Orléanist ( French : Orléaniste ) was a 19th-century French political label originally used by those who supported a constitutional monarchy expressed by the House of Orléans . Due to the radical political changes that occurred during that century in France , three different phases of Orléanism can be identified:
95-581: Orleanism was opposed by the two other monarchist trends: the more conservative Legitimism that was loyal to the eldest branch of the House of Bourbon after 1830, and the Bonapartism that supported Napoleon ’s legacy and heirs. On 26 July 1830, the revolution of the so-called Three Glorious Days (or July Revolution) erupted due to the authoritarian and anti- Gallican tendencies showed by Charles X and his Prime Minister Jules de Polignac , expressed by
190-639: A Petit-Fils de France . He was the last legitimate descendant of Louis XV of France in the male line. Henri d'Artois was born on 29 September 1820, in the Pavillon de Marsan , a portion of the Tuileries Palace that still survives in the compound of the Louvre Palace in Paris . His father, the duc de Berry , had been assassinated seven months before Henri's birth. At birth, Henri
285-657: A positivist one, stating that a monarchy would grant more order and stability than a parliamentary republic. The largest group of French monarchists, after the death of Chambord in 1883, endorsed the Count of Paris until his death in 1894, recognizing the claim of his son Philippe, Duke of Orléans , who was also supported by the Action . However, monarchism inside the Action was always integrated secondary to its semi-official ideology of " integral nationalism " theorized by Maurras, and many Action activists were still republicans, like
380-530: A consequence, after seven days, a period in which legitimist monarchists considered that Henri had been the rightful monarch of France, the Chamber of Deputies decreed that the throne should pass to Louis Philippe, who was proclaimed King of the French on 9 August. Henri and his family left France and went into exile on 16 August 1830. While some French monarchists recognised him as their sovereign, others disputed
475-488: A divine surprise and many of them entered Philippe Pétain 's Vichy administration, seeing a golden opportunity to impose a reactionary program in occupied France. French royalism largely receded to irrelevance in World War II and beyond. While before World War II, many French conservatives and other members of the right also harbored royalist aspirations, conservative movements dropped this platform during and after
570-539: A napkin!" In 1873 another attempt to restore the monarchy failed for the same reasons. Henri traveled to Paris and tried to negotiate with the government, to no avail; and on 20 November, the National Assembly confirmed Marshal The 1st Duke of Magenta as Chief of State of France for the next seven years. The Third Republic was established (with then Chief of State, the Duke of Magenta , as President of
665-474: A result the Count of Paris was never offered the French throne. The monarchists, however, still controlled the National Assembly, and under MacMahon's partisan presidency they launched the so-called "moral order government", in reference to the Paris Commune , whose political and social innovations were viewed as morally degenerate by large conservative segments of the French population. In February 1875,
760-491: A return to aristocracy. Legitimism revived after the Second World War for several reasons. Since the accession of King Juan Carlos I of Spain in 1975, the senior Capetian heirs have not laid claim to the throne of Spain. The legitimist suitor having had French nationality (which he had had since birth, having a French mother) in 1987, and having passed it on to his son (the current suitor), certain arguments of
855-523: A series of parliamentary acts established the constitutional laws of the new republic . At its head was a President of the Republic. A two-chamber parliament consisting of a directly elected Chamber of Deputies and an indirectly-elected Senate was created, along with a ministry under the President of the council ( prime minister ), who was nominally answerable to both the President of the Republic and
950-695: Is the Bourbon whom the French Legitimists consider to be the de jure king of France under the name Louis XX . A 1987 attempt by the Orléanist heir (and other Bourbons, none of the elder branch) to contest Louis-Alphonse's use of the Anjou title and to deny him use of the plain coat of arms of France was dismissed by the French courts in March 1989 for lack of jurisdiction (the courts did not address
1045-412: Is the basic form of government and the monarch the indispensable executive of government, succession to the throne being hereditary and passing by Salic primogeniture . Thus, females and any male who is not the premier né (i.e. the legitimate eldest descendant of the most senior Capetian line) are excluded from the throne. The king must also be Catholic. Other tenets of the legitimist position are
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#17327730026721140-595: The 16 May 1877 crisis . The death of Chambord effectively dissolved the Legitimists as a political force in France. Affected by sinistrisme , few conservatives explicitly called themselves right-wing during the Third Republic as it became a term associated with the counter-revolution and anti-republican feelings and by the 1900s was reserved for reactionary groups. Those Legitimists who had rallied to
1235-565: The Action Française never recovered from the condemnation. By 1934, the Action was still a considerable force, with over 60,000 members across France. In that year, they joined other far-right leagues on 6 February demonstrations against political corruption and the Parliament , causing the resignation of Prime Minister Édouard Daladier the day after and provoking fear of a nationalist coup d'état . The papal condemnation,
1330-624: The Bourbon Restoration in 1814, a strongly restricted census suffrage sent to the Chamber of Deputies an Ultra-royalist majority in 1815–1816 ( la Chambre introuvable ) and from 1824 to 1827. Known to be more royalist than the king ( plus royalistes que le roi ), the Ultras were the dominant political faction under Louis XVIII (1815–1824) and Charles X (1824–1830). Opposed to the constitutional monarchy of Louis XVIII and to
1425-522: The Catholic Church back into secondary education. Through much of this time there was discussion of fusion with the Orléanist party in their common interest of a monarchical restoration. This prospect prompted several sons of Louis Philippe to declare their support for Chambord, but fusion was not achieved, and after 1850 the two parties again diverged. The most committed Orléanists supported
1520-494: The Chambre introuvable dominated by the Ultras. Louis XVIII finally decided to dissolve this chaotic assembly, but the new liberals who replaced them were no easier to govern. After the 1820 assassination of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry , the ultra- reactionary son of the comte d'Artois (Louis XVIII's brother and future Charles X) and a short interval during which Richelieu governed, the Ultras were back in government headed by
1615-555: The French Social Party , about the possibility of a restoration. In 1946, the Count of Paris (who succeeded his father in 1940) moved to Portugal due to the ban on former royals still present in France. As a result of the unstable situation of the Fourth Republic , characterized like its predecessor by short governments and a high number of political parties, the Count of Paris made a serious attempt to restore
1710-549: The French Tricolour , used since 1830, preferring instead the return of the royal white flag, symbol of the Ancien Régime . The question was apparently resolved with a compromise between Broglie and Chambord: the last will accept the tricolour flag while a future agreement about a new flag will be considered. In October the majority was shocked when the centre-right representative Charles Savary rashly misinformed
1805-577: The House of Bourbon their main aim. From 1830 on, they became known as Legitimists. During the July Monarchy of 1830 to 1848, when the junior Orléanist branch held the throne, the Legitimists were politically marginalized, many withdrawing from active political life. Until 1844, the situation was complicated by debate as to who the Bourbon heir was, as Charles X and his son, the Dauphin Louis-Antoine had both abdicated during
1900-584: The Jean-Baptiste de Villèle . The death in 1824 of the moderate Louis XVIII emboldened the Ultra faction. In January 1825, Villèle's government passed the Anti-Sacrilege Act which punished by death the theft of sacred vessels (with or without consecrated hosts). This anachronistic law (according to Jean-Noël Jeanneney ) was in the end never applied (except on a minor point) and repealed in
1995-579: The Liberal Action , while many other royalists were still attached to the Crown. Defunct Defunct The elections of 1898 confirmed the exclusion of the monarchists from any possible government. However, 4 years earlier, the Dreyfus affair shook public opinion, dividing the republican camp: socialists , radicals and liberals defended the innocence of Dreyfus, while other republicans joined
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#17327730026722090-717: The Marshal Soult and Édouard Mortier . This establishment constituted the majority of the Party of Order , led by Thiers, who represented the conservatives and monarchists under the Second Republic. Orléanism revived after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 which caused the fall of the Second Empire which had succeeded to the Second Republic under Emperor Napoleon III ,
2185-708: The National Assembly a royalist majority supported by the provinces while all the Parisian deputies were republican . This time the Legitimists were able to agree with the Orléanists on a program of fusion largely because of the growing likelihood that the Chambord would die without children. The liberal Orléanists agreed to recognize Chambord as king and the Orléanists claimant himself Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (1838–1894) recognized Chambord as head of
2280-656: The Orléanist branch on the throne and sent the Ultras back to private life in their country chateaux. Their importance during the Restoration was in part due to electoral laws which largely favored them (on one hand a Chamber of Peers composed of hereditary members and on the other a Chamber of Deputies elected under a heavily restricted census suffrage which permitted approximately 100,000 voters). Louis XVIII's first ministers, who included Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord , Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu and Élie, duc Decazes , were replaced by
2375-521: The Republican Left . The end of the presidency of MacMahon and the Senate's loss caused the end of the monarchist bloc. Although there were Orléanist deputies in the Chamber for all the 19th century, they were only a minority. At the end, many monarchists accepted the republic, moving toward the centre. Some Orléanists, especially from their bourgeoise core base, accepted the republic even since
2470-552: The Salic law , determine the rightful King of France . The last ruling king whom legitimists acknowledge as legitimate was Charles X , and when the line of his heirs became extinct in 1883 with the death of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord , the most senior heir to the throne under these traditional rules was Infante Juan, Count of Montizón , a descendant of Louis XIV through his grandson Philip V of Spain . The fact that all French Legitimist claimants since 1883 have been members of
2565-517: The Second Empire saw the Legitimists once again cast out of active political life. Nevertheless, the Legitimists remained a significant party within elite opinion, attracting the support of the larger part of the remaining Ancien Régime aristocracy. After the Siege of Paris in 1870 and the 1871 Paris Commune , the Legitimists returned one final time to political prominence. The 8 February 1871 election , held under universal manhood suffrage , gave
2660-567: The Spanish royal dynasty , the allegation that their patrilineal descent from Louis XIV has been in question since 1936, and the belief that Philip V renounced claims to the French throne for himself and his heirs-male in the Treaty of Utrecht , are all irrelevant to Legitimism; however, these facts have prompted other French monarchists to pivot to support of the Orléans line, who would be next in
2755-484: The centre-right of François Guizot . Louis Philippe showed himself more aligned with Guizot, entrusted to the higher offices of government, and rapidly became associated with the rising "new men" of the banks, industries and finance, gaining the epithet of " Roi bourgeois ". In the early 1840s, Louis Philippe's popularity decreased, due to his strong connection to upper classes and repression against workers' strikes, and showed few concerns for his weakened position, leading
2850-476: The election of 1965 , instead supporting the candidacy of the pretender that would promote a campaign to transform the republic into a constitutional monarchy. However, in 1963 De Gaulle confided to his minister Alain Peyrefitte that, despite his respect and esteem for the Count of Paris, he never considered him to be his successor as the head of state, stating that the idea of a monarchy was incompatible with
2945-453: The nationalists and monarchists against Dreyfus. The election also introduced 10 overtly anti-Semitic representatives, led by Édouard Drumont . The following year, on 20 June 1899, the academic Henri Vaugeois and journalist Maurice Pujo founded the nationalist association Action française , initially absent of any specific ideology. However, the Action was joined by many Catholics and monarchists who were anti-Dreyfus, contributing to
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3040-694: The non-Salic heiress of his elder brother, Isabella II and his lineage became known as the Carlist pretenders in Spain. When the Carlist branch died out in 1936, the French claim was reunited with that of the Isabelline Spanish line through her grandson Alfonso XIII of Spain , who was also (officially) the grandson of her consort Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (grandson Charles IV via his third son, Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain ) and thus
3135-463: The 1830 Revolution in favor of Charles's young grandson, Henri, Count of Chambord . Until the deaths of Charles X and his son in 1836 and 1844, many Legitimists continued to recognize each of them in turn as the rightful king, ahead of Chambord. The fall of King Louis Philippe I in 1848 led to a strengthening of the Legitimist position. Although the childlessness of Chambord weakened the hand of
3230-466: The 1870s, like Thiers and press baron Émile de Girardin . In 1892, after Pope Leo XIII 's approval to the Third Republic, breaking the historical alliance between Church and Crown, some monarchists led by Orléanist Jacques Piou and Legitimist Albert de Mun formed the group of the " ralliés " ("supporters"), that in 1901 constituted the base of the first Christian Democratic party in France,
3325-583: The Chamber of Deputies. The crisis ultimately sealed the defeat of the royalist movement, and was instrumental in creating the conditions of the longevity of the Third Republic: in January 1879 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, formerly monopolized by monarchists. MacMahon himself resigned on 30 January 1879, leaving a seriously weakened presidency in the hands of Jules Grévy , leader of
3420-480: The Count of Paris expressed support for the policies of Mendès France, like the peace in Indochina , the refusal of a US-controlled European Defence Community (EDC) and decolonization of French Africa. Orléans' relationship with Charles de Gaulle was also promising, as the general and the pretender had similar political views and were both devout Roman Catholics. When De Gaulle became prime minister in 1958, it
3515-469: The Duke of Broglie to office. He then dissolved parliament and called a general election for the following October. If his hope had been to halt the move towards republicanism, it backfired spectacularly, with the president being accused of having staged a constitutional coup d'état known as " 16 May Crisis " after the date on which it happened. Republicans returned triumphantly after the October elections for
3610-623: The French monarchy. He endorsed the Christian Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MPR), and formed a kind of political committee composed of the academics Bertrand de Jouvenel , Gustave Thibon and Michel de Saint Pierre, publishing on 5 February 1948 the manifesto Esquisse d'une constitution monarchique et démocratique , that promoted the idea of a constitutional monarchy. Thanks to the MPR deputy Paul Hutin-Desgrées (co-founder of Ouest-France ),
3705-586: The French royal house. In return, Legitimists in the Assembly agreed that should Chambord die childless, Philippe d'Orléans would succeed him as king. Unfortunately for French monarchism, Chambord's refusal to accept the tricolor as the flag of France and to abandon the fleur-de-lys , symbol of the Ancien Régime, made restoration impossible until after his death in 1883, by which time the monarchists had long since lost their parliamentary majority due to
3800-514: The French throne as ultra vires and contrary to the fundamental French monarchical law, upheld the rights of the eldest branch of the Bourbons, represented as of 1883 by the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne. This group was initially minuscule, but it began to grow larger after World War II due both to the political leftism of the Orléanist pretender Henri, Count of Paris and to
3895-487: The French throne. During his customary visit to congratulate the newborn's mother, the duke made such offensive remarks about the baby's appearance that the lady holding him was brought to tears. On 2 August 1830, in response to the July Revolution , Henri's grandfather, Charles X, abdicated , and twenty minutes later Charles' elder son Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême , himself renounced his rights, in favour of
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3990-542: The Legitimists, they came back into political prominence during the Second Republic . Legitimists joined with Orleanists to form the Party of Order which dominated parliament from the elections of May 1849 until Bonaparte's coup on 2 December 1851. They formed a prominent part of Odilon Barrot 's ministry from December 1848 to November 1849, and in 1850 were successful in passing the Falloux Law which brought
4085-512: The Orléanist line as the successors of Chambord argued that the renunciation of the French throne by Philip V of Spain, second grandson of Louis XIV, was invalid; in 1883 (when Chambord died childless), the throne passed by right to Philip V's heirs in the male-line. In 1883, the senior male of the Spanish branch of Bourbons was Infante Juan, Count of Montizón . His father, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (second son of Charles IV : grandson of Philip V), had lost Spain's throne in favour of his niece,
4180-516: The Republic ) to wait for Henri's death and his replacement by his distant cousin, the more liberal Count of Paris , of the Orléanist branch of the House of Bourbon. Initially, the monarchist majority in Parliament believed this to be temporary, until such time as the Count of Paris could return to the throne. However, by the time this occurred in 1883, public opinion had swung behind the Republic as
4275-426: The Republic in 1893, after Chambord's death ten years before still called themselves Droite constitutionnelle or républicaine (Constitutional or Republican Right). However, they changed their name in 1899 and entered the 1902 elections under the name Action libérale (Liberal Action). By 1910, the only group which openly claimed descent from the right wing gathered only nostalgic royalists. From 1924 on,
4370-414: The active efforts of the claimants of the elder line after extinction of the Carlist male line— Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia , the disinherited second son of Alfonso XIII of Spain ; and his son Prince Alphonse, Duke of Anjou —to secure Legitimist support, such that by the 1980s the elder line had fully reclaimed for its supporters the political title of Legitimists. The Spanish-born Prince Luis Alfonso
4465-539: The aggressive tactics, and Maurras's disrespectful attitude toward constitutional monarchists finally ended the organization as a major power. The Orléanist pretender Jean, Duke of Guise , who in 1937 broken ties with the Action , also lost many supporters. From this moment, Orléanism ceased to be associated with the Action or the far-right. Instead, the Duke of Guise's son and heir Henri, Count of Paris , launched his own magazine Courier Royale and secretly dealt with anti-fascist conservative General La Rocque , leader of
4560-448: The candidacy of Louis Philippe's third son, François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville , for the presidency while the Legitimists largely supported allowing Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to run for a second term. In spite of this support for Bonaparte's ambitions, they opposed his scheme to restore universal suffrage in the last months of 1851, and their leaders, like those of the Orléanists, were arrested during Bonaparte's coup. The period of
4655-430: The concept "nationalize the monarchy and royalize France". On 14 August 1830, the Chamber approved a new Constitution , which became the de facto political manifesto for the Orléanists, containing the basis for a constitutional monarchy with a central Parliament. The Orléanism, became the dominant tendency within political life, easily divided inside the Chamber of Deputies between the centre-left of Adolphe Thiers and
4750-506: The constitutional system. It was only after the establishment of the Second French Republic in 1848 and the division inside right-wing factions over the monarchy that the Orléanist party found unity, supporting a parliamentary system instead of an executive one. In the early 20th century, the majority of Orléanists accepted the republican institutions, approving the parliamentary system and pro-business policy realized by
4845-524: The courtesy title of Count of Chambord (from the château de Chambord , which had been presented to him by the Restoration government, and which was the only significant piece of personal property of which he was allowed to retain ownership upon his exile), continued his claim to the throne throughout the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe, the Second Republic and Empire of Napoléon III , and
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#17327730026724940-513: The crown only on condition that France abandon its tricolour flag (associated with the French Revolution ) and return to the use of the fleur de lys flag, comprising the historic royal arms of France. He rejected a compromise whereby the fleur-de-lys would be the new king's personal standard, and the tricolour would remain the national flag. Pope Pius IX , upon hearing Henri's decision, notably remarked "And all that, all that for
5035-418: The different regimes, maintained its bourgeois platform, constituted by those academics, journalists and financiers who backed Louis Philippe during his reign, and was intended as the liberal centre of politics, far from reactionary Legitimists and revolutionary republicans. However, for all the span of Louis Philippe's reign, the Orléanists were not a homogeneous party, but simply the majority who supported
5130-464: The dynastic issue, the Orléanists found a compromise with the Legitimists, supporting the rights of Henri, Count of Chambord (former Duke of Bordeaux, currently childless) in return of the recognition of the Count of Paris as his heir, echoing an 1862 statement of Chambord. Although Chambord never mentioned the Count of Paris as his heir, probably fearing the defection of his ultraconservative supporters,
5225-611: The early years of the Third Republic . In November 1846, the Count of Chambord married his second cousin Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este , daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy . The couple had no children. In 1870, as the Second Empire collapsed following its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War at the battle of Sedan on 2 September 1870,
5320-588: The exile law was abrogated on 24 June 1950, permitting the return of the Count of Paris to the capital, where he met with President Vincent Auriol . The count and his family made their home in the Parisian suburbs of Louveciennes , and quickly became media darlings. Orléans frequently went to parties and meetings which were attended by prominent French politicians of the Fourth Republic, such as Antoine Pinay , Jacques Soustelle , Pierre Mendès France and Maurice Schumann . Through his newsletter Courier 50 ,
5415-411: The first months of Louis Philippe 's reign (1830–1848). The Ultras also wanted to create courts to punish radicals and passed laws restricting the press . After the 1830 July Revolution replaced the Bourbons with the more liberal Orléanist branch, the Ultras' influence declined, although it survived until at least the 16 May 1877 crisis and 1879. They softened their views and made the restoration of
5510-514: The following: It has been a point of contention within the Legitimist camp to what extent French nationality constitutes a precondition for royal succession. While adherents of the Spanish Anjou line argue that princes of foreign nationality can still succeed to the French crown, others hold that French nationality of both the claimant and his ancestors is a requirement. In the 1870s, the rival Legitimist and Orléanist claimants agreed for
5605-713: The form of government of the Fifth Republic , which presents a parliamentary system with a powerful head of state. In 1974, before the presidential election , the New Royal Action (NAR), born by a moderate faction spilled from the Action française , endorsed Bertrand Renouvin for the presidency, with the purpose of restoring a constitutional monarchy led by Orléans, followed by centrist and liberal positions on other issues. Renouvin gained only 43,722 votes (0.17%). Legitimism The Legitimists ( French : Légitimistes ) are royalists who adhere to
5700-555: The form of government which, in the words of the former President Adolphe Thiers , "divides us least". Thus, Henri could mockingly be hailed by republicans such as Georges Clemenceau as "the French Washington " – the one man without whom the Republic could not have been founded. Henri died on 24 August 1883 at his residence in Frohsdorf , Austria , at the age of 62, bringing the male line of Louis XV to an end. He
5795-468: The former president of France who had been enthroned after the coup d'état of 1851 . The Second Empire was succeeded itself officially in 1871 by the Third Republic . A National Assembly , composed by 638 on 778 seats, was formed and new elections were called for the 8 February of the same year, which resulted in a victory for the monarchist right: 396 seats won, divided to 214 Orléanists and 182 Legitimists, nicknamed "cavalrymen". Initially divided about
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#17327730026725890-589: The founder Vaugeois. The movement grew to be one of the largest organizations in France, but in 1926 a condemnation from Pope Pius XI against the Action caused the defection of many Catholic sympathizers. The Pope judged that it was folly for the French Church to continue to tie its fortunes to the unlikely dream of a monarchist restoration, and distrusted the movement's tendency to defend the Catholic religion in merely utilitarian and nationalistic terms, and
5985-404: The head of the House of France (as distinguished from the House of Bourbon ) would be the head of the Orléans line, i.e. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris . This was accepted by many Legitimists, and was the default on legal grounds; the only surviving Bourbon male line more senior was the branch of the Kings of Spain, descended from King Philip V , which had however renounced its right to inherit
6080-416: The informal agreement sanctioned the "fusion" of Legitimists and Orléanists, who quite easily formed a conservative coalition. The monarchist majority, led by the Duke of Aumale (son of Louis Philippe), and the centre-left endorsed the centre-right candidate Thiers as president of the Republic, but due to the continued arguments between Legitimists and Orléanists and the memory of the dynastic divisions of
6175-401: The kingdom" before the fully restoration of Chambord on the throne. Broglie was shortly after awarded with the premiership by MacMahon, supported by monarchists and the centre-right . Restoration appeared imminent when a parliamentary commission was established in October 1873 to adopt a monarchist constitution. But in the same month the majority was weakened by the refusal of Chambord to accept
6270-403: The legislature. Throughout the 1870s, the issue of whether a monarchy should replace the republic dominated public debate. On 16 May 1877, with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic after the election of March , President MacMahon made one last desperate attempt to salvage the monarchical cause by dismissing the "conservative republican" prime minister Jules Simon and appointing
6365-405: The limitation of the sovereign 's power, they hoped to restore the Ancien Régime and cancel the liberal , republican and democratic ideas of the French Revolution . While Louis XVIII hoped to moderate the restoration of the Ancien Régime to make it acceptable to the population, the Ultras would never abandon the dream of an integral restoration, even after the 1830 July Revolution which set
6460-441: The merits of the claims). He is a French citizen through his paternal grandmother and is generally recognised as the senior legitimate representative of the House of Capet . Legitimists consider the valid rationale for restoration and the order of succession to the French throne derives from fundamental laws of the Ancien Régime , which were formed in the early centuries of the Capetian monarchy. According to these rules, monarchy
6555-714: The modern world. Disappointed by the false hopes and unfulfilled promises, the Count of Paris retired from French political life in 1967, ending also the publications of his newsletter. Orléanist pretenders from 1883 to the present follow these principles: The Duchess of Montpensier The Duke of Orléans The Duchess of Orléans The Count of Évreux The Countess of Évreux Princess Béatrice The Dowager Countess of La Marche The Countess of Schönborn-Buchheim Princess Hélène, Countess of Limburg Stirum The Dowager Duchess of Calabria The Dowager Duchess of Württemberg Princess Claude, Mrs. Gandolfi Princess Chantal, Baroness of Sambucy de Sorgue The Orléanist party, despite
6650-488: The most senior male-line descendant of Philip V (although by that time Alfonso had been dethroned by the Second Spanish Republic ). The French and Spanish claims separated again at Alfonso's death as his eldest surviving son Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia renounced his claim to the Spanish throne due to physical disability and some years later asserted a claim to the French succession based on Legitimist principles. The present French Legitimist claimant descends from Jaime while
6745-403: The move of the association toward the right. Particularly, the adhesion of Charles Maurras , considered a "pragmatic" anti-Dreyfusard rather than a true anti-Semite, contributed to the creation of the ideology of the Action , which rapidly became the main monarchist group. Maurras, despite becoming the movement's ideologist, supported not a classical monarchy on religious term ( divine right ) but
6840-539: The movement of Ultra-royalists during the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, Legitimists came to form one of the three main right-wing factions in France, which was principally characterized by its counter-revolutionary views. According to historian René Rémond , the other two right-wing factions were the Orléanists and the Bonapartists . Legitimists believe that the traditional rules of succession, based on
6935-461: The partisans of Orléans would have become obsolete. According to René Rémond, Marcel Lefebvre 's Society of Saint Pius X , founded in 1970, shares aspects with the Legitimist movement. Nevertheless, Legitimism is a largely spent force. Current legitimism has several instances: A remnant of Legitimists, known as the Blancs d'Espagne (Whites of Spain), by repudiating Philip V 's renunciation of
7030-468: The past 40 years, Thiers moved to support a "conservative republic" instead of a divided monarchy. Due to Chambord's dislike of Aumale, the "fusionists" rapidly passed under the leadership of the Duke of Broglie , who in 1873 successfully managed the election of President Patrice de MacMahon , former general and national hero who showed Legitimist sympathies, considering him as a kind of "lieutenant-general of
7125-401: The political events of the 1920s and 1930s, in particular in the 6 February 1934 riots organized by far-right leagues. The royalist aristocrats clearly distinguished themselves from the new ultra right which was influenced by the emerging movements of fascism and Nazism . However, Legitimists joined Maurras in celebrating the fall of the Third Republic after the 1940 Battle of France as
7220-619: The present king of Spain descends from his younger brother Don Juan. Second marriage (civil only, not recognized by the Church) Charlotte Luise Auguste Tiedemann 3 August 1949 Vienna No children These are the results for broadly Legitimist parties in French national elections. Henri, Count of Chambord Henri, Count of Chambord and Duke of Bordeaux ( French : Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord ; 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883)
7315-422: The press of Chambord's full acceptance of the tricolour flag,. The pretender had to harshly clarify his position, causing the left of the centre-right, Orléanists disappointment and the dissolution of the "restoration" commission on 31 October 1873. A last attempt by Chambord was made on 12 November, when he asked President MacMahon via the Duke of Blacas to join with him into the National Assembly and spoke toward
7410-517: The recently approved Saint-Cloud Ordinances . Despite the abdication of Charles X and the Dauphin Louis in favor to Charles X's grandson Henri, Duke of Bordeaux , on 2 August 1830, only seven days later Louis Philippe I , still Duke of Orléans , was elected by the Chamber of Deputies as new "King of the French". The enthronement of Louis Philippe was strongly wanted by Doctrinaires , the liberal opposition to Charles X's ministries, under
7505-417: The representatives, hoping to convince them to restore the monarchy, but MacMahon refused due to his institutional position, toward he was formally even if not ideologically attached, causing the project's failure. Due to the impossibility to restore the monarchy in a short time, the Orléanists waited the death of the sickly Chambord, occurred in 1883, but by that time, enthusiasm for a monarchy had faded, and as
7600-447: The republican majority, who reflected the historical Orléanist purposes. French historian René Rémond included the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing as part of the Orléanist tradition, due to his liberal views and equidistance from the nationalist right (descending from Bonapartism ) and the conservative right (from Legitimism). The term "Orléanist parliamentarism" was also used by jurist and sociologist Maurice Duverger to define
7695-595: The rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution . They reject the claim of the July Monarchy of 1830–1848 which placed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans , head of the Orléans cadet branch of the Bourbon dynasty, on the throne until he too was dethroned and driven with his family into exile. Following
7790-450: The royalists became a majority in the National Assembly. The Orléanists agreed to support the Count of Chambord's claim to the throne, with the expectation that upon his death, with him lacking any sons, he would be succeeded by their own claimant, Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris . With Henri backed by both Legitimists and Orléanists, the restoration of monarchy in France seemed a likely possibility. However, he insisted that he would accept
7885-481: The sake of restoration of the monarchy in France to end their rivalry. Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris and grandson of Louis Philippe I, accepted the prior claim to the throne of Chambord, who remained childless; Chambord in turn acknowledged that Philippe would claim the right to succeed him as heir, and after his death many Legitimists accepted the descendants of Philippe as the rightful pretenders and became known as Unionists. Those Legitimists who did not accept
7980-573: The term right-wing practically vanished from the parliamentary right's glossary. By this time, the vast majority of Legitimists had retired to their country chateaux and abandoned the political arena. Although the Action française (French Action) remained an influential movement throughout the 1930s, its motivations for the restoration of monarchy were quite distinct from older Legitimists' views and Charles Maurras ' instrumental use of Catholicism set them at odds. Thus, Legitimists participated little in
8075-500: The throne of France as a condition of the Treaty of Utrecht . However, several of Henri's supporters, including his widow, chose to disregard his statements and the Treaty, arguing that no one had the right to deny that the senior direct male-line Bourbon was the head of the House of France and thus the legitimate King of France; the renunciation of the Spanish branch would be, under this interpretation, illegitimate and therefore void. Thus
8170-553: The traditional line of succession if Philip's heirs were excluded, or support to the Bonaparte family. The current Legitimist pretender is Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou , the senior great-grandson of Alfonso XIII of Spain by male primogeniture , whose line was excluded from the Spanish succession due to the physical disability, political commitments, and morganatic marriage of Prince Jacques, Duke of Anjou and Segovia . Philosophers Works Defunct Defunct Following
8265-445: The validity of the abdications of his grandfather and of his uncle. Still others recognised the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe. With the deaths of his 79-year-old grandfather in 1836 and of his uncle in 1844, young Henri became the genealogically senior claimant to the French throne. His supporters were called Legitimists , to distinguish them from the Orléanists , the supporters of the family of Louis Philippe. Henri, who preferred
8360-464: The war. Charles de Gaulle's center-rightist Gaullism explicitly repudiated monarchism, and far-right organizations disdained the old aristocratic elite. According to historian René Rémond 's studies of right-wing factions in France, Legitimists strongly supported the Vichy regime; nevertheless, they received little from the Vichy government, and the regime emphasized Catholic traditionalism rather than
8455-401: The writer Victor Hugo to describe him as "a man with many little qualities". The Orléanist regime finally fell in 1848, when a revolution erupted and on 24 February Louis Philippe abdicated in favor to his grandson Philippe, Count of Paris , under regency of his mother Helene, Duchess of Orléans , who was quickly ousted out from the Chamber of Deputies during the regency's formalization, who
8550-472: The young Duke of Bordeaux. Charles X urged his cousin Louis Philippe of Orléans, as Lieutenant général du royaume , to proclaim Henri as Henry V, King of France . Louis Philippe requested the Duke of Bordeaux to be brought to Paris to have his rights recognised. The duchess of Berry was forbidden to escort her son; therefore, both the grandfather and the mother refused to leave the child in France. As
8645-610: Was buried in the crypt of his grandfather Charles X, in the church of the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery in Gorizia , Austria (now Slovenia ). His personal property, including the Château de Chambord , was left to his nephew Robert I, Duke of Parma , son of Henri's late sister. Henri's death left the Legitimist line of succession distinctly confused. On the one hand, Henri himself had accepted that
8740-408: Was expected by the Count of Paris that the general would move to restore the French monarchy, but instead De Gaulle preferred to strengthen the republican institutions, eventually becoming the driving force behind the establishment of the present-day Fifth Republic . De Gaulle was elected president of the new government in 1959, and seems to have promised the Count of Paris that he wouldn't run again in
8835-438: Was given the title of duc de Bordeaux . Because of his birth after his father's death, when the senior male line of the House of Bourbon was on the verge of extinction, one of his middle names was Dieudonné (French for "God-given"). Royalists called him "the miracle child". Louis XVIII was overjoyed, bestowing 35 royal orders to mark the occasion. Henri's birth was a major setback for the Duke of Orleans ' ambitions to ascend
8930-504: Was interrupted by republican deputies who instead proclaimed the Second Republic. After 18 years of reign, Louis Philippe left the Orléanist base well-defined inside the magistrature, the press, universities and academies, especially the Académie française . However, also some great aristocratic families joined the court, like the Dukes of Broglie , as well former Bonapartist officers like
9025-518: Was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France as Henri V from 1844 until his death in 1883. Henri was the only son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry , born after his father's death, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily , daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies . The Duke himself was the younger son of Charles X . As the grandson of Charles X, Henri was
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