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22-697: The area around the former Roman municipium of Aguntum was, from the 12th century, held by the Counts of Gorizia , who took their residence at Lienz and inherited the County of Tyrol in 1253. While Tyrol was lost to the Austrian House of Habsburg in 1363, the Gorizian counts retained Lienz until the extinction of the line in 1500. Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg finally incorporated it into Austrian Tyrol. East Tyrol's present-day situation arose from

44-586: A 9.5 km (5.9 mi) long common border of South Tyrol with the Salzburg Pinzgau region. The High Tauern National Park is in East Tyrol, along with several mountains including the Großglockner (Austria's highest mountain, 3798 m), and Großvenediger . 46°54′N 12°36′E  /  46.9°N 12.6°E  / 46.9; 12.6 Municipium In ancient Rome ,

66-509: A distinct state under the jurisdiction of Rome. It was necessary to distinguish various types of municipia and other settlements, such as the colony . In the early Roman Empire these distinctions began to disappear; for example, when Pliny the Elder served in the Roman army, the distinctions were only nominal. In the final stage of development, all citizens of all cities and towns throughout

88-507: A large scale until the inception of the Principate. Augustus , who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his civil wars , began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne

110-547: A potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the Roman army . Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern Italian peninsula during the early empire. The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life. Since

132-584: Is not known, whether the populace was given a choice or the synoecised sites were reoccupied. As it is unlikely that all the Sabines were invited to Rome, where facilities to feed and house them did not yet exist, it seems clear that population transfer was only offered to some. The rest continued on as independent localities under the ultimate governance of Rome. Under the Roman Republic the impracticality of transferring numerous large city-states to Rome

154-543: The municipium was self-governance . Like any ancient city-state, the municipium was created by an official act of synoecism , or founding. This act removed the sovereignty and independence from the signatory local communities, replacing them with the jurisdiction of a common government. This government was then called the res publica ('public affair'), or in the Greek world the koinon ('common affair'). The term municipium began to be used with reference to

176-644: The British occupied zone of Austria. In Austria, East Tyrol borders the federal states of Carinthia in the east and Salzburg in the north, while it also shares borders with the Italian provinces of South Tyrol (Alto Adige, northern part of the region Trentino-Alto Adige ) in the west and Belluno (the region Veneto ) in the south. It is separated from the Tyrolean district of Schwaz in North Tyrol by

198-483: The Latin term municipium ( pl. : municipia ) referred to a town or city. Etymologically, the municipium was a social contract among municipes ('duty holders'), or citizens of the town. The duties ( munera ) were a communal obligation assumed by the municipes in exchange for the privileges and protections of citizenship. Every citizen was a municeps . The distinction of municipia

220-1257: The Second Carthaginian War . In the Empire colonies became large centres for the settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second century AD. New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii, Tarquinii (Etruria) Caere (again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, Pedum , Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with Tibur , Praeneste, Lavinium , Cora (Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with Circei , Notba, Setia , Signia , Nepi , Ardea , Gabii Ius migrationi and ius connubii Ufentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium), Privernum , Velitrae , Terracia , Fondi and Fotmiae made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio) Colonies were not founded on

242-576: The duties of full citizens in terms of liability to taxes and military service , but not all of the rights: most significantly, they had no right to vote. Executive power in municipium was held by four annually elected officials , composed of two duumvirs and two aediles . Advisory powers were held by the decurions , appointed members of the local equivalent to the Senate . In later years, these became hereditary. Colonia (Roman) A Roman colonia ( pl. : coloniae )

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264-656: The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , the rump state of German Austria had to cede to Italy the southern part of the former crown land of the Princely County of Tyrol , i.e. the present-day provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol and parts of the Belluno province. After Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, East Tyrol became part of the Reichsgau Kärnten (Carinthia). It was returned to Tyrol in 1947. After World War II, East Tyrol became part of

286-550: The 6th century BC, Velitrae and Norba in the 5th century BC, and Ostia , Antium , and Tarracina in the late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the Punic Wars , colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory. The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably Italica in Hispania founded in 206 BC by Publius Cornelius Scipio during

308-469: The city-states of Italy brought into the city-state of Rome but not incorporated into the city. The city of Romulus synoecised the nearby settlements of Latium , transferring their populations to the seven hills, where they resided in typically distinct neighbourhoods. And yet, Sabines continued to live in the Sabine Hills and Alba Longa continued even though synoecised. The exact sequence of events

330-765: The defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I and its subsequent dissolution. By the 1915 Treaty of London , the Kingdom of Italy , which had joined the victorious Triple Entente , was to obtain the Tyrolean lands south of the Brenner Pass , as claimed by the Italian irredentism movement. In November 1918, the Italian Army occupied all Tyrol with 20,000-22,000 soldiers. Thus, under

352-410: The empire were equally citizens of Rome. The municipium then simply meant municipality, the lowest level of local government . The munera and the citizenship and its rights and protections were specific to the community. No matter where a person lived, at home or abroad, or what his status or class, he was a citizen of the locality in which he was born. The distinguishing characteristic of

374-489: The first order held full Roman citizenship and their rights ( civitas optimo iure ) included the right to vote , which was the ultimate right in Rome, and a sure sign of full rights. The second order of municipia comprised important tribal centres which had come under Roman control. Residents of these did not become full Roman citizens (although their magistrates could become so after retirement). They were given

396-768: The urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g. Tarentum in 122 BC). Under Caesar and in the Imperial era starting from Augustus , thousands of Roman legionary veterans were granted lands in many coloniae in the empire and were responsible for the Romanization of many territories (mainly in the spread of Latin language and of Roman laws and customs ). According to Livy , Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at Antemnae and Crustumerium , both in Latium . Other early colonies were established at Signia in

418-528: Was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges. After the era of the Severan emperors the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries. Roman colonies sometimes served as

440-449: Was manifest. The answer to the problem was the municipium . The town would be partially synoecised. The local government would remain but to its munera would be added munera due to the city of Rome. The partial synoecism took the form of a charter granting incorporation into the city of Rome and defining the rights and responsibilities of the citizens. The first municipium was Tusculum . The citizens of municipia of

462-538: Was not made in the Roman Kingdom ; instead, the immediate neighbours of the city were invited or compelled to transfer their populations to the urban structure of Rome, where they took up residence in neighbourhoods and became Romans per se . Under the Roman Republic the practical considerations of incorporating communities into the city-state of Rome forced the Romans to devise the concept of municipium ,

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484-496: Was originally a settlement of Roman citizens , establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term " colony ". Under the Roman Republic , which had no standing army , their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types: After 133 BC tribunes introduced reforms to support

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