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47-514: The Oregonian Building was a building in downtown Portland, Oregon , United States, which served as the headquarters of Portland's major newspaper, The Oregonian , from 1892 to 1948. It was the first steel-framed building constructed in the Western U.S., and from its opening until 1911 it was the tallest building in Portland. In addition to the newspaper's offices and printing press, in 1922

94-550: A network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation . Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in

141-506: A personal computer, and internet connection (or amateur radio) and are utilized by groups such as the National Weather Service (NWS) when generating forecast models . Each weather station submitting data to CWOP will also have an individual Web page that depicts the data submitted by that station. The Weather Underground Internet site is another popular destination for the submittal and sharing of data with others around

188-479: A plan to revitalize downtown Portland. Moses charted a highway loop around the city's central freeways, which would become Interstate 405 as it links with I-5 south of downtown. Additionally the creation of a downtown transit mall in 1977 , a new waterfront park in 1978 (later named after Governor Tom McCall ) in place of a freeway , the creation of the Pioneer Courthouse Square in 1984,

235-463: A portion of the ground floor was displaced in the early 1920s when the newspaper needed room for a new three-story printing press made by Goss , which came into use in 1923. In 1930, a huge neon sign measuring 90 ft (27 m) tall by 11.5 ft (3.5 m) wide and reading "The Oregonian" was attached to the building, on the corner at Sixth and Alder streets. The sign's manufacturer, Electrical Products Corporation , of Los Angeles, expressed

282-593: A portion of the nearby Lloyd District after 2001. However, in 2010, free rides became limited to MAX and streetcar service – no longer covering bus service – and the zone renamed the "Free Rail Zone", and in September 2012 the fareless zone was discontinued entirely, because of a $ 12 million shortfall in TriMet's annual budget. Several high-rise buildings are located in downtown Portland. The five tallest are: Weather station A weather station

329-436: A significant amount. A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments. Typical weather stations have the following instruments: In addition, at certain automated airport weather stations , additional instruments may be employed, including: More sophisticated stations may also measure

376-882: Is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate . The measurements taken include temperature , atmospheric pressure , humidity , wind speed , wind direction , and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation . Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by

423-929: Is required for record keeping. Automatic transmission of data, in a format such as METAR , is also desirable as many weather station's data is required for weather forecasting. A personal weather station is a set of weather measuring instruments operated by a private individual, club, association, or business (where obtaining and distributing weather data is not a part of the entity's business operation). Personal weather stations have become more advanced and can include many different sensors to measure weather conditions. These sensors can vary between models but most measure wind speed, wind direction, outdoor and indoor temperatures, outdoor and indoor humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, and UV or solar radiation. Other available sensors can measure soil moisture, soil temperature, and leaf wetness. The quality, number of instruments, and placement of personal weather stations can vary widely, making

470-699: Is the farthest east, while most of the high-rises end by I-405 to the west. Interstate 5 runs on the opposite bank of the river, crossing over on the Marquam Bridge. U.S. Route 26 connects downtown Portland to the Oregon Coast and the Cascade Range . Downtown is also served by several forms of public transportation. TriMet , the regional mass transit agency, operates MAX light rail on two alignments in downtown, one running east–west on Yamhill and Morrison streets and north–south on 1st Avenue,

517-963: The Lloyd District , across the river from the northern part of downtown, and the South Waterfront area, just south of downtown in the South Portland neighborhood. Portland's downtown features narrow streets—64 feet (20 m) wide—and square, compact blocks 200 feet (61 m) on a side, to create more corner lots that were expected to be more valuable. The small blocks also made downtown Portland pleasant to walk through. The 264-foot (80 m) long combined blocks divide one mile (1.6 km) of road into exactly 20 separate blocks. By comparison, Seattle 's blocks are 240 by 320 feet (73 m × 98 m), and Manhattan 's east–west streets are divided into blocks that are from 600–800 feet (183–244 m) long. By

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564-521: The ultraviolet index , leaf wetness , soil moisture , soil temperature, water temperature in ponds, lakes, creeks, or rivers, and occasionally other data. Except for those instruments requiring direct exposure to the elements (anemometer, rain gauge), the instruments should be sheltered in a vented box, usually a Stevenson screen , to keep direct sunlight off the thermometer and wind off the hygrometer. The instrumentation may be specialized to allow for periodic recording, otherwise significant manual labour

611-589: The Oregonian Building, during their periods as the newspaper's headquarters, and this pattern continued with successor buildings. In 1890, the Oregonian Publishing Company began construction of a much larger headquarters building, to accommodate the paper's continuing expansion. The new Oregonian Building was located at the intersection of Southwest Sixth and Alder streets, northwest corner. The building's nine-story main portion

658-555: The Oregonian Building. In addition to The Morning Oregonian newspaper, the Oregonian also owned the Evening Telegram , and that paper was published from the 1892 building until the company sold it in 1914 to Wheeler Brothers. The Oregonian Building lost its status as Portland's tallest building in 1911, when the 198-foot-tall (60 m) Yeon Building was completed. A jewelry store, Jaeger Brothers, that had occupied

705-597: The Pearl and Northwest Portland districts. The system currently has two routes, measuring 7.2 miles (11.6 km) end to end, and connects in South Waterfront with the Tram (aerial cableway) to Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). Starting in 1975 and continuing for almost four decades, all transit service in downtown was free , as downtown was entirely within TriMet's Fareless Square , which also covered

752-464: The belief that it was the largest of its kind in the U.S. at the time. In 1922, the Oregonian Publishing Company launched Portland's first commercial radio station to feature regular broadcasting, KGW (620 AM) . It was the first newspaper on the West Coast to own and operate its own radio station. The broadcast studios were located on the 11th floor, in the building's tower, and the transmitter

799-485: The building became the home of Portland's first commercial radio station, KGW , which was owned by the Oregonian Publishing Company. A second radio station, KEX , was acquired by the paper in 1933, and joined KGW in new, shared studios in the Oregonian Building. A fire in 1943 forced the radio stations to relocate. The company sold the building in December 1947 as it prepared for a move to a larger building. In June 1948,

846-498: The building's basement, so there was no need to relocate the presses from the old location. After completion of the building, some of the space was made available for lease to other businesses. Tenants included a drug store, a shoe store, a tailor, an optical store and a barber shop, along with offices of professional firms such as the Equitable Life Assurance Company. When the building opened, its site

893-571: The city is attempting to reduce in order to promote higher density, create storefronts, and make downtown more vibrant. Some changes are being made slowly, such as the creation of the Smart Park garage system, and conversion of a surface-level parking lot into a park with underground parking at Park Block 5 between the Fox Tower and Park Avenue West Tower . In 2017, Human Access Project partnered with Portland Parks & Recreation to open

940-556: The city's first officially recognized public swimming beach, Poet's Beach . In 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic , Downtown Portland faced an increase in homeless camps and a reduction in office workers due to remote work . During and after the Black Lives Matter protests, there was an increase in graffiti, property damage, and windows being boarded up. Portland is sometimes known as "Bridgetown", due to

987-435: The clock was "an open belfry with balconies", where the bells for the clock were located. The clock was made by E. Howard & Co. and cost $ 1,845. The first two stories were surfaced in red sandstone (from Flagstaff, Arizona), and buff brick and terra cotta covered the stories above. The main entrance, on Alder Street, was finished in light-rose marble , and the interior made extensive use of Italian white marble on

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1034-461: The company began planning for a new building in 1944. As with the 1892 move, this relocation also afforded the opportunity to upgrade to a newer model of printing press, a higher-capacity one made by R. Hoe & Company. The new Oregonian Building of 1948 was located seven blocks south of the old one, facing Southwest Broadway and filling an entire city block bounded by Broadway, Jefferson and Columbia Streets, and 6th Avenue. Twenty-two years earlier,

1081-593: The determination of which stations collect accurate, meaningful, and comparable data difficult. There are a comprehensive number of retail weather stations available. Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems. Open-source weather stations are available that are designed to be fully customizable by users. Personal weather stations may be operated solely for

1128-546: The early 1970s, parts of Portland's central city had been in decay for some time. New suburban shopping malls in the neighboring cities of Beaverton , Tigard , and Gresham competed with downtown for people and money. Unlike many downtown revitalization efforts around the United States at this time, Portland's plan did not call for widespread demolition and reconstruction. Robert Moses , the designer of New York City 's gridded freeways, expressways, and bridges, designed

1175-467: The enjoyment and education of the owner, while some owners share their results with others. They do this by manually compiling data and distributing it, distributing data over the Internet, or sharing data via amateur radio . The Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) is a service which facilitates the sharing of information from personal weather stations. This data is submitted through use of software,

1222-415: The first floor and main stairway. The newspaper moved most of its staff into the new building in mid-January 1892, but with some departments using temporary locations within the building, as the interior was not finished until a few months later, and the last work on the uppermost floors was not completed until 1893. New, more modern printing presses , made by R. Hoe & Company , were installed in

1269-475: The mansion home of prominent Portland businessman and former mayor William S. Ladd had occupied the site, until demolished in 1926. The newspaper staff moved to the new building in June 1948, and the new printing press was brought into use on June 7, 1948. There were 842 Oregonian employees working in the old building at the time of the move to the new quarters on Broadway. The old Oregonian Building's large clock

1316-676: The museum's Turbine Hall. Downtown Portland The downtown neighborhood extends west from the Willamette to Interstate 405 and south from Burnside Street to just south of the Portland State University campus (also bounded by I-405), except for a part of northeastern portion north of SW Harvey Milk Street and east of SW 3rd Ave that belongs to the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. High-density business and residential districts near downtown include

1363-455: The newspaper moved to a new building on Southwest Broadway, also called the Oregonian Building. The 1892 building with the landmark clock tower then stood vacant for about two years until it was demolished, in 1950. The Oregonian began publication in 1850, and in 1878 its office and printing facilities moved to a then-new brick building at the intersection of Front and Stark streets . That building and its wooden predecessor were referred to as

1410-522: The northern Pacific Ocean . The agreement of the weather ships ended in 1990. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like merchant ships tended to and were considered a valuable resource. The last weather ship was MS  Polarfront , known as weather station M ("jilindras") at 66°N, 02°E, run by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute . MS Polarfront

1457-673: The number of bridges that cross its two rivers. There are nine bridges entering downtown and immediately adjacent areas. The bridges are (north to south): Outside the downtown area there are three other road bridges within Portland limits that cross the Willamette River : the St. Johns Bridge and Sauvie Island Bridge (to the north) and the Sellwood Bridge (to the south). Most streets in downtown Portland are one-way. Naito Parkway (two-way, formerly known as Front Avenue)

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1504-520: The opening of the Portland–Gresham light rail line in 1986, and the opening of Pioneer Place mall in 1990 successfully drew or retained businesses and lured customers. After 1990, downtown Portland dominated the city's development, with 500,000 square feet (46,000 m ) more development there than on the east side ( Lloyd District , Central Eastside Industrial District, and Lower Albina ). Downtown Portland has many surface parking lots , which

1551-664: The other running north–south on 5th and 6th avenues. On the latter two streets, an extensive transit mall —known as the Portland Mall —limits private vehicles and provides connections between more than fifty bus lines, MAX light rail, and the Portland Streetcar . The southern part of downtown and the West End are also served by the Portland Streetcar system, operating from South Waterfront north into

1598-461: The time, it was the most powerful radio station in Oregon, broadcasting at 5,000 Watts. It moved into the 7th floor, sharing space with KGW. Both stations were affiliated with NBC at the time. The broadcast studios were destroyed in a fire in 1943. Both stations relocated to other buildings, except for the transmitter. They never returned to the old Oregonian Building, although in 1948 KGW, which

1645-415: The tower of the building, and a 98-foot-tall (30 m) tower was erected atop the nearby Northwestern National Bank Building , and KGW's antenna was attached to a cable connecting the two rooftop towers. In February 1926, KGW moved from the 11th floor into larger studios built on the 7th and 8th floors. In 1933, the newspaper acquired radio station KEX and moved it to the Oregonian Building in 1934. At

1692-701: The values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity. Synoptic weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic time 00h00, 06h00, 12h00, 18h00 ( UTC ) and at intermediate synoptic hours 03h00, 09h00, 15h00, 21h00 (UTC). Every weather station has assigned station unique code by WMO for identification. The common instruments of measure are anemometer, wind vane, pressure sensor, thermometer, hygrometer, and rain gauge. The weather measures are formatted in special format and transmit to WMO to help

1739-401: The world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains, nylon , or buoyant polypropylene . With the decline of the weather ship , they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s,

1786-399: The world. As with CWOP, each station submitting data to Weather Underground has a unique Web page displaying their submitted data. The UK Met Office 's Weather Observations Website (WOW) also allows such data to be shared and displayed. A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological measurements for use in weather forecasting. It

1833-474: Was 100 by 100 feet (30 m × 30 m), and it contained roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m) of floor space, including the basement but not the tower. The building was designed by James W. Reid and Merritt J. Reid , of the Reid Brothers firm. Otto Kleemann served as a consulting architect. The design was Romanesque Revival , with touches of Richardsonian Romanesque style. Above

1880-514: Was 134 ft (41 m) high, but extending for another 60 feet above was a tower with a smaller floor area and a large clock (with faces on all four sides) above the 11th floor. The building's overall height of 194 ft (59 m) made it the tallest structure in Portland, a distinction it retained until the completion of the Yeon Building in 1911. It was "the first steel-framed skyscraper west of Chicago " when built. Its footprint

1927-508: Was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of 13 weather ships in 1948. Of the 12 left in operation in 1996, nine were located in the northern Atlantic Ocean while three were located in

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1974-714: Was completed in November 1950. In 1951, a two-story retail-commercial building was constructed on the site. The large clock in the tower was sold to an engineer who moved it to Oregon State College and used it as a teaching tool, but by the late 1950s the clock had returned to Portland and joined the collection of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry . It was still in OMSI's collection in January 2019, but had recently (in December 2018) been removed from longtime display in

2021-399: Was on the 13th floor, above the large clock. The first test broadcast was made on March 23, 1922, and regular broadcasting began on March 25. Initially, the aerials were attached to the 60-foot flagpole atop the building's roof, but later the same year, the station upgraded its signal with larger, more powerful equipment. In October, an 86-foot-tall (26 m) antenna tower was erected atop

2068-525: Was removed from service January 1, 2010. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by satellites , long range aircraft and weather buoys . Weather observations from ships continue from thousands of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation; the Old Weather crowdsourcing project transcribes naval logs from before the era of dedicated ships. Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and oceanography data within

2115-434: Was still owned by the paper at that time, did return to an Oregonian Building, as it was given studios in the then-new building – of the same name – that replaced the 1892 landmark. In 1892, the newspaper's circulation was only 13,000 for the daily edition, 16,000 on Sundays, but by 1940 daily circulation had grown to 138,472 on weekdays and 167,210 on Sundays. The Oregonian had again outgrown its space, and

2162-418: Was turned off on July 30, 1948, never to resume. The building and land were sold in December 1947 for $ 800,000 (equivalent to $ 27.1 million in 2023), to a Los Angeles-based commercial investment and development company, Store Properties, Inc. However, after the newspaper and other tenants moved out, the building remained vacant, and in 1950 its new owners decided to raze it. Demolition took six months and

2209-403: Was well west of the central business district, but within a few decades, expansion of downtown had shifted the center westwards. From October 1892 until June 1902, the U.S. Department of Agriculture 's official weather recording station for Portland was located in the Oregonian Building. The U.S. Weather Bureau was located in the building's tower, and was the first occupant of that portion of

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