Misplaced Pages

#861138

64-524: In historical sources, Ivane Orbeli is mentioned for the first time from this family. The Orbels were especially advanced during the reign of Demetrius I and David V , when their family inherited the name of Amirspasalar , and Lori as a administrative state. For their bravery and loyal service at the Georgian court, the Orbelians received the hereditary title of commander-in-chief ( amirspasalar ) of

128-436: A pseudohistorical national past by casting the kingdoms and principalities that were founded on the territory of the modern republic of Azerbaijan during the medieval period as Caucasian Albanian. Based on a dubious rereading and interpretation of primary sources, scholars Ziya Bunyadov and Farida Mammadova both argued in their first publications in the 1950s and 1960s that the leaders and inhabitants of Caucasian Albania ,

192-612: A Vineyard ), a hymn to the Virgin Mary , is the most famous of them. Hasan-Jalalyan Hasan-Jalalyan ( Armenian : Հասան-Ջալալյաններ) is a medieval Armenian dynasty that ruled over parts of the South Caucasus . From the early thirteenth century, the family held sway in Khachen (Greater Artsakh ) in what are now the regions of lower Karabakh , Nagorno-Karabakh , and Syunik in modern Armenia. The family

256-456: A deep hatred in Shaddad towards Saltuk. In 1154 he planned a plot and formed a secret alliance with Demetrius. While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to Saltukids , ruler of Erzerum and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal. In 1153–1154, Emir Saltuk II marched on Ani, but Shaddad informed Demetrius of this. Demetrius marched to Ani, defeated and captured the emir. At

320-512: A lover of the poor, striving in prayers and entreaties like one who lived in the desert. He performed matins and vespers unhindered, no matter where he might be, like a monk; and in memory of the Resurrection of our Savior, he spent Sunday without sleeping, in a standing vigil. He was very fond of the priests, a lover of knowledge, and a reader of the divine Gospels. A further testament to this devotion included Hasan-Jalal's commissioning of

384-758: A period of relative peace and prosperity until the appearance of the Mongols in 1236. Khachen had once been a part of Syunik until numerous Turkic invasions severed it from the rest of the kingdom. The reign of the Hasan-Jalalyan family was concentrated around the Terter and the Khachenaget rivers. Hasan-Jalal's birth date is unknown․ His reign began in 1214 and ended with his death sometime between 1261 and 1262 in Qazvin . His domain encompassed both Artsakh and

448-634: A split among the rebels, luring most of them to his side (including the Armenian princes Zakarids , who later received the hereditary title of Amirspasalars - commanders-in-chief of the Armenian-Georgian army). Ivane sent his brother Liparit and nephews Elikum and Ivane to the Eldiguzids in Tabriz for help, but this new army came too late, after Ivane had been surrendered to King George and

512-616: A state established in the 2nd century BC, were the direct ancestors of modern Azeris, thereby establishing a link to the ancient past and the Azerbaijanis' indigeneity to Nagorno-Karabakh. In the process, the Armenians, including Hasan-Jalal Dawla, who inhabited the South Caucasus have been written out of the narrative altogether. Mamedova asserted that Hasan-Jalal, based on a specious interpretation of an inscription carved into

576-529: A well. After it was brought back, the body was given a funeral and buried at Gandzasar monastery. Following his death, the family shortened Hasan-Jalal's official title to just "Princes of Artsakh." Atabek was ordered by Hulegu to take over his father's position and held the post until 1306. His cousin Vakhtank (died 1347), whose descendants would become the Melik-Avanyan family, was given control over

640-569: The Artsruni dynasty, centered in the region of Van ; 4) the princes of Gardman ; (5) the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, and (6) the Arsacids , the second royal house of Albania, itself a branch of (7) the kings of ancient Parthia . Hasan-Jalal Dawla's family roots were entrenched in an intricate array of royal marriages with new and old Armenian nakharar families. Hasan-Jalal's grandfather

704-602: The Bagrationi dynasty , was King ( mepe ) of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet . He was King of Georgian kingdom two times, first in 1125 to 1154 and second in 1155 before his death in 1156. He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 23 on the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar . Demetrius was the eldest son of King David

SECTION 10

#1732776205862

768-514: The Cathedral of Ani should have remained a Christian site and Georgia could intervene to protect the Christians. However, a stand-off continued for two decades. In 1130, his half-brother Vakhtang rebelled against the king. He was supported by great feudal lord Ivane Abuletisdze , tried to overthrow Demetrius from the throne but the king captured and punished the conspirators and Vakhtang

832-646: The Christian part was incorporated into Georgia and the border being the Tetritsqali, while Manuchihr was appointed as the emir of eastern Shirvan and recognized Georgia's vassalage. In 1130, the ruler of the Shah-Armens launched an attempt to oust Georgians from northern and central Armenia. Demetrius had to come to terms and give up Ani to the Shaddadids on terms of vassalage . They agreed that

896-622: The Gandzasar Monastery . Construction of the monastery began in 1216 and lasted until 1238. On July 22, 1240, amid great celebration during Vardavar (Feast of the Transfiguration) celebrations and in the presence of nearly 700 priests including Nerses, the Catholicos of Albania, the church was consecrated. In 1261, Hasan-Jalalyan further completed a zhamatun next to the church, and left a dedicatory inscription: In

960-661: The Gandzasar monastery by the prince, was Caucasian Albanian. Her conclusions, and that of the Azerbaijani school, have been roundly rejected by other historians. With the surrender of Ani in 1045 and Kars in 1064, the final independent Armenian state in historic Armenia , the Bagratuni kingdom , was dissolved and incorporated into the domains of the Byzantine Empire . However, despite foreign domination of

1024-547: The Ilkhanate Mongol armies invaded the Caucasus. Prior to them entering Khachen, Hasan Jalal and his people were able to take refuge at Ishkhanberd (located directly south of Gandzasar; also known by its Persian name of Khokhanaberd). Given its formidable location atop a mountain, the Mongols chose not to besiege the fortress and sued for negotiations with Hasan-Jalal: they exchanged his loyalty and military service to

1088-527: The Seljuks from the fortress of Dmanisi , which controlled one of the accesses to Tbilisi from the south. In 1125 Manuchihr , who was Demetrius' brother-in-law, regained control of western Shirvan . And in 1126, the Muslim population of Shirvan rebelled with the support of the Seljuks . In 1129-30, Demetrius reached a compromise with the support of his sister , Shirvan was again divided into two parts,

1152-658: The Terek River . The territories gained by Russia in the North and South Caucasus were ceded back to Iran (now led by Nader Shah ) per the treaties of Resht and Ganja of 1732 and 1735, respectively. While the Ottomans temporarily gained the Christian regions of the disintegrating Safavid realm, Yesai was blamed for this failure by some of the leaders of the Armenian army as they were forced to fend for themselves against

1216-520: The Turko - Persian wars of the seventeenth century and eighteenth century, the meliks fiercely resisted and fought back against incursions made by both sides. In the last quarter of the 18th century, they aided the invading imperial Russian armies to help clear the region of both the Turks and Persians. The Hasan-Jalalyans were one of the most prominent of the melik families that took up the cause to liberate

1280-464: The (Feast of ) the Cross. The monastery went on to become the residence and sepulcher of the family as well as the residence of the catholicos; beginning in the fifteenth century, the family monopolized control over the seat of Catholicos itself, which would thereon pass down from uncle to nephew. Hasan-Jalal's son Hovhannes VII is considered to be the first to have established this practice when he became

1344-404: The 1140s, Georgian nobles sensed an opportunity when it became apparent that Demetrius had disinherited his eldest son David in favour of the younger, George . Those who had supported Demetrius' younger brother, Prince Vakhtang , now opposed Demetrius' unprecedented disinheritance of Prince David. A first coup attempt failed in 1150, but in 1155 David's coup against his father succeeded, Demetrius

SECTION 20

#1732776205862

1408-646: The Armenian branch of the Orbelian family in Syunik . When Elikum I was killed in 1184, the Orbelian family in Syunik was headed by his son, Liparit III, who was released from Islamic captivity. Thanks to the mediation of Ivane Zakarian , who commanded the reconquest, King George IV Lasha appointed Liparit III Orbelian as viceroy and granted him vast possessions in the north-eastern provinces of Armenia - in Syunik and its provinces of Gegharkunik , Vayots Dzor , as well as

1472-484: The Armenian-Georgian nobility around her throne, Queen Tamar , daughter of George III , pardoned all those who had rebelled against her father and allowed them to return to Georgia. Among others Ivane, the youngest son of Liparit II Orbelian returned to Georgia, who received only a small part of his former family holdings around the fortress of Orbeti. The eldest son of Liparit II Orbelian, Elikum I continued

1536-696: The Builder by his first wife Rusudan . He was brought up in Kutaisi . David IV proclaimed his son co-ruler of Georgia and crowned him with his own hands. He declared that his son Demetrius, through his wisdom, chastity, bravery, and handsome appearance, would rule Georgia better than he himself had. In 1117 David sent him to Shirvan to fight, and the young commander astonished the people with his deftness in battle. Demetrius seized Kaladzori Castle (later Alberd, now Agdash ) and returned home with many captives and much wealth. Already in 1125, he had to expel

1600-726: The Catholicos whereas his nephew, also named Hovhannes, became the second. Despite his Christian faith, Muslim influence in the region had pervaded and influenced the culture and customs of the Christians living in Georgia and Armenia, especially after the Seljuk Turks invaded the Caucasus. Antony Eastmond , for example, notes that "many of the outward manifestations of [Hasan-Jalal's] rule were presented through Islamic customs and titles, most notably in his depiction on his principal foundation of Gandzasar." The image of Hasan-Jalal on

1664-513: The Great . Ori, however, died on the way, and Yesayi soon took over as the lead figure of the movement. He continued negotiations with Peter, and in a letter sent to him in 1718, promised the support of a 10–12,000-man Armenian army as well as support from neighboring Georgian forces. His entreaties continued until 1724, when the Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was signed by Peter the Great that gave

1728-695: The Mongol Empire in return for some of the immediate lands adjacent to Khachen that they had conquered. In 1240–1242, Hasan Jalal struck coins of common Mongol types in Khachen on the mints of "Qarabāgh" (in Khokhanaberd) and "Lajīn" (in Havkakhaghats berd). Feeling the need to preserve his power, Hasan-Jalal twice undertook a journey to Karakorum , the capital of the Mongol empire, where he

1792-426: The Mongols by having his daughter Rhuzukan marry Bora Noyan, the son of a Mongol leader. Relations between Armenians and Mongols deteriorated, however, and the document issued by the khan failed to safeguard Hasan-Jalal's rights. Finally, in 1260, Hasan-Jalal decided to ally himself with the forces of the Georgian king David Narin , who was leading an insurrection against Mongol rule. He was captured several times by

1856-674: The Mongols yet his family was able to free him by paying a ransom. The insurrection eventually failed and on the orders of Arghun Khan, Hasan-Jalal was arrested once more and taken to Qazvin , (now in Iran ). According to Kirakos Ganzaketsi, Rhuzukan appealed to the Hulagu Khan 's wife Doquz Khatun , to pressure Arghun to free her father. Upon learning of this, however, Arghun Khan had Hasan-Jalal tortured and finally executed. Hasan Jalal's son Atabek sent several of his men to Iran to retrieve his father's dismembered body, which had been tossed into

1920-458: The Mongols. Later, thanks to personal relations with the great Khan in Karakorum, Smbat II managed to strengthen the position of the Orbelian family considerably. When in 1249 a rebellion against the Mongol yoke rose in Georgia, Smbat II Orbelian did not dare to openly join the rebels, although secretly, apparently, sympathised with them (so, through his vassal nobleman Tancregul, Smbat helped

1984-543: The Muslim-populated regions in eastern Transcaucasia to Russia and Christian-populated western regions to the Turks. Both had just finished conquering swaths of Safavid territory comprising large parts of the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia while the Safavid realm was disintegrating in a civil war. Russian interest in the Caucasus soon waned after Peter's death in 1725 as its leaders pulled their forces back across

Orbelian dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-447: The Orbelian princely family continued to live in Syunik, the family lost its former influence and split into a number of small side branches. Many melik (princely) families of Syunik in the 16th-19th centuries traced their genealogy back to the Orbelian princes, among them the Orbelian meliks of Tatev . Demetrius I of Georgia Demetrius I ( Georgian : დემეტრე I , romanized : demet're I ) ( c. 1093 – 1156), from

2112-770: The Turkish invasions. From the seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, several cadet branches of the Hasan-Jalalyans were established, including the Melik-Atabekyan family, who became the last rulers of the principality of Jraberd. Allahverdi II Hasan-Jalalyan, who died in 1813, was the final melik of Khachen when the Russian Empire gained control of the region in 1805 during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . In 1828, following

2176-497: The ancestor of a collateral branch of the Orbelians - the Burtelians. After Burtel's death and with the invasion of Turkmen tribes and Tamerlane in 1385, the Syunik princedom of Orbelian fell into decline. The Syunik prince Smbat Orbelian, besieged in the fortress of Vorotnaberd , was captured by the conquerors and sent with his family to Samarkand , from where he returned after forced conversion to Islam . His son, Beshken,

2240-509: The army and significant territories with a number of fortresses, including the fortress of Orbeti in the south of present-day Georgia , from which the name of the family - Orbeli and then Orbelian - was derived. In 1177-1178, Amirspasalar Ivane Orbeli led a rebellion against the Georgian king George III , who broke his word and did not enthrone the legitimate heir to the throne, his nephew, Prince Demna . However, King George managed to cause

2304-426: The capital once more to protest against the encroachments upon Catholicos Nerses. In response, Batu Khan drafted a document "guaranteeing freedom for Lord Nerses, Katolikos of Albania, for all his properties and goods, that he be free and untaxed and allowed to travel freely everywhere in the dioceses under his authority, and that no one disobey what he said." Hasan-Jalal also attempted to strengthen his alliances with

2368-692: The castle of Kayen and the village of Elar with its surroundings in Kotayk . In 1236, the Mongols under the command of Chormaqan invaded Georgia. The Georgians and Armenians were defeated and were forced to recognise the supreme power of the Khan in Karakorum . The descendant of Liparit III - Elikum Orbelian did the same. After negotiations with the Mongols , he retained his possessions, but undertook to participate with his troops in further campaigns of

2432-409: The death of Tarsaic, there were disputes between his sons and his nephew Liparit over part of the Orbelian domains - Dvin , Garni and Bargushat . The eldest son of Tarsaich Elikum Orbelian (ruled in 1290-1300), established on a princely throne, divided possessions of Orbelians between the brothers, thus considerably weakened military-political power of a sort. Burtel, who succeeded Elikum II, became

2496-534: The drum of Gandzasar's dome has him sitting cross-legged, which Eastmond remarks was a "predominant device for depicting power at the Seljuq court." Hasan-Jalal's name also betrayed Muslim influence: as was the fashion of the time, many Armenians adopted Arabic patronymics ( kunya ) that lost any "connection with original Armenian names," the Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky noted. Hasan-Jalal's Armenian name

2560-572: The end of the second Russo-Persian War and the cession of Persia's last territories in the South Caucasus to Russia according to the Treaty of Turkmenchay , the Russians dissolved the Catholicosate of Albania, although a member of the Hasan-Jalalyan family, Balthasar, became Primate of Artsakh, which was tantamount of the position of Catholicos of Albania in all but name. At the time of the publication of Hewsen's initial article in 1972 in

2624-492: The establishment of the Parthian Arsacids in the region. Hasan-Jalal's ancestry was "almost exclusively" Armenian according to Robert H. Hewsen : In the male line, (1) the princes (who later became kings) of Siunik . Through various princesses, who married his ancestors, Hasan-Jalal was descended from (2) the kings of Armenia or the Bagratuni dynasty , centered at Ani ; (3) the Armenian kings of Vaspurakan of

Orbelian dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-488: The journal Revue des Études Arméniennes , the author was unable to trace any survivors of the house but did note that the final two Catholicos of Albania, Hovhannes XII (1763–1786) and Sargis II (1794–1815), had a dozen brothers altogether, all who left a "numerous progeny by the middle of the nineteenth century." He was also able to identify a woman named Eleanora Hasan-Jalalian who was living in Yerevan as an artist at

2752-403: The king David Narin to escape from the Mongol captivity). Smbat II himself managed to prove in the Mongol capital Karakorum that he was not involved in the rebellion. After the death of Möngke Khan in 1259, the Georgian court and some Armenian nobles again revolted against the Mongol yoke. The rebellion was organised by Hasan-Jalal Dola , and Zakare III Zakarian . This time Smbat II Orbelian

2816-573: The production of the new and better organized Haysmavurk to Hasan-Jalal, who asked Father Israel (Ter-Israel), a disciple of an important Armenian medieval philosopher and Artsakh native known as Vanakan Vardapet, to undertake the work. The Haysmavurk was further developed by Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Ever since the Haysmavurk ordered by Hasan-Jalal became known as "Synaxarion of Ter-Israel"; it was mass printed in Constantinople in 1834. In 1236,

2880-440: The region from foreign control; the foremost among them being Catholicos Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan (? - 1728). In 1677, Armenian Catholicos Hakob of Julfa had held a secret meeting with the meliks of Karabakh, proposing that a delegation journey to Europe to garner support for the liberation of the region. In 1711, Yesayi, accompanying Israel Ori , traveled to Russia to gather support for the formation of an Armenian army under Peter

2944-597: The region of Dizak. As a method of showing their relation to Hasan-Jalal, his descendants adopted Hasan-Jalal as their surname and appended the suffix -yan at the end. The family funded numerous architectural and cultural projects which continue to stand today, including Gandzasar monastery and the adjacent Church of St. John the Baptist. In the late 16th century, the family branched out and established melikdoms in settlements in Jraberd , Khachen and Gulistan . During

3008-674: The region, which became more pronounced after the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Armenians in eastern Armenia were able to maintain autonomy in the two mountainous strongholds in Syunik and Lori and in the principality of Khachen . From the early to mid-12th century, combined Georgian and Armenian armies were successful in pushing the Turkic groups out of eastern Armenia, thereby establishing

3072-609: The region. By the late sixteenth century, the Hasan-Jalalyan family had branched out to establish principalities in nearby Gulistan and Jraberd . Along with the separately ruled melikdoms of Varanda and Dizak , these five principalities formed the Five Melikdoms of Karabakh, also known as the Melikdoms of Khamsa . Hasan-Jalal traced his descent to the Armenian Aranshahik dynasty, a family that predated

3136-408: The request of neighbouring Muslim rulers and released him for a ransom of 100,000 dinars , paid by Saltuk's sons in law and Saltuk swore not to fight against the Georgians. In 1154, Demetrius gave his last daughter , whose name is unknown, in marriage to Iziaslav II of Kiev . Iziaslav died shortly afterwards and no political alliance emerged between the Kingdom of Georgia and Kievan Rus' . In

3200-657: The surrounding Armenian regions. When his father Vakhtank died in 1214, Hasan-Jalal inherited his lands and took up residence in a castle at Akana in Jraberd. He was addressed with the titles tagavor (king; Armenian : թագավոր ) or inknakal (autocrat or absolute ruler; ինքնակալ) but took the official title of "King of Artsakh and Balk" when he married the daughter of the final king of Dizak -Balk. The medieval Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi extolled Hasan-Jalal in his work History of Armenia , showering him with praise for his piety and devotion to Christianity: He was...a pious and God-loving man, mild and meek, merciful, and

3264-523: The throne. But Demetrius was restored to the throne, and he crowned his younger son, George, as co-ruler and retired to David Gareja monastery . Others allege that Demetrius had also died, and that George then seized the throne illicitly. He died in 1156 and was buried at Gelati Monastery . The name of Demetrius's wife is unknown, but he had several children: King Demetrius I was an author of several poems, mainly on religious themes. Shen Khar Venakhi ( Georgian : შენ ხარ ვენახი , English: Thou Art

SECTION 50

#1732776205862

3328-416: The town again fell to the sultan. According to Mkhitar Gosh , Demetrius ultimately gained possession of Ganja, but, when he gave his daughter in marriage to the sultan, he presented the latter with the town as dowry, and the sultan appointed his own emir to rule it. Fadl's successor, Fakr al-Din Shaddad , a Shaddadid emir of Ani asked for Saltuk 's daughter's hand, however Saltuk refused him. This caused

3392-414: The turn of the 19th to 20th century. In later years, Soviet sources also listed the biography of Ruben Hasan-Jalalyan (1840–1902), an Armenian writer, poet and lawyer who lived in the Russian Empire . One person, a man named Stepan Hasan Jalalyan from Drmbon , Martakert Region of Nagorno Karabakh , served as a deputy in the Armenian National Assembly as a member of the Heritage Party and fought in

3456-437: The year 710 (ie 1261 CE) I, J̌alal Dawlay, son of Vaxt‘ang, Governor of Arc‘ax, and my wife Mamk‘an, granddaughter of the King of Bałk‘, and my son At‘abak-Iwanē, founded (this) žamatun after the completion of the Church and finished it after much work... And again I, At‘abak, gladly donated a golden cased Gospel and the glorious holy Christ-bearing Sign and... instituted to celebrate the Eucharist for Christ for eight days during

3520-439: Was Hasan I (also known as Hasan the Great), a prince who ruled over the northern half of Artsakh. In 1182, Hasan I had stepped down as ruler of the region and entered monastic life at Dadivank , dividing his land into two: the southern half (comprising much of Khachen) went to his oldest son Vakhtank II (also known as Tangik) and the northern half went to the youngest, Gregory the Black. Vakhtank II married Khorishah Zakarian, who

3584-399: Was Haykaz but the Arabic words in his name, in fact, described his person: thus, Hasan meant handsome; Jalal, grand; Dawla, wealth and governance. Gandzasar served as a scriptorium , and was where the first completed Haysmavurk ( Synaxarion ), a calendar collection of short lives of saints and accounts of important religious events, was completed in Armenia. Medieval chroniclers attributed

3648-402: Was able to obtain special autonomy rights and privileges for himself and the people under his domain from the ruling khan . Despite this arrangement, the Mongols viewed many of the people of the region with contempt and taxed them excessively. Arghun Khan, the regional Mongol ostikan at the time, placed so many restrictions against Armenians that it prompted Hasan-Jalal in 1256 to travel to

3712-548: Was banished to a monastery and became a monk , receiving the monastic name Damian (Damianus), while his rebellious son ascended the throne as David V . However, Davit V died suddenly six months after becoming king. According to Vardan Areveltsi , David was poisoned by Sumbat I and Ivane II Orbeli , who Orbelis with Prince George , or Demetrius, or both had made an agreement that would appoint them as Amirspasalars . According to precedence and law, after David V's death, his young son, Prince Demna should have inherited

3776-416: Was barbarously killed by him in 1177. Together with him many Orbelians were exterminated, their possessions were lost, and young Demna blinded and castrated, the Orbelians who survived were expelled from Georgia and moved to Armenia. At the end of the 12th century, the Kingdom of Georgia , together with the Armenians , began the Reconquest - wars of liberation against the Seljuks . In order to further unite

3840-431: Was captured, blinded and cast in prison where he apparently died shortly afterwards. In 1139, Demetrius raided the city of Ganja in Arran . He brought the iron gate of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to Gelati Monastery at Kutaisi . Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years. In reply to this, the sultan of the Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143

3904-431: Was even more cautious and did not support the rebels at all. The rebellion was suppressed in 1261. The Mongol rulers appreciated the loyalty of Smbat II; after the suppression of the rebellion he received the title of "king" and was transferred to the Mongol headquarters in Tabriz , where he died in 1273. The ruler of Syunik was his younger brother - Tarsaich Orbelian, who ruled the Syunik Principality until 1290. After

SECTION 60

#1732776205862

3968-433: Was forced to leave the Orbelian fiefdom and moved to Lori . Beshken's son Rustam Orbelian became a counsellor and high-ranking nobleman in Tabriz , continuing to own part of the Orbelian hereditary lands in Syunik and Ayrarat . However, after the defeat of Tabriz troops at Sofyan in 1437, Rustam Orbelian was forced to leave Syunik and move to Lori, selling his lands to the Tatev Monastery . Although many representatives of

4032-480: Was founded by Hasan-Jalal Dawla, an Armenian feudal prince from Khachen. The Hasan-Jalalyans maintained their autonomy over the course of several centuries of nominal foreign domination by the Seljuk Turks , Persians and Mongols . They, along with the other Armenian princes and meliks of Khachen, saw themselves as holding the last bastion of Armenian independence in the region. Through their patronage of churches and monasteries, Armenian culture flourished in

4096-445: Was the daughter of Sargis Zakarian, the progenitor of the Zakarid line of princes. When he married the daughter of Mamkan, the Aranshahik king of Dizak-Balk, Hasan-Jalal also inherited his father-in-law's lands. In the late 1960s and into the 1970s, Hasan-Jalal's origins became embroiled in a debate revolving around the history of Artsakh between Soviet Armenian and Azerbaijani scholars. Azerbaijani scholars have sought to construct

#861138