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59-499: The Project 949 submarines were the largest cruise missile submarines in service until some Ohio -class ballistic missile submarines were converted to carry cruise missiles in 2007. They are the fourth largest class of submarines in displacement and length. Only the Soviet Typhoon-class , Russian Borei-class and American Ohio -class ballistic missile submarines are larger. The first submarine of Project 949

118-468: A bridge open to the elements on top of the sail but, for use in inclement weather, there is an enclosed bridge forward and slightly below this station. A distinguishing mark is a slight bulge at the top of the fin. A large door on either side of the fin reaches this bulge. These are wider at the top than on the bottom, and are hinged on the bottom. The Federation of American Scientists reports that this submarine carries an emergency crew escape capsule; it

177-498: A warship 's ability to attack surface combatants and strike land targets; although torpedoes are a more discreet option for submerged submarines, missiles give a much longer stand-off range , shorter time to impact the target, as well as the ability to engage multiple targets on different headings at the same time. Many cruise missile submarines retain the capability to deploy nuclear warheads on their missiles, but they are considered distinct from ballistic missile submarines due to

236-585: A $ 2.5 million grant for Creative and Effective Institutions. In a 2002 survey conducted within the FAS, it was found that nearly thirty percent of members were physicists. While the next largest fields represented were medicine, biology, engineering, and chemistry. With the latter four fields making up another sixty one percent of the total member population. Members also received complementary copies of "Secrecy News", an electronic newsletter regarding government secrecy and intelligence. Federation of American Scientists

295-446: A carrier of the rumored Poseidon ( NATO reporting name Kanyon ) nuclear-powered, thermonuclear armed unmanned underwater device capable to carry a 100 Mt thermonuclear warhead , with at least four such devices being carried horizontally in place of the 24 P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck ) launchers for a total yield of 600 megatonnes of TNT . It is estimated that Belgorod will be 184 metres (604 ft) long which would make it

354-593: A former senior scientist in the Office of Technology Assessment and science policy adviser in the Clinton administration, became the new president. He further pursued the goals of the program of bolstering science in policy and focusing on using that science to further benefit the public. During his eight-year tenure as president, FAS received significant funding from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , including

413-526: A further boat, the nuclear-powered USS  Halibut , could carry up to five missiles. Between September 1959 and July 1964, the five Regulus missile boats undertook deterrent patrols in the Pacific Ocean, in concert with the newly commissioned George Washington -class ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) in the Atlantic, until sufficient SSBNs were in service to replace them. From 2002 to 2008,

472-491: A larger number of missiles and often possess a special compartment dedicated solely to the cruise missile tubes. The U.S. Navy's first cruise missile submarines were developed in the early 1950s to carry the SSM-N-8 Regulus missile. The first of these was a converted World War II era Gato -class submarine , USS  Tunny , which was fitted with a hangar capable of carrying a pair of Regulus missiles. Tunny

531-461: A new fourth-generation follow-on to the Project 949A, but this plan was later dropped. The external differences between the two classes were that the 949A class is about 10 metres (33 ft) longer than its predecessor (approximately 154 metres, 505 ft rather than 143 m, 469 ft), providing space and buoyancy for improved electronics and quieter propulsion. Some sources speculate that

590-426: A rare example of an effort to simply give listeners facts with little to no political or personal bias, the scientists at FAS were able to broadcast this information to the public in hopes of informing the public to be "armed with the facts -- instead of swayed by emotions or prejudices." Throughout the course of trying to give the public information, the FAS attempted to coordinate with PR agencies to better connect with

649-638: A role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better international monitoring of atomic activities. FAS was founded as the Federation of Atomic Scientists on November 30, 1945, by a group of scientists and engineers associated with the Manhattan Project, including personnel from the Oak Ridge and Los Alamos sites. Among the founding members were David Hawkins , Melba Phillips , and Robert R. Wilson . Its early mission

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708-415: A small number of VLS canisters, giving an overlap between cruise missile submarines and traditional attack submarines. Nonetheless, vessels classified as attack submarines are designed to use torpedoes as their main armament and have a more multi-role mission profile due to their greater speed and maneuverability. This is in contrast to cruise missile submarines which are typically larger, slower boats carrying

767-427: A special purpose research and rescue submarine, designated Project 09852, and based on the incomplete Project 949A (Oscar II class) submarine Belgorod . The submarine is reportedly designed to carry both manned (e.g. Project 18511 midget submarine) as well as unmanned (e.g. Klavesin-1R) underwater vessels. However, while carrying smaller unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) would be possible as-is on an Oscar-class hull,

826-416: A staff of about a dozen people and expand membership of the organization. In the mid-1980s, the FAS began relying more heavily on professional staff and analysts, and journalists rather than famous scientists as it did previously in its history. The organization shifted toward public information and transparency in the government and away from secrecy in covert projects and finances. In 2000 Henry C. Kelly ,

885-490: Is possible that these doors cover it. The VSK escape capsule can accommodate 110 people. Modernization of Project 949A submarines, first announced by the Russian Defence Ministry in 2011. As part of the modernization, submarines will have their 24 P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles replaced with up to 72 newer 3M-54 Kalibr or P-800 Oniks anti-ship cruise missiles. The upgrade requires no design changes to

944-464: Is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during

1003-740: The 675МК and 675МУ program and 8 x P-1000 Вулкан under Project 675МКВ Plans for Project 949АМ upgrade to fit missiles compatible with UKSK  [ ru ] VLS ; П-800 Оникс , Клуб , 3M22 Циркон ; triple-tube inserts (3 x 24) Khruschev encouraged the development of missiles in the Soviet Union; thus the issues of effective nuclear deterrence and delivery and US Carrier Strike Groups were to be solved through advances in missilery. Submerged submarines are more concealable than surface ships; missiles carried upon them were therefore safer from attack by NATO surface fleets, land-based aircraft, and long-range patrol bombers . Thus

1062-402: The N denotes that the submarine is nuclear-powered . The earliest designs of cruise missile submarines had to surface to launch their missiles, while later designs could do so underwater via dedicated vertical launching system (VLS) tubes. Many modern attack submarines can launch cruise missiles (and dedicated anti-ship missiles) from their torpedo tubes while some designs also incorporate

1121-517: The RK-55 and continuing with the Kalibr family of missiles. Cruise-missile capable Soviet submarines may have a different designation to incapable sister boats ( Victor III (Project 671RTM) boats became Project 671RTMK as they gained this ability, K for Крылатая ракета; cruise missile). Due to standardization of torpedo tube diameters, which are 533 mm , modern Russian attack submarine classes (even

1180-414: The diesel Kilo and Lada ) are capable of launching long-range strategic cruise missiles from their torpedo tubes, without needing specialized compartments for missile tubes. Federation of American Scientists The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS ) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make

1239-681: The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the research into atomic energy and atomic weapons. On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same—to agitate for the international control of atomic energy and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research. For this purpose, permanent headquarters were set up in Washington, D.C. , and contacts were established with

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1298-1030: The CS Fund, the Bauman Foundation , the Stewart R. Mott Foundation , the Knight Foundation , the HKH Foundation, the Rockefeller Family Fund , and others." The Project on Government Secrecy worked to promote public access to government information and to illuminate the apparatus of government secrecy, including national security classification and declassification policies. The project also published previously undisclosed or hard-to-find government documents of public policy interest, as well as resources on intelligence policy. Declassified documents, as well as Congressional Research Service reports, are archived on

1357-403: The FAS had a rough annual budget of $ 7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970 Jeremy J. Stone was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of the organization he influenced the future and direction of the organization heavily. With an increased budget in the 1990s FAS was able to employ

1416-664: The Federation had grown to twenty local associations, with 2,500 members, and had been instrumental in the passage of the McMahon Act and the National Science Foundation , and had influenced the American position in the United Nations with regard to international control of atomic energy and disarmament. In addition to influencing government policy, it undertook a program of public education on

1475-583: The House of Representatives and in the Senate to request support for their original goal not to support the May-Johnson Bill . The group of scientists were opposed to the fact that, under the proposed May-Johnson Bill, the United States military would have the majority of control over the development and control of atomic weapons. Working with congressmen, they worked to create the bill that brought forth

1534-892: The Nuclear Notebook often accurately count warhead inventories, down to the number, and, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , represent an "authoritative accounting of global nuclear warheads compiled by top experts". The Nuclear Information Project conducts other open source investigations into nuclear weapons outside of the Nuclear Notebook. In addition to publishing on the Strategic Security blog, fellows also publish in Forbes . FAS's " Day One Project " crowdsources "science-based policy innovations that can appeal to lawmakers on both sides of

1593-616: The Ohio SSGNs when they are retired; the USS Ohio itself is more than 40 years old. The Soviet Navy (and its successor, the Russian Navy ) has operated a wide variety of dedicated cruise missile submarines (un bold ed project numbers were prototypes/never entered military service): 1964 613АД 2 х П-5Д under Project 644Д and 2 х П-7 under Project 644-7 651К Later 8 x P-500 Базальт (SS-N-12 Sandbox) under

1652-495: The Secrecy News blog. The Biosecurity Program concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising national security or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from biological and chemical weapons . The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping

1711-477: The U.S. Navy modified the four oldest Ohio -class submarines: Ohio , Michigan , Florida , and Georgia into SSGNs. The conversion was achieved by installing VLS in a multiple all-up-round canister (MAC) configuration in 22 of the 24 missile tubes, replacing one Trident missile with seven smaller Tomahawk cruise missiles . The two remaining tubes were converted to lockout chambers for use by special forces personnel. This gave each converted submarine

1770-754: The US Regulus force, until the strategic land attack mission was transferred entirely to the SSBN force. Along with the Julietts and Echo IIs, these continued as SSGs or SSGNs with an antiship variant of the P-5 until circa 1990. The Echo I s were an exception; they could not accommodate the anti-ship targeting radar and served as SSNs after the land attack missiles were withdrawn. Apart from true guided-missile submarines, late-Soviet attack submarines could launch various types of torpedo tube -launched missiles starting with

1829-523: The Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up. The Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a regularly updated education center and library, a global forum on Bio risks, an online informative policy tool, empowering partnerships among other professional biosecurity communities around

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1888-466: The accommodation of a midget submarine such as Project 18511 Paltus or the even larger Project 10831 Losharik , would probably require a major hull extension in order to accommodate a docking compartment. For example, the length of the submarine BS-64 Podmoskovye was increased by 9 metres (30 ft) even though the SLBM missile compartment was completely removed. Belgorod will be reportedly used as

1947-519: The acoustic performance of the Oscar II class is superior to early Akula class but inferior to the Akula II class as well as subsequent (4th generation) designs. It also has a larger fin, and its propellers have seven blades instead of four. Like all post-World War II Soviet designs, they are of double hull construction. Similarly, like other Soviet submarine designs, Project 949 not only has

2006-538: The aisle" ready for implementation on "day one" of the next U.S. presidential administration, a project begun in 2019. "From 1991 to 2021, the FAS Project on Government Secrecy worked to challenge excessive government secrecy and to promote public oversight in national security affairs"..."The Project was directed by Steven Aftergood with the support of grants from the Open Society Foundations ,

2065-548: The audience. Most of these plans fell through as the agencies typically did not see eye-to-eye with members of the FAS. Scientists realized the importance of getting their point across, but conveying that to someone who had little to no background knowledge on the subject of atomic energy proved to be a challenge, a challenge that would stick with the FAS for many years. Many scientists from more localized organizations had comments like "We have failed. The people have not understood us or our foreign policy would have changed." By 1948,

2124-455: The capability to carry up to 154 Tomahawks. The large diameter tubes can also be modified to carry and launch other payloads, such as UAVs or UUVs although these capabilities have not yet been fully implemented. In addition to generating a significant increase in stand-off strike capabilities, this conversion also counts as an arms reduction towards the START II treaty, because it reduces

2183-476: The conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy. In 1969,

2242-554: The global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs: nuclear security , government secrecy, and biosecurity . FAS has played

2301-514: The hull as the new missiles will fit into the existing launchers outside the pressure hull. The modernized boats will also get upgraded Omnibus-M combat information and Simfoniya-3.2 navigation systems, as well as new fire-control system, communications, sonar, radar, and electronic intercept equipment. The modernization aims to bring the submarines up to the same technological level as Russia's next-generation Yasen-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines. In December 2012, construction began on

2360-575: The longest submarine in the world. On 23 April 2019, Belgorod was floated out of a slipway during a ceremony at the Sevmash shipyard, watched by the President of Russia Vladimir Putin via a TV-link. Further work was to be completed afloat and the submarine was scheduled to start its factory and state trials in 2020 after which it was to be delivered to the Russian Navy. However, this schedule

2419-428: The nature and control of atomic energy through lectures, films, exhibits, and the distribution of literature, coordinating its own activities with that of member organizations through the issue of memorandum , policy statements, information sheets, and newsletters. Nearly ninety percent of Manhattan Project personnel were in approval of the FAS, with few comparing the group to a "scientists' lobby." The mission of FAS

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2478-568: The nuclear fuel cycle. The project provides the general public and policy-makers with information and analysis on the status, number, and operation of nuclear weapons, the policies that guide their potential use and nuclear arms control. The project is run by Hans M. Kristensen . The Nuclear Information Project publishes yearly counts of global nuclear forces in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ’ "Nuclear Notebook" column. The Nuclear Notebook counts and analyzes international nuclear arsenals using open source research methodology. The estimates in

2537-581: The number of nuclear weapons that are forward-deployed. USS Florida (SSGN-728) launched cruise missiles against Libyan targets as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn in March 2011. Currently, Virginia-class submarines ( Block I–IV ) serve as universal ships, both attack submarines and cruise-missile submarines with 12 × Vertical launching system (VLS) for Tomahawk cruise missiles . The future Virginia-class ( Block V ) submarines with 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles are slated to supplement and eventually replace

2596-441: The public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics. The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats

2655-412: The several branches of government, the United Nations , professional and private organizations, and influential persons. The explosion of postwar political activism demonstrated by the group became known as the "scientists' movement" with the basis of being unhappy with the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. During this movement, the idea was also established that no defense against an atomic bomb

2714-476: The strategic and tactical strike missions were solved through the equipment of submarines with large, long-range cruise missiles: first through the modification of existing boats, then by boats being built for the task. The Whiskey variants and Echo I cruise missile submarines deployed with a nuclear land attack version of the P-5 Pyatyorka (SS-N-3 Shaddock) from the late 1950s to 1964, concurrently with

2773-612: The submarine's "Punch Bowl" antenna). In the financial problems that followed the fall of the Soviet Union the Oscar class was prioritized by the Russian Navy, and when many older submarine classes were retired the Oscar class remained active in both the Northern and Pacific Fleets . The Rubin Design Bureau started working on Project 949A modernization in 2011, with Zvezdochka and Zvezda shipyards to carry out modernization of

2832-476: The substantial differences between the two weapons systems' flight characteristics; cruise missiles fly aerodynamically using flight surfaces like wings or fins, while a ballistic missile uses its engine power alone as it may exit the atmosphere . The United States Navy 's hull classification symbols for cruise missile submarines are SSG and SSGN – the SS denotes submarine, the G denotes guided missile , and

2891-497: The vessels. In September 2015, Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu announced during his visit to Zvezda shipyard, that at least three Oscar-class submarines will undergo repair and modernization to extend their service life by 20 years. The upgraded submarines will be known as "Project 949AM", according to the Russian officials. Modernization cost was estimated at RUB12 billion (US$ 182 million) per submarine. In September 2016, it

2950-564: The world more secure. FAS was founded in 1946 by a group of scientists, some of whom had previously contributed to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project . The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate

3009-613: The world, scheduled global conferences to raise awareness and develop plans for current and future biosecurity issues, as well as partnerships to tighten the gap between the scientific, public health, intelligence and law enforcement communities. The Learning Technologies Program (LTP) focused on ways to use innovative technologies to improve how people teach and learn. The LTP created prototype games and learning tools and assembled collaborative projects consisting of non-governmental organization , design professionals, and community leaders to undertake innovative education initiatives at both

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3068-479: Was laid down in the mid-1970s and was commissioned in 1980. In 1982 an updated and larger version (Project 949A) replaced the earlier version. In total fourteen submarines were constructed. The Oscar class was designed to attack NATO carrier battle groups using long-range P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 "Shipwreck") anti-ship missiles and targeting data provided by the EORSAT  [ it ] satellite system (via

3127-571: Was awarded $ 10,586,000 between 1984 and 2017, including 25 grants in International Peace & Security, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, and Nuclear Challenges. In 2004, the Federation of American Scientists received their largest grant from the MacArthur Foundation of $ 2,400,000 in support of everything that they do. The Nuclear Information Project covers nuclear weapons and arms control and

3186-511: Was delayed with sea trials then projected to begin in May 2021. After some delays, sea trials were reported to have started on June 25, 2021. The submarine was delivered to the Russian Navy on 8 July 2022. Cruise missile submarine A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that carries and launches cruise missiles ( SLCMs consisting of land-attack cruise missiles and anti-ship missiles ) as its primary armament. Missiles greatly enhance

3245-549: Was feasible in the near future. Using these two ideas, the FAS proposed the United States and other technologically advanced nations had to work in unison to create a solution that would not end in complete destruction. In 1946, the FAS worked with the Ad Council to broadcast a list of facts regarding the state of the United Nations atomic energy negotiations as well as the American proposal for atomic development. In

3304-510: Was laid down in 1975 and K-206 was laid down in 1979. After the construction of the first two submarines, production continued with the improved project 949A Antey . Both submarines of the Project 949 were decommissioned in 1996 and scrapped in 2004. Eleven Project 949A Antey submarines were completed at Severodvinsk , of which five were assigned to the Soviet Northern Fleet. At one stage it had been planned to develop

3363-574: Was reported submarines K-132 Irkutsk and K-442 Chelyabinsk are currently being modernized to 949AM. According to the Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Yury Borisov , Russia's Pacific Fleet may get four modernized Oscar II-class submarines armed with Kalibr cruise missiles by 2021. Two Project 949 Granit submarines were built at Severodvinsk between 1975 and 1982 and assigned to the Soviet Northern Fleet . K-525

3422-453: Was to support the McMahon Act of 1946, educate the public, press , politicians, and policy-makers, and promote international transparency and nuclear disarmament . The group was frustrated with the control of the nation's nuclear arsenal and advocated for public control of the nuclear arsenal. A group of the early members of the Federation of American Scientists went to Washington, D.C. , and set up there sending letters to representatives in

3481-536: Was used as a test-bed for developing techniques of use for the missile system, before a second boat, USS  Barbero was subsequently converted. Starting in 1957, these two boats undertook the first nuclear deterrent patrols. Subsequently, two larger diesel submarines of the Grayback -class were purpose built for the carriage of the Regulus missile, with each capable of accommodating up to four missiles, while

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