try to influence the audience by being in control of one's emotions, making persuasion effective. The argument itself can affect
3740-481: The club meet and work together on their skills; each member practices giving speeches, while the other members evaluate and provide feedback. A typical meeting also includes Table Topics , which refers to impromptu speaking , that is, talking about different topics without having anything planned. Members can volunteer to serve as a meeting functionary to help facilitate the meeting using their public speaking and leadership skills. The functionary roles enable each member
3825-466: The conference in Monterey until 2009, when it was moved to Long Beach, California due to a substantial increase in the number of those attending. Speakers were initially drawn from the fields of expertise behind the acronym TED; but during the 1990s, presenters broadened to include scientists, philosophers, musicians, religious leaders, philanthropists, and many others. In 2000, Wurman, looking for
3910-604: The copyrights to their materials, which TED may edit and distribute under a Creative Commons license. As of January 2014, the TEDxTalks library contained some 30,000 films and presentations from more than 130 countries. As of October 2017, the TEDx archive surpassed 100,000 talks. In March 2013, eight TEDx events were organized every day; raised up from five in June 2012, the previous year, in 133 countries. TEDx presentations may include live performances, which are catalogued in
3995-608: The development of a website to feature about 100 of the talks. In April 2007, the new TED.com was launched, developed by New York and San Francisco-based design company Method . The website has won many prizes, including seven Webby Awards , iTunes' "Best Podcast of the Year" (2006–2010); the Communication Arts Interactive Award for Information Design (2007); the OMMA Award for Video Sharing,
4080-607: The educational rights of women in the Swat Valley, Yousafzai presented her first speech How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Right to Education?, in which she protested the shutdowns of the schools. She presented this speech to the press in Peshawar , bringing more awareness to the situation in Pakistan. She is known for her "inspiring and passionate speech" about educational rights given at
4165-560: The event's creation, nor are they allowed to present on the main stage. In 2015, TED staff consisted of about 180 people headquartered in New York City and Vancouver, British Columbia. On July 1, 2019, the TED Conferences LLC was transferred from Sapling Foundation to TED Foundation to "align with our brand and make it easier for our donors to connect TED donations to TED Conferences, LLC." In 2021, TED launched
4250-631: The field of spreading ideas, and can give a short talk on the "TED Fellows" stage. Some of these talks are subsequently published on TED.com. Senior fellows have additional benefits and responsibilities. TED-Ed is a YouTube channel from TED which creates short animated educational videos. It also has its own website. TED-Ed lessons are created in collaboration with educators and animators. Current advisers for TED-Ed lessons include Aaron Sams , Jackie Bezos , John Hunter, Jonathan Bergmann , Melinda French Gates , and Sal Khan . It has over 19.4 million subscribers as of January 2024. The TED Audio Collective
4335-590: The film speaks at a fictional TED conference at Wembley Stadium in the then-future of 2023; on the film's release, Rielly noted that the association had generated millions of unique visits to the TED website. In 2014, the conference was moved to Vancouver , Canada. TED is currently funded by various revenue streams, including attendance fees, corporate sponsorships, foundation support, licensing fees, and book sales. Corporate sponsors are diverse, including companies such as Google , GE , AOL , Goldman Sachs , and The Coca-Cola Company . Sponsors do not participate in
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#17327649825904420-422: The first TEDAfrica conference in Arusha , Tanzania, where 100 young people were selected from across the continent. Two years later, during TEDIndia, 99 fellows were recruited, mainly from South Asia. In 2009, the fellows program was initiated in its present form. For every TED or TEDGlobal conference, 20 fellows are selected; a total of 40 new fellows a year. Each year, 20 past fellows are chosen to participate in
4505-581: The first demonstrations of the Apple Macintosh computer. Presentations were given by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot and others such as Nicholas Negroponte and Stewart Brand . The event was financially unsuccessful; six years elapsed before a second conference was organized. TED2 was held at the same Monterey Conference Center in California in 1990. From 1990 onward, a growing community of "TEDsters" gathered annually with Wurman leading
4590-829: The ideas to the world. In March 2012, Netflix announced a deal to stream an initial series of 16 two-hour collections of TED Talks on similar subjects. It was made available to subscribers in the United States, Canada, Latin America, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Hosted by Jami Floyd, TED Talks NYC debuted on NYC Life on March 21, 2012. As of October 2020, over 3500 TED talks had been posted, and five to seven new talks are published each week. On TED.com, most talks and speakers are introduced, and talk transcripts are provided; some talks also have footnotes and resource lists. In 2005, under Anderson's supervision,
4675-423: The message the speaker is trying to convey. When attempting to persuade an audience to change their opinions, a speaker appeals to their emotions and beliefs. Various techniques exist for speakers to gain audience support. Speakers can demand action from the audience, use inclusive language like 'we' and 'us' to create unity between the speaker and the audience, and choose words with strong connotations to intensify
4760-496: The modern era, having been generally unavailable at the current rate in the years beforehand with the exception of media via newspapers , television , although claims given by speakers have often been subject to inaccurate information provided by the aforementioned, often in direct correlation with the big lie means of oratory. This has been further intensified through the recent evolution of mass media in most nations. Public speaking can often take an educational form, where
4845-428: The occasion. At the meetings, speakers can gain skills by presenting speeches, while members provide feedback to those presenting. Qualified speaking trainers attend these meetings as well, and provide professional feedback at the end of the meetings. There are competitions that are held for members to participate in. An online club is also available for members, no matter where they live. The new millennium has seen
4930-465: The opportunity to speak at least one time at the meetings. Members can participate in a variety of speech contests, in which the winners can compete in the annual World Championship of Public Speaking . Rostrum is another public speaking organization, founded in Australia , with more than 100 clubs all over the country. This organization aims at helping people become better communicators, no matter
5015-428: The opportunity to submit questions to the speaker. TEDMED is an annual conference concerned with health and medicine. It is an independent event operating under license from the nonprofit TED conference. TEDMED was founded in 1998 by TED's founder Ricky Wurman. After years of inactivity, in 2008 Wurman sold TEDMED to entrepreneur Marc Hodosh , who recreated and relaunched it. The first event under Hodosh's ownership
5100-452: The organization was that it was created "for women by women." They renamed to "Speaking Made Easy" in 2020. The British political activist, Emmeline Pankhurst , founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) on October 10, 1903. The organization was aimed towards fighting for women's right to a parliamentary vote, which only men were granted at the time. Emmeline was known for being
5185-426: The poets), preliminary exercises ( progymnasmata ), and preparation of public speeches (declamation) in both forensic and deliberative genres. The Latin style of rhetoric was heavily influenced by Cicero and emphasized a broad education in all areas of the humanities . Other areas of rhetorical study included the use of wit and humor, the appeal to the listener's emotions , and the use of digressions . Oratory in
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#17327649825905270-469: The rise of the scientific method and the emphasis on a "plain" style of speaking and writing. Even today's formal oratory is much less ornate than in the Classical Era. In one of his most famed writings, " Rhetoric ", written in 350 BCE, Aristotle described mastering the art of public speaking. In this and other works by Aristotle, rhetoric is the act of publicly persuading an audience. Rhetoric
5355-472: The same format as the standard event license and falls within the same TEDx event rules, except this event is oriented towards youth. TEDxYouth licenses may be held by youth, adults, or a combination of both. For events held at schools, the license must be held by a current student, faculty, or staff member. The first TEDxYouth event was held by TEDxYouth@Tokyo in Japan. TED Fellows were introduced in 2007, during
5440-562: The scope of focus from a single speaker who is intervening to a multitude of speakers all communicating and intervening, simultaneously affecting the world around us. Ancient China had a delayed start to implementing rhetoric because there were no rhetoricians training students. It was understood that Chinese rhetoric was part of Chinese philosophy, which schools taught focusing on two concepts: "Wen" (rhetoric); and "Zhi" (thoughtful content). Ancient Chinese rhetoric shows strong connections with modern public speaking, as Chinese rhetoric placed
5525-407: The speaker can effectively influence an audience to agree and support the speaker's ideas. In Aristotle's "Rhetoric" writing, he mentions three strategies someone can use to try to persuade an audience: Establishing the character of a speaker ( Ethos ), influencing the emotional element of the audience ( Pathos ), and focusing on the argument specifically ( Logos ). Aristotle believes establishing
5610-669: The speaker transfers knowledge to an audience. TED Talks are an example of educational public speaking. The speakers inform their audience about different topics, such as science, technology, religion, economics, human society , and psychology . TED speakers can use the platform to share personal experiences with traumatic events , such as abuse, bullying, grief, assault , suicidal ideation , near-death encounters, and mental illness. They may attempt to raise awareness and acceptance of stigmatizing issues, such as disabilities, racial differences, LGBTQ rights, children's rights , and women's rights. There have been many studies that have proven
5695-532: The speaker will usually speak with the aid of a public address system or microphone and loudspeaker . Telecommunication and videoconferencing are also forms of public speaking. David M. Fetterman of Stanford University wrote in his 1997 article Videoconferencing over the Internet : "Videoconferencing technology allows geographically disparate parties to hear and see each other usually through satellite or telephone communication systems." This technology
5780-461: The speaker's intent, but it is possible for the same speaker, with the same intent, to deliver substantially different speeches to different audiences. Public speaking is frequently directed at a select and sometimes restricted audience, consisting of individuals who may hold different perspectives. This audience can encompass enthusiastic supporters of the speaker, reluctant attendees with opposing views, or strangers with varying levels of interest in
5865-458: The speaker's topic. Proficient speakers recognize that even a modest-sized audience is not a uniform entity but rather a diverse assembly of individuals. Public speaking aims to either reassure an anxious audience or to alert a complacent audience of something important. Once the speaker has determined which of these approaches is required, they will use a combination of storytelling and informational approaches to achieve their goals. Persuasion
5950-400: The students and sometimes show TED Talks. According to TEDxSanta Cruz , "as of 2015, over 1,500 [TEDx events] have been scheduled all over the world." TEDx events have evolved over time. Events such as TEDxBeaconStreet created TEDx Adventures for participants. People may sign up for free, hands-on experiences in their local communities, led by an expert. A TEDx youth event license follows
6035-440: The talks are available free online, sharing TED content in commercial contexts (such as corporate learning and talent development) requires a license. TED was conceived in 1984 by Richard Saul Wurman , FAIA '76, and co-founded by Emmy-winning broadcast and graphic designer Harry Marks and CBS President Emeritus Frank Stanton . The conference featured demos of the compact disc , co-developed by Philips and Sony , and one of
6120-545: The topic or point of the speech; and (iii) the audience. Aristotle also classifies oration into three types: (i) political, used to convince people to take or not take action; (ii) forensic, usually used in law related to accusing or defending someone; and (iii) ceremonial, which recognizes someone positively or negatively. Aristotle breaks down the political category into five focuses or themes: "ways and means, war and peace, national defense, imports and exports, and legislation." These focuses are broken down into detail so that
6205-464: The two-year senior fellows program (in which they will attend four more conferences). 2019 marked the tenth anniversary of the TED Fellows program. Acceptance as a fellow is not based on academic credentials , but mainly on past and current actions, and plans for the future. Besides attending a conference free of charge, each fellow takes part in a special program with mentoring by experts in
6290-527: The world. YouTube is another platform that allows public speaking to reach a larger audience. On YouTube, people can post videos of themselves. Audiences can watch these videos for all types of purposes. Multimedia presentations can contain different video clips, sound effects, animation, laser pointers, remote control clickers, and endless bullet points. All adding to the presentation and evolving our traditional views of public speaking. Public speakers may use audience response systems . For large assemblies,
6375-562: Was $ 10,000 per attendee. Between 2001 and 2006, TED upgraded its platform to provide TED talks online for free, added TEDGlobal that became a worldwide conference, and created the TED Prize. In 2012, TED community director Tom Rielly helped the producers of Prometheus gain approval for the use of the TED brand in the promotional short film TED 2023 , designed by Rielly with Ridley Scott and Damon Lindelof , directed by Luke Scott , and starring Guy Pearce as Peter Weyland , who in
6460-437: Was a well-known orator from Athens. After his father died when he was 7, he had three legal guardians: Aphobus, Demophon, and Theryppides. His inspiration for public speaking came from learning that his guardians had robbed him of the money his father left for his education. His first public speech was in the court proceeding he brought against his three guardians. After that, Demosthenes continued to practice public speaking. He
6545-717: Was extensively studied in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , where it was a fundamental component of rhetoric, analyzed by prominent thinkers. Aristotle , the ancient Greek philosopher, identified three types of speeches: deliberative (political), forensic (judicial), and epideictic (ceremonial or demonstrative). Similarly, the Roman philosopher and orator Cicero categorized public speaking into three purposes: judicial (courtroom), deliberative (political), and demonstrative (ceremonial), closely aligning with Aristotle's classifications. In modern times, public speaking remains
6630-547: Was held again in Arusha, Tanzania, and it was curated and hosted by Emeka Okafor. TED's European director (and curator of TEDGlobal) is Swiss-born Bruno Giussani . The TED 2011 conference, The Rediscovery of Wonder , was held in Long Beach, California , US, from February 28 to March 4, 2011. The TED conference has a companion conference, TEDGlobal, held in the UK each summer. The 2009 TEDGlobal, The Substance of Things Not Seen ,
6715-788: Was held in Oxford, July 21–24, 2009. 2010's TEDGlobal (again in Oxford) was themed And Now The Good News ; in 2011 the conference moved to a new home in Edinburgh and was held July 12–15 with the theme The Stuff Of Life . The 2012 TEDGlobal conference Radical Openness was held in Edinburgh, June 25–29. TED Translators, formerly known as the Open Translation Project (OTP), started as the TED Open Translation Project in May 2009. It intends to "[reach] out to
6800-552: Was held in San Diego in October 2009. In January 2010, TED.com began including videos of TEDMED talks on the TED website. The second Hodosh-owned edition of TEDMED took place in October 2010, also in San Diego. It sold out for a second year and attracted notable healthcare leaders and Hollywood celebrities. In 2011, Jay Walker and a group of executives and investors purchased TEDMED from Hodosh for $ 16 million with future additional payments of as much as $ 9 million. The conference
6885-712: Was launched, 300 translations had been completed in 40 languages by 200 volunteer transcribers. By May 2015, more than 70,000 sets of subtitles in 107 languages had been completed by (an all-time total of) 38,173 volunteer translators. The project helped generate a significant increase in international visitors to TED's website. Traffic from outside the US has increased 350 percent: there has been 600 percent growth in Asia, and more than 1000 percent in South America. Members have several tools dedicated to knowledge management, such as
6970-511: Was on technology and design, consistent with its Silicon Valley origins. It later broadened to include scientific, cultural, political, humanitarian, and academic topics. It has been curated by Chris Anderson , a British-American businessman, through the non-profit TED Foundation since July 2019 (originally by the non-profit Sapling Foundation ). The main TED conference has been held annually in Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada , at
7055-546: Was one of the first oratory teachers to use definitive rules and models. One of his key insights was that speakers always combine, to varying degrees, three things: reasoning, which he called Logos; credentials, which he called Ethos; and emotion, which he called Pathos. Aristotle's work became an essential part of a liberal arts education during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . The classical antiquity works by
7140-479: Was posted on the websites of TED, YouTube and iTunes under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0. Only a handful of talks was initially posted to see if there was an audience for them. In January of the following year, the number of talks on the sites had grown to 44, and they had been viewed more than three million times. On the basis of that success, the organization pumped hundreds of thousands of dollars into its video production operations and
7225-614: Was the first of several speeches known as the Philippics. He made other speeches known as the Olynthiacs . Both series of speeches favored independence and rallied Athenians against Philip II. During the political rise of the Roman Republic , Roman orators copied and modified the ancient Greek techniques of public speaking. Instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum, including instruction in grammar (study of
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