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64-659: Founder of Portland Brewing Co, Art Larrance, launched the Oregon Brewers Festival in July 1988, after visiting Oktoberfest in Munich and wanting to create a similar atmosphere and experience. Live music was introduced in 2001. In 2005, OBF expanded from a three-day schedule (Friday to Sunday) to four, adding Thursday. The 2011 Oregon Brewers Festival featured 85 craft beers from 14 states; it attracted 80,000 people over four days. Nearly 2,000 volunteers worked at

128-676: A Sumerian receipt for "best" ale written in Cuneiform found in Ur , suggests that even in 2050 BC there was a differentiation between at least two different types or qualities of ale. The work of Bedřich Hrozný on translating Assyrian merchants' tablets found in Hattusa revealed that approximately 500 years later the Hittites had over 15 different types of beer. Documents reveal comments on different local brewing methods or ingredients. Pliny

192-468: A polycarbonate tasting glass; the change was in response to safety concerns raised by the Portland Police . In 2018, OBF changed back to a four-day festival, moving the opening to Thursday. That same year, the festival added two hard ciders to the lineup, and four wines –– 2 red and 2 white –– for the first time in the festival's history. In 2020 and 2021, the festival went on hiatus caused by

256-460: A beer are colour, clarity, and nature of the head. Colour is usually imparted by the malts used, notably the adjunct malts added to darker beers, though other ingredients may contribute to the colour of some styles such as fruit beers. Colour intensity can be measured by systems such as EBC , SRM or Lovibond , but this information is rarely given to the public. Many beers are transparent , but some beers, such as hefeweizen , may be cloudy due to

320-441: A beer. While not an ingredient per se, some brewers have experimented with ageing their beer in barrels previously used for bourbon or other distilled spirits, imparting the flavour of both the wood and the spirit to the beer. Alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of sugars derived from non-grain sources are generally not called "beer," despite being produced by the same yeast -based biochemical reaction. Fermented honey

384-440: A complex sugar created during fermentation. These yeasts collect at the bottom of the fermenting beer and are therefore referred to as bottom-fermenting yeasts . Lagers constitute the majority of beers in production today. Some beers are spontaneously fermented from wild yeasts, for example the lambic beers of Belgium. Additional markers are applied across styles. The terms "imperial" or "double" are used interchangeably for

448-433: A component of their keg beers. Historically, faro  [ wa ] is a low-alcohol, sweetened beer made from a blend of lambic and a much lighter, freshly brewed beer to which brown sugar (or sometimes caramel or molasses ) was added. The fresh beer was referred to as meertsbier , and was not necessarily a lambic. Sometimes herbs were added as well. The use of meertsbier (or water) and of substandard lambic in

512-414: A dark-coloured beer. When coke started to be used for roasting malt in 1642, the resulting lighter coloured beers became very popular. By 1703 the term pale ale was starting to be used, though the beer it described was a lightly hopped ale, very different from more bitter modern versions. However, despite an awareness by commentators, law-makers, and brewers that there were different styles of beer, it

576-842: A determinant for taxation or regulation. Contemporarily, though, abv is often used to determine the duty on beer and cider , and sales of beer and cider above a certain abv are sometimes restricted or prohibited. For example, in Texas , beers below 4% abv cannot be sold as stout regardless of other stylistic considerations. A variety of yeasts are used in making beer, most of which are strains of either top-fermenting yeast or bottom-fermenting yeast . Different strains impart different flavour and aroma characteristics, and may vary in which complex sugars they can ferment and how high their alcohol tolerance is, both of which are factors in attenuation. Some beers use other microbes in addition to yeasts, such as Lactobacillus or Brettanomyces . For example,

640-496: A higher-alcohol version of a particular style. Originally applied to Imperial stouts , a high-alcohol style of stout brewed in England for export to Imperial Russia , the term imperial can now be applied to any style name to indicate a higher alcohol content. "Double", meaning the same thing, originated with the dubbel style of Trappist beers in the 19th century. Even higher alcohol-content beers can be labeled "triple" (from

704-457: A highly hopped beer, using 8–9 g/L of the locally grown 'Aalst' or ' Poperinge ' varieties. Modern lambic brewers, however, try to avoid making the beer extremely hop-forward and use aged, dry hops, which have lost much of their bitterness, aroma, and flavour. Consequently, lambics often have a strong, cheese-like, "old hop" aroma, in contrast to the resiny, herbal, earthy hop bitterness found in other styles. The favourite hop used for lambic in

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768-446: A number of brewers record the bitterness on this scale as IBUs. The feel of a beer in the mouth, both from thickness of the liquid and from carbonation, may also be considered as part of a beer's style. A more dextrinous beer feels thicker in the mouth. The level of carbonation (or nitrogen, in "smooth" beers) varies from one beer style to another. For some beers it may give the beer a thick and creamy feel, while for others it contributes

832-410: A particular beer is called the "grain bill". While just about any grain can be used, most beers use barley malt as their primary source of fermentable sugars, and some beer styles mandate it be used exclusively, such as those German styles developed under Reinheitsgebot . Some beer styles can be considered varietals , in the same sense as wine, based on their malt bill. Kilned pale malts form

896-417: A prickly sensation. The strength of beer is a general term for the amount of alcohol present. It can be quantified either indirectly by measurement of specific gravity , or more directly by other methods. Measurement of the specific gravity of the beer has been used to estimate the strength of beer by measuring its density. Several different scales have been used for the measurement of gravity, including

960-420: A similar way to vin jaune and sherry; the barrels are not topped up. Lambic is usually a blend of at least two different beers; many producers are blenders who buy beer from other brewers and blend them together to create the desired result. A gueuze may have occupied space in several different cellars over six years or more. While those outside Belgium are likely to find bottled gueuze and fruited versions,

1024-430: A taste for the malt-heavy style. They needed a domestic ingredient that would make the beers more effervescent, bubbly and lighter. Rice and corn did that – it was a desired flavor, not inexpensive filler." Throughout history, a wide variety of flavoring agents have been added to beer to impart complexity and bitterness to the final product. Historically, these spice adjuncts were known as gruit . Most modern beer

1088-450: A wider variety of styles is available to local drinkers. Beers are often blended again or sweetened with sugar or flavoured syrups before drinking, as some can be extremely tart. Most, if not all, of the varieties listed below, have Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status. This status does not specify that a product has a link to a specific geographical area. Unblended lambic is a cloudy, uncarbonated, bracingly sour beverage that

1152-462: Is fermented through exposure to wild yeasts and bacteria native to the Zenne valley, as opposed to exposure to carefully cultivated strains of brewer's yeast . This process gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, vinous , and cidery, often with a tart aftertaste. This beverage is first mentioned in 1794 as allambique . The initial 'a' was dropped early on so that in an 1811 advertisement it

1216-570: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a food or drink themed festival is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Beer style Beer styles differentiate and categorise beers by colour, flavour, strength, ingredients, production method, recipe, history, or origin. The modern concept of beer styles is largely based on the work of writer Michael Jackson in his 1977 book The World Guide To Beer . In 1989, Fred Eckhardt furthered Jackson's work publishing The Essentials of Beer Style . Although

1280-403: Is a critical feature of the style, the key yeasts and bacteria that perform the fermentation reside within the breweries' timber fermenting vessels. Over 80 microorganisms have been identified in lambic beer, the most significant being Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces pastorianus , and Brettanomyces bruxellensis . The process is generally only possible between October and May as in

1344-546: Is based on the original Pilsner style, pioneered in 1842 in the city of Plzeň (German: Pilsen), in an area of the Austrian Empire now located in the Czech Republic . The modern pale lager that developed from Pilsner is light in colour and high in forced carbonation , with an alcohol content of 3–6% by volume . The Pilsner Urquell or Heineken brands of beer are typical examples of pale lager, with

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1408-464: Is called mead , fermented apple juice is called cider , fermented pear juice is called perry (sometimes, pear cider ), fermented plum juice is called plum jerkum , and fermented grape juice is called wine . Chinese jiu and Japanese sake are made using much the same process as beer with one additional step in the fermentation as well as using rice instead of primarily barley malt. Most beer styles fall into types roughly according to

1472-409: Is flavored with hops , the immature flowers of a specific species of hemp plant, to contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to a beer. How much hop bitterness and aroma is appropriate varies between beer styles. There are many varieties of hops, some of which are associated with beers from specific regions. For example, Saaz hops are associated with Czech Pilsners; Hallertau and Tettnanger are two of

1536-490: Is generally brewed from a grist containing about 60–70% barley malt and 30–40% unmalted wheat. The wort is cooled overnight in a shallow, flat, metal pan (generally copper or stainless steel ) called a coolship , where it is left exposed to the open air so more than 120 different types of microorganisms may inoculate the wort. This cooling process requires night-time temperatures between −8 and 8 °C (18 and 46 °F). While this cooling method of open-air exposure

1600-466: Is often viewed as making less of a flavour contribution and more of an added source of fermentable sugars. Rice in particular "is considered by many [craft] brewers what the nasty industrial brewers use to water down their beer". This is due in large part to the use of rice by large scale American breweries. While it is commonly held that these breweries introduced these grains to their formulas during war shortages, author Maureen Ogle states "The mythology

1664-428: Is rarely available on tap. Draught releases are generally regarded as either jonge (young) or oude (old), depending on the age and discretion of the brewer. Bottled offerings from Cantillon and De Cam can be found outside Belgium. A mixture of young (one-year-old) and old (two- and three-year-old) lambics have been bottled. Because the young lambics are not yet fully fermented, they undergo secondary fermentation in

1728-425: Is sometimes used by a brewery to distinguish a particular beer produced in a line. For example, Rochefort Brewery produces three beers, all dissimilar in colour, flavour, and aroma; and sells them as Rochefort 6, Rochefort 8, and Rochefort 10, the numbers referring to the original gravities of the beers. Westvleteren Brewery , meanwhile, produces three beers and calls them Blonde, 8, and 12. Modern classification of

1792-449: Is that these giant beer makers began adding rice and corn to their beer after World War II to water it down, but that's simply not true. The American brewing industry was built in the late 19th century by first-generation German American immigrants such as Adolphus Busch, Adolph Coors and Frederick Miller. Although these men, craft brewers themselves, initially re-created the full-bodied beers of their homeland, many Americans had not developed

1856-829: The COVID-19 pandemic ; although it resumed in 2022, it was cancelled in 2023. In recent years OBF has anchored a month of beer-related festivals in Portland, including the North American Organic Brewers Festival, the Portland International Beerfest , and the Great American Distillers Festival. 45°30′58″N 122°40′21″W  /  45.516°N 122.6726°W  / 45.516; -122.6726 This Oregon -related article

1920-551: The Low Countries were using hops to flavour and preserve their ale; this new style of ale was called beer. When this trend came to Britain and brewers of beer in Southwark , London , started to take sales away from the traditional brewers of unhopped ale, there were complaints and protests. Laws were passed favouring either beer or ale for a number of years, until hopped beer became the standard style throughout Europe. At

1984-525: The Plato , Baumé , Balling , and Brix scales , with the Plato scale being the most common modern measure. This approach relies on the fact that dissolved sugars and alcohol each affect the density of beer differently. Since sugars are converted to alcohol during the process of fermentation , gravity can be used to estimate the final alcohol. In beer brewing, a distinction is made between the original gravity ,

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2048-492: The "noble" hop varieties one expects to find in German beers, and Kent Goldings are an English variety. Water is the main ingredient in beer, and, though water itself is flavourless, the chemical composition can have an influence on the finished taste; indeed, some brewers regard it as "the most important ingredient in beer". In particular, two styles of beer are especially noted for their water chemistry: pale ale , for which

2112-400: The 11th century, and probably earlier, hops have been used in beer for their natural preservative qualities and for the pleasant bitterness, flavour, and aroma they impart. Since the method of inoculation and long fermentation time of lambic beers increases the risk of spoilage , lambic brewers use large amounts of hops for their antibacterial properties. Lambic in the early 19th century was

2176-689: The Elder in his Naturalis Historia wrote about Celts brewing ale "in Gaul and Spain in a number of different ways, and under a number of different names; although the principle is the same." Anglo-Saxon laws reveal they identified three different ales, while the Normans mention cervisae (ale) and plena cervisia (full bodied ale) in the Domesday Book . By the 15th century brewers in Germany and

2240-528: The Pilsner Urquell brand having a hop presence more associated with the pilsner style. Principal styles of lager include pale lager , Bock , Dunkel , Helles , Oktoberfestbier / Märzen , Pilsner , Schwarzbier and Vienna lager . Beers of spontaneous fermentation use wild yeasts rather than cultivated ones. By the Middle Ages, brewers had learned to crop the yeast from one brew and use it in

2304-567: The Trappist tripel style) or even "quad". Lower-than-standard alcohol content is often indicated by the term " session ". For example, while India pale ales often have alcohol content around 6–7% abv , a "session India pale ale" will often have alcohol content below 5%. Barrel-aged beer is aged in wood barrels. Sour beer is made with additional microorganisms (alongside yeast) such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus . Styles of beer go back at least to Mesopotamia. The Alulu Tablet,

2368-417: The alcohol percentage by weight is roughly 4/5 of the abv (e.g., 3.2% abw is equivalent to 4.0% abv), but this becomes increasingly inaccurate as the alcohol concentration increases. Before the development of modern brewing practices and the complete understanding of the biochemistry of yeast, the final abv of a beer could not be precisely controlled, making its value inconsistent and therefore unsuitable as

2432-491: The alcohol, esters , and various other aromatic components that can be contributed by the yeast strain, and other elements that may derive from the water and the brewing process. The taste characteristics of a beer may come from the type and amount of malt used, flavours imparted by the yeast , and the strength of bitterness. Bitterness can be measured on an International Bitterness Units scale , and in North America

2496-447: The basis of most beer styles now in production, with styles that use other grains as a base distinguished by those grains (for example bock , which uses Munich malt as a base). The Rauchbier and Grätzer styles are distinguished by the use of smoked malt. Some styles use one or more other grains as a key ingredient in the style, such as wheat beer , rye beer , or oatmeal stout . The inclusion of some grains such as corn and rice

2560-428: The beer styles Jackson described. While North America developed beer styles into a serious study with fixed parameters of bitterness , colour , aroma, yeast, ingredients and strength, other countries continued to mainly categorise beers loosely by strength and colour, with much overlapping of naming conventions. Beers may be categorised based on a number of factors. The visual characteristics that may be observed in

2624-467: The beverage, as the sugar did not have the time to ferment. Modern faro beer is still characterized by the use of brown sugar and lambic, but is not always a light beer. The use of meertsbier has disappeared, and modern faro is not viewed as cheap or light. Today, faro is bottled, sweetened, and pasteurized to prevent refermentation in the bottle. Examples are produced by Cantillon , Boon , Oud Beersel , Lindemans or Mort Subite . Lambic refermented in

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2688-552: The blend made this a cheap, light, sweet drink for everyday consumption. The 19th-century French poet Charles Baudelaire commented on faro's disagreeable aftertaste in saying, "It's beer that you drink twice", believing that the faro in Brussels was brewed from the waters of a river (the Senne or Zenne ) that was also used as a sewer . The sugar was originally added shortly before serving, so does not add carbonation or alcohol to

2752-440: The bottle and produce carbon dioxide. A gueuze is given at least a year to carbonate in the bottle, but can be kept for 10–20 years. Mars traditionally referred to a weaker beer made from the second runnings of a lambic brewing. It is no longer commercially produced. In the 1990s, Boon Brewery made a modern Mars beer called Lembeek's 2% (the 2% referring to the alcohol content), but it is now only produced for use of Tilquin as

2816-451: The concentration of alcoholic strength to be calculated. The original gravity of a beer was the basis for determining taxation in both the UK and Ireland from 1880 until the late 20th century, and a legacy of that system remains in the largely arbitrary division of bitter into "bitter", "best bitter", and "special bitter" substyles. In continental Europe , the density of a beer in degrees Plato

2880-423: The distinctive flavour and aroma of Belgian Abbey ales largely result from the yeast strains used to ferment the beer. There are a few modern styles, notably lambics , where spontaneous fermentation is used — that is, rather than being inoculated in a controlled fashion with a nurtured yeast, the unfermented wort is allowed to be colonised by microorganisms present in the environment. The specific grains used in

2944-546: The festival, selling tokens and pouring beer, among other tasks. In 2013, OBF added a fifth day, moving the opening to Wednesday; they also replaced the annual plastic mug, which had been used since the festival's beginning, with a tasting glass, which for 2013 costs $ 7. For 2014, there are 88 beers available, in 30 styles ; that does not include the more than 100 available separately in OBF's Specialty Tent. After two years with tasting glasses made of glass, for 2015, OBF switched to

3008-585: The following categories: Lambic Lambic ( English: / ˈ l æ m b ɪ k / LAM -bik , French: [lɑ̃bik] ; Dutch : lambiek [lɑmˈbik] ) is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels and in Brussels itself since the 13th century. Types of lambic beer include gueuze , kriek lambic , and framboise . Lambic differs from most other beers in that it

3072-444: The gravity of the wort before fermentation has begun, and the final gravity of the product when fermentation has completed. Since the concentration of sugars is directly proportional to the gravity, the original gravity gives a brewer an idea of the potential alcoholic strength of the final product. After fermentation, the differences between the final and original gravities indicate the amount of sugar converted into alcohol, allowing

3136-497: The most commonly consumed type of beer in the world. Lagers are of Central European origin, taking their name from the German lagern ("to store"), and normally use a bottom-fermenting yeast which begin fermenting at 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) (the "fermentation phase"), and then stored at 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) (the "lagering phase"). During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows. The cooler conditions also inhibit

3200-629: The most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the Liefmans Brewery , for example, use an oud bruin , rather than a lambic, as a base. Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that was commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low-quality products by many beer enthusiasts. These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based on

3264-716: The natural production of esters and other byproducts, resulting in a "crisper" tasting beer. Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr the Younger, who perfected dark brown lagers at the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria , and Anton Dreher , who began brewing a lager in Vienna , Austria, in 1840–1841. With modern improved fermentation control, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. Most of today's lager

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3328-521: The next. Only in a few isolated regions were wild yeasts still used. The best-known region where spontaneous fermentation is still used is the Senne Valley in Belgium where lambic is produced. Hybrid or mixed style beers use modern techniques and materials instead of, or in addition to, traditional aspects of brewing. Although there is some variation among sources, mixed beers generally fall into

3392-531: The nineteenth century was a variety called Coigneau which was cultivated in the Aalst-Asse area in Belgium. After the fermentation process starts, the lambic is siphoned into barrels, mostly old port wine or sherry barrels (of chestnut or oak ) from Portugal or Spain. Some brewers prefer used wine barrels. The lambic is left to ferment and mature for one or several years. It forms a velo de flor of yeast that gives some protection from oxidation, in

3456-816: The presence of sour cherries (usually the morello variety, or a bitter variety known as the Schaarbeek cherry) and with secondary fermentation in the bottle results in kriek . Traditional versions of kriek are dry and sour, just as with traditional gueuze . Lambic may be made with the addition of raspberry ( framboise ), peach ( pêche ), blackcurrant (cassis), grape (druif), or strawberry (aardbei), as either whole fruit or syrup. Other, rarer fruit lambic flavorings include apple (pomme), banana (banane), pineapple (ananas), apricot (abricot), plum (prune), cloudberry (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and blueberry (myrtille). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among

3520-426: The presence of yeast making them translucent . A third variety is the opaque or near-opaque colour that exists with stouts , porters , schwarzbiers (black beer) and other deeply coloured styles. Thickness and retention of the head and the lace it can leave on the glass, are also factors in a beer's appearance. The aroma in a beer may be formed from the malt and other fermentables, the strength and type of hops,

3584-458: The process of Burtonisation is widespread; and Pilsner . Fruits and spices are key ingredients in some beer styles. While fruit beers and herb beers are often listed as style categories unto themselves, fruits and spices are sometimes used to contribute to the flavour and aroma profile of other styles. Vegetables have also been used in beers. Honey, molasses, candy sugar, or other fermentable sugars may be added to impart their distinct flavours to

3648-456: The same time, brewers in Bavaria were storing beer in cool caves during the summer months to stop it from spoiling. The type of beer they stored in this manner became known as lager from the German word lagern , meaning "to store". Although beers using naturally dried malt would have been pale-coloured, by the 17th century most malts in Europe would have been dried over a fire, resulting in

3712-416: The strength of alcoholic beverages for the purposes of taxation and regulation typically discriminates according to the percentage of alcohol by volume , generally abbreviated as abv. Additionally, although less common, some brewers throughout the world use also alcohol by weight (abw), particularly on low-point versions of popular domestic beer brands. At the relatively low alcohol concentrations of beer,

3776-468: The summer, too many unfavourable organisms that are in the air could spoil the beer. In Brussels dialect, lambic produced after this traditional brewing season is referred to as bezomerd , meaning that it has had "too much summer". Climate change is further shortening this limited brewing window; in the early 1900s, lambic brewers enjoyed roughly 165 days a year in the ideal temperature range, whereas by 2018, that number has shrunk to 140. Since at least

3840-593: The sweetness from the sugar present in the beer. Many beer styles are classified as one of two main types, ales and lagers , though certain styles may not be easily sorted into either category. Beers classified as ales are typically made with yeasts that ferment at warmer temperatures, usually between 15.5 and 24 °C (60 and 75 °F), and form a layer of foam on the surface of the fermenting beer, thus they are called top-fermenting yeasts . Lagers utilize yeasts that ferment at considerably lower temperatures, around 10 °C (50 °F), and can process raffinose ,

3904-428: The systematic study of beer styles is a modern phenomenon, the practice of distinguishing between different varieties of beer is ancient, dating to at least 2000 BC. What constitutes a beer style may involve provenance, local tradition, ingredients, aroma, appearance, flavour and mouthfeel . The flavour may include the degree of bitterness of a beer due to bittering agents such as hops, roasted barley, or herbs; and

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3968-773: The time and temperature of the primary fermentation and the variety of yeast used during fermentation. As the terminology of brewing arose before the advent of the science of microbiology, "yeast" in this context may refer not only to fungi but to some bacteria , for example Lactobacillus in Berliner Weisse . Top-fermenting yeast typically ferments at higher temperatures 15–23 °C (59–73 °F), producing significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavours and aromas, often resembling those of apple, pear, pineapple, grass, hay, banana, plum or prune. Top-fermented beers include Brown Ale , Mild Ale , Old Ale , Pale Ale , Stout and Wheat beer . Pale lagers are

4032-443: Was called lambicq , though it was sometimes referred to as alambic as late as 1829. The name may stem from alembic , a type of still used for producing local spirits such as cognac and jenever (but not used in the production of lambic). Breweries in and around Lembeek , a village near Halle, Belgium , have attempted to associate lambic with that name, including through the legend of local saint Veronus of Lembeek . Lambic

4096-521: Was not until Michael Jackson's World Guide To Beer was published in 1977 that there was an attempt to group and compare beers from around the world. Jackson's book had a particular influence in North America where the writer Fred Eckhardt was also starting to explore the nature of beer styles. The wine importing company Merchant du Vin switched to importing beers mentioned in Jackson's book. Small brewers started up, producing copies and interpretations of

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