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42-483: Orenburg is close to the border with Kazakhstan . Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the city's name. It was traditionally accepted that the word "orenburg" means a fortress on the River Or . In all probability, the word combination "orenburg" was proposed by I. K. Kirillov  [ ru ] , the founder of the city. In 1734, in accordance with his project, a package of governmental documents

84-656: A Decree of Tsar Alexander II of 21 October (2 November) 1868. On 26 August 1920 the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (KASSR, located within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , RSFSR) was created from these four provinces (briefly joined together in this period in the short-lived Alash Autonomy ), with the northern border of the ASSR essentially following that of

126-676: A final treaty being approved in Moscow by Presidents Vladimir Putin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on 18 January 2005. The treaty entered into force on 12 January 2006. On-the-ground demarcation started in July 2007, with a series of pillars marking the frontier beginning to be erected from May 2009. When the border became international in 1991, one branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway was interrupted by two border crossings at Petropavl . In 2017, Russia and Kazakhstan agreed to create

168-668: A force of 10,000 rebels, killing 2,000 and capturing 6,000 more, suffering only 90 casualties to his forces in the process. Michelsohnen had managed to end any major threat of the rebellion reemerging and assaulting the Russian interior. For his services in suppressing the revolt, Catherine the Great awarded Michelsohnen with numerous honors: an estate in Vitebsk Governorate , the Gold Sword for Bravery with Diamonds, and

210-604: A nation as being “a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture”. The NTD is commonly portrayed as being nothing more than a cynical exercise in divide and rule , a deliberately Machiavellian attempt by Stalin to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state. Though indeed

252-544: A research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captain's Daughter . He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language. Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky 's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire , Orenburg became

294-679: A trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway , a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia . Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan ) within Russia from 1920 to 1925. When that republic was renamed Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became

336-684: A transit ( corridor ) without border controls. There are numerous border crossings along the lengthy frontier: Historical English-language maps of the Kazakh SSR-Russian SSR border from the Caspian Sea to the border with China, mid to late 20th century: Johann von Michelsohnen Johann von Michelsohnen (also Mikhelson or Michelson ; Russian : Ива́н Ива́нович Михельсо́н , romanized :  Ivan Ivanovich Mikhelson ; 14 May [ O.S. 3 May] 1740 – 17 August [ O.S. 5 August] 1807)

378-499: A transit route to Bukhara, Badakhshan, Balkh and India" and that "riches in the form of gold, lapis lazuli and garnets could be obtained from it". After his death, a new manager of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily Tatishchev , was appointed who did not consider the place suitable for building a city. Therefore, in 1739 he began preparations for the construction of a new town with the old name on Krasnaya Gora (Red Mountain), downstream of

420-482: Is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200-meter (660 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys. In October 2015, the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised. The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007. † Orenburg is twinned with: Kazakhstan-Russia border The Kazakhstan–Russia border

462-481: Is home to several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom , the subsidiary of Gazprom ; Orenburgneft , the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy , one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia. Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905. Orenburg's main airport

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504-696: Is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport , located about 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of the city, on the Orsk destination, and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair . City public transport includes bus, trolleybus and also marshrutkas (fixed-route cabs). Orenburg is located in the border of cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) and hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa ) zones with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters. April and October are transition months, with

546-745: Is the 7,644-kilometre (4,750 mi) international border between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation . It is the longest continuous international border in the world and the second longest by total length, after the Canada–United States border . It is in the same location as the former administrative-territorial border between the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . The border starts in

588-578: Is thought that the decision to shift the capital to Orenburg was because at that time it was the only large industrial city in the Kazakh-inhabited region and it was hoped that it would assist in the KASSR's economic development, as well as act as a bridge between the Russian lands to the north and the Turkic lands to the south. However in early 1925 the capital of the KASSR was moved from Orenburg to

630-672: The City of Orenburg —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug . The city is in the basin of the middle branch of the River Ural , near its confluence with the River Sakmara . The highest point of the city is 154.4 meters (507 ft). The Ural River forms the boundary between Europe and Asia in Orenburg. Orenburg

672-579: The Irtysh line  [ ru ] , a series of forty-six forts, including Orenburg, to prevent Kazakh and Dzungar raids into Russian territory. Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774), the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 to March 26, 1774. The defense

714-467: The Russian Empire began to expand its dominance and influence in Asia by building a fortified city called Orenburg on its eastern border (Southern Urals). For this purpose, in 1735, Ivan Kirilov, a cartographer and statistician, began to develop the settlement at the confluence of the rivers Or and Ural , and the first settlement was chosen during his expedition. He claimed that the town was needed "to open

756-677: The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74 , and the war against the Bar Confederation . By the end of 1773 Michelsohnen held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Saint-Petersburg Regiment of Carabineers, and, after the new force arrived in rebel-occupied territory, was given command over a force of soldiers to fight against the rebels led by Yemelyan Pugachev , who by this time had gained a fearsome reputation and defeated several expeditions sent against him by

798-506: The German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth. Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities , incorporated separately as

840-533: The Kazakh Bukey Horde were claimed by both the KASSR and Astrakhan Oblast , with most of the area going to the KASSR in 1921, including Kurmangazy and Sinemorsk. Elsewhere, some Russian-inhabited areas of the four oblasts, such as Omsk , were transferred to Russia. On 22 September 1920 Orenburg was transferred to the KASSR and became its capital, along with surrounding parts of Orenburg Oblast such as Sol-Iletsk , Akbulak and Sharlyk . It

882-407: The Russian population stood at about 6,227,549 (37.82% of the population), though by 1999 this figure had fallen to 4,479,618 (29.95%) and in 2009 it stood at 3,793,764 (23.69%). As of 2019 Russians are estimated to make up 19.3% of the population and are heavily concentrated in the country's north along the Russian border. Negotiations on border delimitation took place from 1999 to 2005, with

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924-695: The Soviets were concerned at the possible threat of pan-Turkic nationalism , as expressed for example with the Basmachi movement of the 1920s, closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented. NTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920. During Tsarist times the general area of modern Kazakhstan was composed of four regions ( oblasts ); west-to-east these were Ural (plus part of Transcaspian Oblast , Turgai , Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk . All four oblasts had been created by

966-466: The Ural (Yaik)River. The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk ). On August 6, 1741, the new town was laid out. However, its construction never started. The place on Krasnaya Gora was not suitable for the construction of the city, as it was treeless, rocky and far from the river. A new manager of the Orenburg expedition Ivan Neplyuev was appointed, and on April 19, 1743, Orenburg

1008-470: The border of Asia and Europe , and there is a bridge which connects the two sides. The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls . The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes. A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg. Orenburg TV Tower

1050-463: The border runs through the Altai Mountains . The following towns and cities of Kazakhstan lie adjacent to the border: The following towns and cities of Russia lie adjacent to the border: The following Regions of Kazakhstan ( oblystar ) lie on the border: The following Federal subjects of Russia lie on the border: Russia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century, by annexing

1092-476: The city was referred to as Chkalov, named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov , although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg, and never visited Orenburg. In 1954, Chkalov's five-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary; this was installed on a seven-meter pedestal on the Boulevard (the riverside promenade of the city, commonly named "Belovka"). In 1734,

1134-467: The city's Kremlin where the remaining defenders and loyal citizens had taken refuge. Michelsohnen launched a determined strike on the rebels, and thereafter pursued them across the right bank of the Volga River . He refused to relent, and as the rebels attempted to regroup near Tsaritsyn , drove his small army of under 5,000 men to engage Pugachev near Chyorny Yar on August 25, where he annihilated

1176-586: The city. The town built on the Red Mountain was named Krasnogorsk. Thus, in 1743 Ivan Neplyuev founded Orenburg on thesite of present-day Orsk, about 250 kilometers west of the Urals. This third Orenburg served as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs . It became the center of the Orenburg Cossacks. In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed

1218-571: The former four oblasts, though adjusted in places to reflect local demographics; however, disputes over specific areas of the boundary continued into the following year. At this time Kazakhs were referred to as "Kyrgyz" and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as "Kara-Kyrgyz" (i.e. mountain-dwelling black-Kyrgyz). The areas west of the Ural river associated with

1260-637: The formerly independent Khanates of Kokand and Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara . After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the Soviet Union it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically-based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation (or NTD). This was in line with Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society, and Joseph Stalin 's definition of

1302-458: The government. Soon enough events turned around due to Michelsohnen's exceptional resolve, especially his indefatigability when confronting followers of the rebellion, whom he crushed wherever he encountered them. His most decisive action was at the Battle of Kazan , where he led the relief force to the besieged city. By the time Michelson had arrived on July 13, Pugachev's army had already surrounded

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1344-595: The new capital. Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway . Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia. From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov ( Чка́лов ) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov ). The city's distance from

1386-739: The rank of full colonel. On 12 February 1775 Michelson has been given the Cross 3rd class of the Order of St. George (no mention of the Pugachev's uprising has been made in the decree). In 1775 he commanded the Military Order Cuirassier Regiment, then the Life-Cuirassier Regiment the following year. In 1778 he was promoted to major general , and awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky , in 1781 he

1428-428: The rest of the months being either summer or winter. Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums. Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists. The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia. The Ural River marks

1470-477: The southern city of Ak-Mechet , with Orenburg and the surrounding lands being transferred back to Russia. The boundary became an international frontier in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of its constituent republics. Thousands of ethnic Russians who had migrated to Kazakhstan in Soviet times left, fearing marginalisation in the new Kazakh-dominated state. In 1989

1512-586: The west at the Caspian Sea and runs in a broadly west–east direction to the tripoint with China , though in places it is extremely convoluted. The border consists almost entirely of a series of overland lines traversing the Eurasian Steppe , though in sections rivers are utilised, such as the Maly Uzen , Ural and Uy . The border runs across lakes Botkul and Bura . In the far eastern section

1554-659: Was a Baltic German military commander who served in the Imperial Russian Army . He was a prominent general in several wars, but his most noted contribution was his critical role in suppressing Pugachev's Rebellion . Michelsohnen was born in Reval in the Governorate of Estonia to a family of noble rank. His early military career saw him serve as a cavalry officer in many conflicts: the Seven Years' War ,

1596-577: Was built up on the third attempt, at the place where the Berd settlement was earlier located, 75 km (46miles) from the Krasnaya Gora. In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev was assigned to build the city on the site of the rivers Yaik and Sakmara . The new place, surrounded by forests and fields where the Yaik and Sakumara rivers converge, was chosen by Neplyuev himself. Today it is the historical center of

1638-607: Was entrusted with command over forces assembled on Russia's western borders, and the next year command over the Dnieper Army, destined for the campaign against the Turks . For successfully completing the first part of the campaign, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew . While his army occupied Moldavia , General von Michelsohnen died suddenly at Bucharest . His body was transported back to Ivanovo (today in Pskov Oblast ),

1680-709: Was given the honorary post of major in the Life Guard Horse Regiment , and in 1786 was made a lieutenant general . With the outbreak of war against Sweden , Michelsohnen was given command of a corps in the army of General Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin . In 1797 he was promoted to General of Cavalry. In 1803 he was given command of the Belorussian Military Governorate, managing the civil administration of Mogilev and Vitebsk Governorates. In 1805 he

1722-487: Was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general Reinsdorf . General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege. Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn . Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin . Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during

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1764-508: Was worked out. This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers. On 7 June 1734, "A Privilege for Orenburg" (tsar's edict) was ordered by Empress Anna Ioannovna . While the construction site of the main fortress changed many times (down the River Ural), the name "Orenburg" has not changed since its founding in 1743. Between 1938 and 1957,

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