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63-658: Oregon is one of 17 alcoholic beverage control states that directly control the sales of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The commission has also been put in charge of enforcing the Oregon Bottle Bill when it was passed in 1971. The passage of 2014 Oregon Ballot Measure 91 legalized the recreational use of marijuana in Oregon and gave regulatory authority to the OLCC. OLCC has been criticized for having

126-544: A "clubby" organizational culture. In 2023, it was reported that OLCC had been, for more than eight years, setting aside and diverting rare liquor that came through the system into the hands of higher managers and legislators. Alcohol Prohibition in the United States began in 1919 with the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment . In the early 1930s, Oregon Governor Julius Meier appointed a committee, led by Dr. William S. Knox, to study Oregon's options regarding

189-493: A 15-member advisory committee tasked with proposing the necessary administrative regulations for the recent recreational marijuana legislation, sanctioned by voters in the previous November. OLCC Executive Director Steven Marks sought representation from various sectors for the Rules Advisory Committee, which oversees the marijuana industry, law enforcement, local government, and the general public. The aims of

252-583: A concentration over 50%. Beer and wine , which are not distilled, typically have a maximum alcohol content of about 15% ABV, as most yeasts cannot metabolize when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence, fermentation ceases at that point. The origin of liquor and its close relative liquid is the Latin verb liquere , meaning 'to be fluid'. According to the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ), an early use of

315-405: A given year in a country. In Europe, spirits (especially vodka) are more popular in the north and east of the continent. Distilled spirits contain ethyl alcohol , the same chemical that is present in beer and wine , and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on

378-1339: A legal source of marijuana for recreational purposes while additional statutes and administrative rules were put into place for the recreational marijuana program. This "Early Retail Sales" bill allowed these sales to continue until December 31, 2016. After that time, medical dispensaries were no longer allowed to sell to recreational customers. Theft of liquor from OLCC liquor stores have increased 450% between 2018 and 2022. Regulatory Operations issues liquor and marijuana licenses, alcohol service permits, and marijuana worker permits. Licenses are required for anyone who manufactures, distributes or sells alcoholic beverages or marijuana in Oregon. Service permits are issued to employees who serve alcohol in restaurants, bars, or other businesses. Marijuana worker permits are issued to marijuana business employees who handle, interact with, track, or secure marijuana items and any person who supervises those activities. Regulatory Operations also promotes compliance with marijuana and liquor laws through education and proactive programs for licensees and permittees. This program also focuses on enforcement efforts geared toward reducing underage drinking and use of marijuana. Merchandising Operations has three divisions: Purchasing, Distribution, and Store Operations. The Merchandising Program operates

441-401: A manufacturer or seller of alcoholic beverages. Distilled beverage Liquor ( / ˈ l ɪ k ər / LIK -ər ) or distilled beverages are alcoholic drinks produced by the distillation of grains , fruits , vegetables , or sugar that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation . Other terms for liquor include spirit , spirituous liquor or hard liquor . While

504-409: A number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century, it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists. Its medicinal properties were studied by Arnald of Villanova (1240–1311 CE) and John of Rupescissa (c. 1310–1366), the latter of whom regarded it as a life-preserving substance able to prevent all diseases (the aqua vitae or "water of life", also called by John

567-531: A person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan over which the consumption took place. The short-term effects of alcohol consumption range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and euphoria at lower doses to intoxication (drunkenness), to stupor , unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia (memory "blackouts"), and central nervous system depression at higher doses. Cell membranes are highly permeable to alcohol , so once it

630-715: A practice called local option . States were also able to restrict the importation of "intoxicating liquors" into their territory under the provisions of the Twenty-first Amendment, which, while ending the Federal role in alcohol control, exempted liquor from the constitutional rule reserving the regulation of interstate commerce to the federal government. Thus, states that wished to continue prohibition could do so. Among those states which chose not to maintain complete prohibition over alcoholic beverages, approximately one-third established government monopolies while

693-468: A regulatory licensing and enforcement structure for commercial sales of marijuana. This bill also legalized the growing of personal marijuana plants at a household, which was unique among the three states which had legalized marijuana at the time (Oregon, Washington, and Colorado.) In 2015, Oregon State Governor Kate Brown signed an emergency bill allowing medical marijuana dispensaries to sell small amounts of marijuana to recreational customers in order provide

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756-475: A reserve set aside in the event of breakage. Alcoholic beverage control state Alcoholic beverage control states , generally called control states , less often ABC states , are 17 states in the United States that have state monopolies over the wholesaling or retailing of some or all categories of alcoholic beverages , such as beer , wine , and distilled spirits . At the beginning of

819-462: A solid marijuana product. Additionally, Measure 91 allows for people above the age of 21 to grow marijuana at their home. The law allows for a household to have up to a total of 4 marijuana plants. Additionally, OLCC established two permanent technical subcommittees: one for advising on licensing, compliance, and law enforcement matters, and another for traceability (from seed to sale) and the testing of recreational marijuana at laboratories accessible to

882-455: A trend in the United States following the microbrewing and craft beer movement in the last decades of the 20th century. Liquor that contains 40% ABV (80 US proof ) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C (79 °F) and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its flash point . The flash point of pure alcohol is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F), less than average room temperature. The flammability of liquor

945-443: A whole is not a control state. Private liquor stores sell beer, wine, and spirits in most of the state, but under state law, Montgomery County uses a control model, operating 25 off-premise beer, wine, and liquor stores. These county stores are the only off-premise spirits outlets; however, beer and wine only stores are privately owned. Four grocery chain stores in the county have grandfathered alcohol licenses. The regulatory agency

1008-630: Is Montgomery County Alcohol Beverage Services (ABS). Dorchester County was an alcohol control county until 2008, when the County Council voted to permanently close the county-owned liquor dispensaries, with subsequent change in the state law. Worcester County was an alcohol control county until July 2014, when the Maryland General Assembly abolished the Liquor Control Board by statute, replacing it with

1071-421: Is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions). Some countries and sub-national jurisdictions limit or prohibit the sale of certain high-percentage alcohol, commonly known as neutral spirit . Due to its flammability (see below) alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content above 70% by volume are not permitted to be transported in aircraft. Microdistilling (also known as craft distilling) began to re-emerge as

1134-409: Is an alcoholic beverage that has been produced: Spirit drinks must contain at least 15% ABV (except in the case of egg liqueur such as Advocaat , which must contain a minimum of 14% ABV). Regulation makes a difference between "ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin" and a "distillate of agricultural origin". Distillate of agricultural origin is defined as an alcoholic liquid that is the result of

1197-411: Is applied in the cooking technique flambé . The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% to 96% by weight are: Liquor can be served: The World Health Organization (WHO) measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries. The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed per capita in

1260-415: Is clubby. Such culture has allowed well connected people to utilize connections to the agency to obtain rare liquor and take advantage of the liquor monopoly OLCC is granted under state law. A seven-member board of commissioners meets monthly to set OLCC policy and make decisions in areas such as liquor licenses, rules, contested case hearings and appointments of liquor store agents. The governor appoints and

1323-602: Is in the bloodstream, it can diffuse into nearly every cell in the body. Alcohol can greatly exacerbate sleep problems. During abstinence , residual disruptions in sleep regularity and sleep patterns are the greatest predictors of relapse . Drinking more than 1–2 drinks a day increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and stroke . The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking , which may result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are due to alcohol each year. Unlike wine and perhaps beer, there

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1386-462: Is no evidence for a J-shaped health effect for the consumption of distilled alcohol. Long-term use can lead to an alcohol use disorder , an increased risk of developing physical dependence . cardiovascular disease and several types of cancer . Alcoholism , also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use

1449-491: Is one of the top revenue producers for the state. In fiscal year 2010, the OLCC contributed nearly $ 172 million to Oregon's general fund, county and city treasuries from the sales of distilled spirits, taxes on beer and wine and other revenue. Support Services consists of three divisions: Administration, Administrative Services, and Financial Services. The program provides support and administrative services for OLCC staff and numerous partners. The organizational culture of OLCC

1512-499: Is responsible for licensing and regulating the operation of the liquor and recreational marijuana industry in Oregon. The OLCC has five regional offices housing aspects of each program. With the passage of the Oregon Bottle Bill in 1971, OLCC has been assigned to administer and enforce the bottle bill, such as retailers refusing to accept containers or selling non-compliant containers. The commission however does not have

1575-483: Is the third-leading cause of early death in the United States. Consumption of alcohol in any quantity can cause cancer . Alcohol causes breast cancer , colorectal cancer , esophageal cancer , liver cancer , and head-and-neck cancers . The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk. A survey of high school students in Alstahaug, Nordland county, revealed that adolescents consume alcohol at rates above

1638-411: Is typically consumed for the psychoactive effects of alcohol. Liquor may be consumed on its own (i.e. " neat "), typically in amounts of around 50 millilitres (1.7 US fluid ounces) per served drink; or frequently mixed with other ingredients to form a cocktail . In an undiluted form, distilled beverages are often slightly sweet and bitter and typically impart a burning mouthfeel with an odor derived from

1701-594: The quintessence of wine). In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei , dating to the 12th century. In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by

1764-537: The Eighteenth Amendment in January 1919. Following ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933, resulting in the end of national prohibition , some states initially decided to continue their own prohibition against the production, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages within their borders. Other states decided to leave the issue to local jurisdictions, including counties and cities,

1827-590: The Jin (12th–13th centuries) and Southern Song (10th–13th centuries) dynasties according to archaeological evidence. Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice. The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use. The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus ( c.  371  – c.  287 BCE ), and Pliny

1890-649: The temperance movement in the United States, many states controlled where and when alcohol could be sold. Before this time, most alcoholic beverages for off-premises consumption were often sold just like any other item of commerce in stores or bars. Because of heavy lobbying by temperance groups in various states, most required off-premises beverages to be sold in dedicated stores (primarily called dispensaries) with controls over their location . To further enhance oversight of beverage sales, some states such as South Carolina operated state-run dispensaries. A national prohibition began in January 1920, following ratification of

1953-574: The 14th century. The works of Taddeo Alderotti (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated fractional distillation through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained. In 1437, "burned water" ( brandy ) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany. It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New Zealand and

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2016-458: The 1960s onward, many control states loosened their monopoly of beverage sales. States like West Virginia and Washington sold all of their state liquor stores to private owners, while others like Vermont permit private store owners to sell alcohol on behalf of the state for a commission. The 17 control or monopoly states as of November 2019 are: About one-quarter of the United States population lives in control states. Maryland as

2079-567: The 1st century. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias . Alchemists in Roman Egypt were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century. Distillation was known in the ancient Indian subcontinent , evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in Pakistan and Rang Mahal in India dating to

2142-469: The Department of Liquor Control. In Minnesota , a city with a population of 10,000 or less may choose to open a municipal liquor store while prohibiting private liquor stores. The city may maintain this monopoly even if its population grows. As of 2018, 190 cities in the state operate their own stores. In California , the state constitution prohibits the state or any agency thereof from becoming

2205-823: The Distilled Spirits Program, the Recreational Marijuana Program, and the Public Safety Program. All three programs are supported by the Administration, Financial Services, and Support Services divisions. The Distilled Spirits Program oversees the distribution and sale of distilled spirits in the state. The Distilled Spirits division centrally purchases, warehouses and distributes distilled spirits to Oregon's independently operated liquor stores. OLCC's Public Safety Program licenses and regulates businesses in

2268-464: The Elder (23/24–79 CE). This did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, however, despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt . An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (ninth century CE), was that by adding salt to boiling wine, which increases the wine's relative volatility ,

2331-759: The Gin category but any gin cannot be considered as London gin). Spirit drinks that are not produced within the EU, such as tequila or baijiu , are not listed in the 44 categories. Early evidence of distillation comes from Akkadian tablets dated c.  1200 BC describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia . Early evidence of distillation also comes from alchemists working in Alexandria , Roman Egypt , in

2394-687: The Liquor Control Act (also known as the Knox Act) on December 15, 1933. The act gave the state exclusive rights to sell distilled spirits and fortified wine as well as the authority to license private businesses to sell beer and wine by the bottle or glass. Marijuana Prohibition in the State of Oregon began in 1935 with the passage of the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act . Possession of small amounts of marijuana

2457-515: The Netherlands. In many others including the United States , it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license, and the licensing process is too arduous for hobbyist-scale production. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. Nonetheless, all states allow unlicensed individuals to make their own beer , and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine

2520-970: The Senate confirms these commissioners for four-year terms. Each commissioner represents a congressional district. A minimum of one seat on the Commission is must be reserved for a representative of the restaurant and hospitality industry. Commissioners receive no pay for their time and work except for reimbursement of travel fees. ORS 471.775 Regulatory specialists have authority as provided under this chapter, ORS chapter 153, ORS 133.005 to 133.400, 133.450, 133.525 to 133.703, 133.721 to 133.739, 161.235, 161.239 and 161.245 and chapter 743, Oregon Laws 1971, to conduct inspections or investigations, make arrests and seizures, aid in prosecutions for offenses, issue criminal citations and citations for violations and otherwise enforce this chapter, ORS 474.005 to 474.095 and 474.115, commission rules and any other laws of this state that

2583-476: The additional term "drink") refers to liquor that should not contain added sugar and is usually 35–40% alcohol by volume (ABV). Fruit brandy , for example, is also known as 'fruit spirit'. Liquor bottled with added sugar and flavorings, such as Grand Marnier , amaretto , and American schnapps , are known instead as liqueurs . Liquor generally has an alcohol concentration higher than 30% when bottled, and before being diluted for bottling, it typically has

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2646-701: The alcohol and the production and aging processes; the exact flavor varies between different varieties of liquor and the different impurities they impart. Rapid consumption of a large amount of liquor can cause severe alcohol intoxication or alcohol poisoning , which can be fatal either due to acute biochemical damage to vital organs (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis and pancreatitis ), or due to trauma (e.g. falls or motor vehicle accidents ) caused by alcohol-induced delirium . Consistent consumption of liquor over time correlates with higher mortality and other harmful health effects, even when compared to other alcoholic beverages. The term "spirit" (singular and used without

2709-419: The alcohol industry such as manufacturers, wholesalers, bars, restaurants, grocery and convenience stores. The Recreational Marijuana Program is exclusively authorized to make recreational marijuana available to consumers and licensed businesses through retail marijuana stores. The program also tracks the growing, transporting, processing and selling of recreational marijuana products. The Public Safety Program

2772-526: The authority as provided in ORS 133.005 to 133.400, 133.450, 133.525 to 133.703, 133.721 to 133.739, 161.235, 161.245 and 475B.010 to 475B.395, ORS chapter 153 and chapter 743, Oregon Laws 1971, to conduct inspections and investigations, make seizures, aid in prosecutions for offenses, issue citations for violations and otherwise enforce the provisions of ORS 475B.010 to 475B.395, any rule adopted under ORS 475B.010 to 475B.395 and any other law of this state that charges

2835-540: The authority to enact changes to the Bottle Bill. On April 27, 2006, Teresa Kaiser, the director of the commission at that time, resigned after being charged with driving with a blood alcohol content of 0.16, twice the legal limit in Oregon. The arrest was widely reported in mass media after the incident occurred. Following the arrest and resignation, the OLCC board held an emergency meeting to appoint an interim acting executive director. In 2015, OLCC introduced

2898-399: The commission considers related to alcoholic liquor, including but not limited to laws regarding the manufacture, importation, transportation, possession, distribution, sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages, the manufacture or use of false identification or the entry of premises licensed to sell alcoholic liquor. ORS 475B.285 An Oregon Liquor Control Commission regulatory specialist has

2961-595: The commission with a duty, function or power related to marijuana, including enforcing any provision of a law or rule related to individuals who use false identification for purposes of purchasing or possessing a marijuana item or who engage in illegal activity on or near a licensed premises. Under state statute, the regulatory specialists (inspectors) of the OLCC whether enforcing marijuana or liquor regulations, are considered peace officers when exercising authority over liquor or marijuana related activities and business. This classification includes police officers and officers of

3024-416: The committee was to ensure a balanced approach to rule recommendations in line with the voters' intent after passing Measure 9 in 2014. Measure 91: allows for people that are 21 years of age or older to legally possess up to 1 ounce of marijuana in public, and up to 8 ounces of marijuana plant material in private, or alternatively, up to 72 ounces of liquid marijuana product, or alternatively up to 16 ounces of

3087-438: The distillation, after alcoholic fermentation, of agricultural products which does not have the properties of ethyl alcohol and which retain the aroma and taste of the raw materials used. Annex 1 to the regulation lists 44 categories of spirit drinks and their legal requirements. Some spirit drinks can fall into more than one category. Specific production requirements distinguish one category from another (London gin falls into

3150-589: The early centuries of the Common Era . Frank Raymond Allchin says these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo". These " Gandhara stills" were capable of producing only very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat. Distillation in China could have begun during the Eastern Han dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), but the distillation of beverages began in

3213-529: The flammability of the resulting vapors may be enhanced. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to al-Kindī (c. 801–873 CE) and to al-Fārābī (c. 872–950), and in the 28th book of al-Zahrāwī 's (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) Kitāb al-Taṣrīf (later translated into Latin as Liber servatoris ). In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of aqua ardens ("burning water", i.e., alcohol) by distilling wine with salt started to appear in

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3276-405: The holder's compliance with required conditions and the general discretion of the licensing authority. The remaining states adopted the monopoly system of regulation, the more cautious of the two regulatory frameworks. As alluded to above, under the monopoly plan the government takes over the wholesale trade and conducts the retail sale of heavier alcoholic beverages through its own stores. That is,

3339-468: The public. OLCC's executive director Steve Marks abruptly resigned in February 2023 at the request of governor Tina Kotek . Marks is among those who leveraged their position to preferentially obtain scarce Pappy Van winkle whiskey. In February 2023, six additional OLCC executives were accused of diverting rare whiskey from state inventories. The accusation of corruption in the ranks of OLCC has led to

3402-630: The regulation of alcoholic beverages in the state. In what came to be known as the Knox Report, the committee recommended a system similar to Canada 's. Based on the recommendations in the Knox Report, the Oregon Legislative Assembly held a special session that created the Oregon Liquor Control Commission in 1933, just days after the national repeal of prohibition. Governor Meier signed

3465-420: The remaining two-thirds established private license systems . In its simplest terms, the license system allows private enterprises to buy and sell alcohol at state discretion. In actual effect, the license operates as a device of restraint and not merely a grant of privilege or freedom. In a constitutional sense, the license confers no property right and the exercise of its privilege is continuously contingent upon

3528-495: The resignation of Oregon officials, who regulate alcoholic beverage and legal marijuana sales in Oregon. The governor asked that the commission install new leadership and remove the managers and executive leaders “who have taken advantage of their access and authority to benefit themselves.” A system was in place to give consumers a fair chance to purchase rare liquor, however OLCC connected individuals and politicians circumvented this covertly by availing themselves to "safety stock",

3591-406: The state itself engages in the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Most of these states have an Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) board—exact naming varies by state—and run liquor stores called "ABC stores" or "state stores". In all monopoly states, a parallel license system is used to regulate the sale and distribution of lighter alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine . Beginning in

3654-444: The state's Criminal Justice Division. Although this classification and the statutory authority provide OLCC regulatory specialists broad law enforcement authority including the authority to use force, make arrests, issue citations, and seize property, regulatory specialists are prohibited by OLCC Policy from carrying firearms while exercising that authority. Today, Oregon's alcohol regulation program has three major operational programs;

3717-399: The state's retail liquor business, including supplying the 244 (as of September 2010) retail liquor stores . Oregon has been partially privatized since the 1980s. Oregon retail liquor stores are privately owned by independent small business contractors. The OLCC contracts with the independent business owners to sell Oregonians the distilled beverages they want, while operating a business that

3780-522: The term hard liquor is sometimes used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones, whereas the term spirits is more commonly used in the United Kingdom . Some examples of liquors include vodka , rum , gin and tequila . Liquors are often aged in barrels , such as for the production of brandy and whiskey , or are infused with flavorings to form flavored liquors , such as absinthe . Like other alcoholic drinks, liquor

3843-498: The word liquor ordinarily refers to distilled alcoholic spirits rather than beverages produced by fermentation alone, it can sometimes be used more broadly to refer to any alcoholic beverage (or even non-alcoholic products of distillation or various other liquids). The distillation process concentrates the liquid to increase its alcohol by volume . As liquors contain significantly more alcohol ( ethanol ) than other alcoholic drinks, they are considered "harder". In North America ,

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3906-632: The word in the English language, meaning simply "a liquid", can be dated to 1225. The first use documented in the OED defined as "a liquid for drinking" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for "an intoxicating alcoholic drink" appeared in the 16th century. In accordance with the regulation (EU) 2019/787 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019, a spirit drink

3969-564: Was decriminalized in Oregon in 1973. In 1998, the state passed the Oregon Medical Marijuana Act , allowing residents to obtain a Medical Marijuana Patient card and grow or obtain marijuana for personal use for medical purposes. Under that act, patients are allowed to designate caregivers, which allowed for the growth of the Oregon medical marijuana dispensary program. The passage of Measure 91 in 2014 legalized possession of marijuana for recreational personal use and created

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