Misplaced Pages

#797202

58-417: An orphanage is a residential institution , total institution or group home , devoted to the care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or abusive. There may be substance abuse or mental illness in the biological home, or the parent may simply be unwilling to care for the child. The legal responsibility for

116-935: A developed nation would do. The orphanages and institutions remaining in Europe tend to be in Eastern Europe and are generally state-funded. There are estimated to be about 31,000 orphans (0–14 years old) in Albanian orphanages. (2012 statistics) In most cases they were abandoned by their parents. At 14 they are required, by law, to leave their orphanage and live on their own. There are approximately 10 small orphanages in Albania; each one having only 12-40 children residing there. The larger ones would be state-run. SOS Children's Villages giving support to 240 orphaned children. The Bulgarian government has shown interest in strengthening children's rights. In 2010, Bulgaria adopted

174-657: A domestic helper in China, and occasionally provides personalized childcare. In some areas in the region, the word "maid" is avoided. This is most likely due to the fact that it sounds like a racially derogatory term in Afrikaans . Maids in South Africa were referred to as domestic servants and they included men, women, and children. They were subject to low wages, lack of a social life, unfavorable working conditions, and even unaccommodating work hours. The Afrikaans word for

232-567: A flood of children poured in from country workhouses . Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received. By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially London , began to reach alarming proportions. The workhouse system, instituted in 1834 , although often brutal,

290-534: A front to get foreigners to pay school fees of orphanage directors' extended families. Alternatively the children whose upkeep is being funded by foreigners may be sent to work, not to school, the exact opposite of what the donor is expecting. The worst even sell children. In Cambodia, from 2005 to 2017, the number of orphanages increased by 75%, with many of these orphanages renting children from poor families for $ 25/month. Families are promised that their children can get free education and food here, but what really happens

348-565: A large household are: In more modest households, a single maid-of-all-work or skivvy was often the only staff. It is possible this word originates from the Italian for slave (" schiavo "—"owned person"). One of the most in-depth and enduring representations of the lives of several types of maid was seen in the 1970s television drama Upstairs, Downstairs , set in England between 1903 and 1936. The lives of maids were well represented in

406-428: A mite (small arachnid) has been used demeaningly to refer to women of colour. The English word for a friend, "mate", is also avoided for this reason. Maids traditionally have a fixed position in the hierarchy of the large households, and although there is overlap between definitions (dependent on the size of the household) the positions themselves would typically be rigidly adhered to. The usual classifications of maid in

464-431: A national strategic plan for the period 2010–2025 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Bulgaria is working hard to get all institutions closed within the next few years and find alternative ways to take care of the children. "Support is sporadically given to poor families and work during daytime; correspondingly, different kinds of day centers have started up, though the quality of care in these centers

522-419: A requirement of domestic service. Nonetheless, the work of a maid has always been hard, involving a full day, and extensive duties. Maids would be familiar with hard work and typically worked long hours in a week. Maids were once part of an elaborate hierarchy in great houses , where the retinue of servants stretched up to the housekeeper and butler, responsible for female and male employees respectively. It

580-489: A significant decrease from about 100,000 in 1990. There are many state orphanages "where several thousand children are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system". The conditions for them are bad because the government does not pay enough attention in improving the living standards for disabled children in Serbia's orphanages and medical institutions. The committee made recommendations, such as proposals for

638-685: A special concoction of opium and treacle , to soothe baby colic . Orphaned children were placed in either prisons or the poorhouse / workhouse , as there were so few places in orphanages, or else they were left to fend for themselves on the street. Such openings in orphanages as were available could only be obtained by collecting votes for admission, placing them out of reach of poor families. Known orphanages are: The majority of African orphanages (especially in Sub-Saharan Africa ) appear to be funded by donors, often from Western nations, rather than by domestic governments. "For example, in

SECTION 10

#1732781142798

696-427: A surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. It is speculated that flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Visitors to developing countries can be taken in by orphanage scams, which can include orphanages set up as

754-482: A variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults. In 1756, the House of Commons resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and

812-569: A young one, or specifically a virgin . These meanings lived on in English until recent times (and are still familiar from literature and folk music), alongside the sense of the word as a type of servant. Maids perform typical domestic chores such as laundry , ironing , cleaning the house, grocery shopping, cooking , and caring for household pets. They may also take care of children , although there are more specific occupations for this, such as nanny . In some poor countries, maids take care of

870-594: Is a pre-college education provided in an environment where students both live and learn outside their family homes. Some typical forms of residential education include boarding schools , preparatory schools , orphanages , children and youth villages, residential academies, military schools and, most recently, residential charter schools. This article relating to education is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Maid Maid in Middle English meant an unmarried woman, especially

928-539: Is disputed. One significant study carried out by Duke University concluded that institutional care in America in the 20th century produced the same health, emotional, intellectual, mental, and physical outcomes as care by relatives, and better than care in the homes of strangers. One explanation for this is the prevalence of permanent temporary foster care . This is the name for a long string of short stays with different foster care families. Permanent temporary foster care

986-452: Is highly disruptive to the child and prevents the child from developing a sense of security or belonging. Placement in the home of a relative maintains and usually improves the child's connection to family members. Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in

1044-522: Is poorly measured and difficult to monitor. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families". There are 7000 children living in Bulgarian orphanages wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10 percent of these are orphans, with the rest of the children placed in orphanages for temporary periods when the family is in crisis. As of 2009, there are 35 different orphanages. A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening

1102-548: Is that they are used as props to garner donations. Some are also bought from their parents for very little and passed on to westerners who pay a large fee to adopt them. This also happens in China. In Nepal, orphanages can be used as a way to remove a child from their parents before placing them for adoption overseas, which is equally lucrative to the owners who receive a number of official and unofficial payments and "donations". In other countries, such as Indonesia , orphanages are run as businesses, which will attract donations and make

1160-742: The Lord Shaftesbury were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education. Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now Graham Windham ) was co-founded by Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , widow of Alexander Hamilton , one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . Under

1218-502: The domestic robot remains an emerging technology , advances in artificial intelligence have enabled robots to perform domestic work. In less developed nations, various factors ensure a labour source for domestic work: very large differences in the income of urban and rural households, widespread poverty, fewer educated women , and limited opportunities for the employment of less educated women. Legislation in many countries makes certain living conditions, working hours, or minimum wage

SECTION 20

#1732781142798

1276-590: The "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden . At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent. On reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into

1334-574: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is often cited as demonstrating that residential institutions negatively impact the wellbeing of children. The BEIP selected orphanages in Bucharest, Romania that raised abandoned children in socially and emotionally deprived environments in order to study the changes in development of infants and children after they had been placed with specially trained foster families in

1392-649: The Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be a general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort and that serious problems arise with

1450-648: The London orphanages. Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received royal patronage and government oversight. Ragged schools , founded by John Pounds and

1508-657: The Romanian orphanages, like those in Bucharest, were founded due to the soaring population numbers catalyzed by dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu , who banned abortion and birth control and incentivized procreation in order to increase the Romanian workforce. Today's residential institutions for children, also described as congregate care , include group homes , residential child care communities , children's homes, refuges, rehabilitation centers , night shelters , and youth treatment centers . The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for

1566-417: The United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann 's Tennessee Children's Home Society ). In Romania, a decree was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu

1624-653: The adoption of a new "national 14" action plan for children for at least the next five years, and the creation of an independent institution for the protection of child rights. One of the first orphanages in Sweden was the Stora Barnhuset (1633-1922) in Stockholm, which remained the biggest orphanage in Sweden for centuries. In 1785, however, a reform by Gustav III of Sweden stipulated that orphans should first and foremost always be placed in foster homes when that

1682-426: The care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on

1740-558: The child from the care of the state and transfer the legal responsibility for that child's care to the adoptive parent completely and irrevocably, whereas, in the case of foster care, the child would remain a ward of the state with the foster parent acting only as a caregiver. Orphanages, especially larger ones, have had some well publicised examples of poor care. In large institutions children, but particularly babies, may not receive enough eye contact, physical contact, and stimulation to promote proper physical, social or cognitive development. In

1798-708: The child/children. More than 8800 children are being raised in state institutions, but only three percent of them are orphans. The Romanian child welfare system is in the process of being revised and has reduced the flow of infants into orphanages . According to Baroness Emma Nicholson, in some counties Romania now has "a completely new, world class, state of the art, child health development policy." Dickensian orphanages remain in Romania, but Romania seeks to replace institutions by family care services, as children in need will be protected by social services. As of 2018, there were 17,718 children in old-style residential centers,

Orphanage - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-508: The cities of England and encouraged by the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and the 1st Earl Cairns , he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them. The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to

1914-470: The elderly and people with disabilities. Many maids are required by their employers to wear a uniform . In the contemporary Western world , comparatively few households can afford live-in domestic help, usually relying on cleaners , employed directly or through an agency ( maid service ). Many services historically provided by maids have been substituted with IoT devices coordinating with autonomous robots . For example: Amazon Dash and Roomba . While

1972-591: The end of the nineteenth century, there was a decline in the want for maids and other servants entirely, which has led to today when the majority of people don’t have maids. Today, foreign women are employed in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Qatar , Singapore , Hong Kong , Japan and United Arab Emirates in large numbers to work as maids or other roles of domestic service, and are often vulnerable to multiple forms of abuse. An ayi ( aunt in Mandarin) works as

2030-454: The family unit. A few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, but most are still commonly founded by smaller charities and religious groups. Especially in developing countries , orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are rarely run by the state. However, not all orphanages that are state-run are less corrupted;

2088-542: The industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted. Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in

2146-530: The influence of Charles Loring Brace , foster care became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century. Later, the Social Security Act of 1935 improved conditions by authorizing Aid to Families with Dependent Children as a form of social security . A very influential philanthropist of the era was Thomas John Barnardo , the founder of the charity Barnardos . Becoming aware of the great numbers of homeless and destitute children adrift in

2204-499: The institution, they lagged behind their peers in growth by 1 month. Further, a meta-analysis of research on the IQs of children in orphanages found lower IQs among the children in many institutions, but this result was not found in the low-income country setting. Worldwide, residential institutions like orphanages can often be detrimental to the psychological development of affected children. In countries where orphanages are no longer in use,

2262-516: The local community. This study demonstrated how the loving attention typically provided to children by their parents or caregivers is pivotal for optimal human development, specifically of the brain; adequate nutrition is not enough. Further research of children who were adopted from institutions in Eastern European countries to the US demonstrated that for every 3.5 months that an infant spent in

2320-418: The long-term care of unwarded children by the state has been transitioned to a domestic environment, with an emphasis on replicating a family home. Many of these countries, such as the United States, utilize a system of monetary stipends paid to foster parents to incentivize and subsidize the care of state wards in private homes. A distinction must be made between foster care and adoption, as adoption would remove

2378-486: The maid of all work, often known colloquially as "the girl". Historically, many maids suffered from prepatellar bursitis , an inflammation of the prepatellar bursa caused by long periods spent on the knees for purposes of scrubbing and fire-lighting, leading to the condition attracting the colloquial name of "housemaid's knee". As the end of the nineteenth century neared, the relationship between employer and servant grew more and more distant and they were less loyal. At

Orphanage - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-547: The management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still." The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages , to monasteries . As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation. In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church . The Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at

2494-404: The orphan crisis because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child than it is to institutionalize them. While many orphanages are run as not for profit institutions, some orphanages are run as for profit ventures. This has been criticized as incentivizing against the welfare of the orphans. Most of the children living in institutions around the world have

2552-632: The orphans. Another alternative is group homes which are used for short-term placements. They may be residential treatment centers , and they frequently specialize in a particular population with psychiatric or behavioral problems, e.g., a group home for children and teens with autism , eating disorders , or substance abuse problems or child soldiers undergoing decommissioning. Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans ; four out of five children in orphanages have at least one living parent and most having some extended family. Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in

2610-411: The owners rich; often the conditions orphans are kept in will deliberately be poor to attract more donations. Developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of a lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like

2668-713: The re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union . Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, then set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation such as mother and baby units and day care centres. Research from

2726-490: The rest of the house. Some households employed maids-of-all-work as young as twelve in the 19th century in England and they often worked from five in the morning until late in the evening on a wage of £6 to £9 per year. They had no free time and typically only had one or two days off in a month. In Victorian England, all middle-class families would have "help", but for most small households, this would be only one employee,

2784-818: The rights of children was adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032. Child flow to orphanages has been stopped and children are now protected by social services. Violation of children's rights leads to litigation. In Lithuania there are 105 institutions. 41 percent of the institutions each have more than 60 children. Lithuania has the highest number of orphaned children in Northern Europe. Children's rights enjoy relatively strong protection in Poland . Orphaned children are now protected by social services. Social Workers' opportunities have increased by establishing more foster homes and aggressive family members can now be forced away from home, instead of replacing

2842-482: The social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and deinstitutionalization through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized." A 2007 survey sponsored by Africa (previously Orphan Aid Africa) and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4,800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages. The government is currently attempting to phase out

2900-425: The support of abandoned children differs from country to country, and within countries. Government-run orphanages have been phased out in most developed countries during the latter half of the 20th century but continue to operate in many other regions internationally. It is now generally accepted that orphanages are detrimental to the emotional wellbeing of children, and government support goes instead towards supporting

2958-586: The time of the Reformation and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor. The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans. The Foundling Hospital was founded in 1741 by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram in London , England , as a children's home for

SECTION 50

#1732781142798

3016-544: The use of orphanages in favor of foster care placements and adoption. At least eighty-eight homes have been closed since the passage of the National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. The website www.ovcghana.org details these reforms. A 1999 survey of 36,000 orphans found the following number in institutional care: 64 in registered institutions and 164 in unregistered institutions. Residential education Residential education , broadly defined,

3074-455: The widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen . Plato ( Laws , 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in

3132-482: The worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. Children living in orphanages for prolonged periods get behind in development goals, and have worse mental health. Orphanage children are not included in statistics making it easy to traffic them or abuse them in other ways. There are campaigns to include orphanage children and street children in progress statistics. The benefit of foster care over orphanages

3190-450: Was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the social reform –minded middle-class ; some of Charles Dickens ' most famous novels, including Oliver Twist , highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in

3248-417: Was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment. Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize

3306-491: Was possible. In Sweden, there are 5,000 children in the care of the state. None of them are currently living in an orphanage, because there is a social service law which requires that the children reside in a family home. During the Victorian era , child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that nurses often administered Godfrey's Cordial ,

3364-433: Was the best and most common way that women could earn money, especially lower class women. The word "maid" itself means an unmarried young woman or virgin. Domestic workers, particularly those low in the hierarchy, such as maids and footmen , were expected to remain unmarried while in service. They had their own section of rooms in the house, though they were far away from the other rooms and weren’t anywhere near as nice as

#797202