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53-457: OSRAM Licht AG is a German company that makes electric lights , headquartered in Munich and Premstätten (Austria). OSRAM positions itself as a high-tech photonics company that is increasingly focusing on sensor technology, visualization and treatment by light. The company serves customers in the consumer, automotive, healthcare and industrial technology sectors. The operating company of OSRAM
106-402: A grow light to aid in plant growth especially in indoor hydroponics and aquatic plants with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth. Due to their nonlinear resistance characteristics, tungsten filament lamps have long been used as fast-acting thermistors in electronic circuits. Popular uses have included: In Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular,
159-581: A monochromatic orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the light pollution that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra. Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as " A19 /A60 E26 /E27",
212-586: A secret campaign fund of German industrialists in support the Nazi Party. During World War II, Osram used forced labour in their plants in Berlin. Due to the bombing of Berlin, production was partially relocated to eastern German cities from 1942 onward. The production of molybdenum and tungsten products, which were classified as important for the war effort, was outsourced to the city of Plauen . Following arrangements between Osram officials and members of
265-506: A common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the A-series light bulb while the "E" parameters describe the Edison screw base size and thread characteristics. Common comparison parameters include: Less common parameters include color rendering index (CRI). Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as
318-414: A complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions . Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This
371-435: A gas, such as fluorescent lamps , and LED lamps , which produce light by a flow of electrons across a band gap in a semiconductor . The energy efficiency of electric lighting has increased radically since the first demonstration of arc lamps and the incandescent light bulb of the 19th century. Modern electric light sources come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting
424-422: A glass or silica envelope containing two metal electrodes separated by a gas. Gases used include, neon , argon , xenon , sodium , metal halides , and mercury . The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage
477-906: A multinational electrical distribution and services company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Wesco International, Inc. provides electrical, industrial, communications, maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO), original equipment manufacturer (OEM) products, construction materials, and shipping. In 2023, its total revenue was approximately $ 22 billion. The company employs approximately 20,000 employees and 30,000 suppliers to serve more than 150,000 active customers worldwide. Wesco customers include commercial and industrial businesses, contractors, government agencies, institutions, telecommunications providers, and utilities. Wesco operates ten fully automated distribution centers and 500 branches in North American and international markets. Wesco Distribution
530-619: A renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at General Electric Co., Ltd. in Great Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at General Electric 's Nela Park (Ohio) engineering laboratory. This
583-505: A reorganization and the subsequent renaming of the business unit as AM, these other areas of business have been incorporated into the Digital Business Unit. The Digital Business Unit was established at the start of the fiscal year 2019. It handles all of Osram's business activities that use digital technologies. The former Lighting Solutions Business Unit was dissolved at the start of the fiscal year 2019. Traxon's business
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#1732775577135636-432: Is OSRAM GmbH . Osram was founded in 1919 by the merger of the lighting businesses of Auergesellschaft , Siemens & Halske and Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG). Osram was a wholly owned subsidiary of Siemens AG from 1978 to 2013. On 5 July 2013, Osram was spun off from Siemens , and the listing of its stock began on Frankfurt Stock Exchange on 8 July 2013. Osram's business with conventional light sources
689-905: Is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste . The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them. The solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) has been popular as an indicator light in consumer electronics and professional audio gear since
742-465: Is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation. Oily residue from fingerprints may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by
795-484: Is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems. Battery -powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of flashlights or electric lanterns , as well as in vehicles. Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles , gas lights , oil lamps , and fires . In 1799–1800, Alessandro Volta created
848-557: Is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of light pollution that burdens astronomers and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution. Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife. Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in incubators , as infrared lamps in fast food restaurants and toys such as
901-407: Is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults. The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes,
954-615: Is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the electrical ballast circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp. Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost
1007-415: Is useful for lighting designers , because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture. LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode. Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten
1060-525: The SS , two subcamps of Flossenbürg concentration camp were installed next to the factory site to secure the company's supply of slave labourers. In a subcamp in Leitzmeritz , prisoners were used to build underground facilities as part of the secret project Richard II to secure the production of molybdenum and tungsten during air raids. At least 4,500 prisoners died in the camp, while Osram never moved into
1113-548: The United States , incandescent light bulbs including halogen bulbs stopped being sold as of August 1, 2023, because they do not meet minimum lumens per watt performance metrics established by the U.S. Department of Energy . Compact fluorescent bulbs are also banned despite their lumens per watt performance because of their toxic mercury that can be released into the home if broken and widespread problems with proper disposal of mercury-containing bulbs. In its modern form,
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#17327755771351166-540: The voltaic pile , the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc in 1802, and English chemist Humphry Davy gave a practical demonstration of an arc light in 1806. It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in
1219-437: The 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as movie projectors , stage lighting , and searchlights , until after World War II. A discharge lamp has
1272-514: The 1900s the Phoebus cartel formed in an attempt to reduce the life of electric light bulbs, an example of planned obsolescence . Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles. The total amount of artificial light (especially from street light )
1325-446: The 1920s. In 1840, Warren de la Rue enclosed a platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first electric light bulbs . The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it
1378-455: The 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights and brake lights, in flashlights and bicycle lights, as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting. Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology
1431-606: The Carlton-Bates Company, a provider of original equipment products and supply solutions to industrial customers. In the same year, Forbes magazine named Wesco as one of their 400 Best Big Companies, an honor which was received again in 2006, 2007, and 2009. In 2006, Wesco acquired the Communication Supply Corporation, a national distributor of data communications products for enterprise and data center customers. In November 2010
1484-541: The Kenner Easy-Bake Oven . Lamps can also be used for light therapy to deal with such issues as vitamin D deficiency , skin conditions such as acne and dermatitis , skin cancers , and seasonal affective disorder . Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat neonatal jaundice with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home. Electric lamps can also be used as
1537-581: The UK and Thomas Edison in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments, leading to a better design. The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led to a merger, forming the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company . By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced arc lamps . The turn of
1590-527: The appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration. In the Middle East , a light bulb symbol has a sexual connotation. A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the Turkish AK Party . Wesco International Wesco International, Inc. is an American publicly traded Fortune 500 holding company for Wesco Distribution,
1643-517: The automotive sector, smartphones, wearables, general lighting, lighting for plants, industrial lighting, and projection. The Automotive Business Unit develops and produces lamps; light modules; and sensors for auto makers and their suppliers and the spare parts aftermarket . Up to the beginning of the fiscal year 2019, the automotive and other areas of business comprised the Specialty Lighting Business Unit. As part of
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1696-416: The carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them. The lamps produce significant ultraviolet output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight. Invented by Humphry Davy around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. It was used commercially beginning in
1749-428: The century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by William D. Coolidge , who applied for a patent in 1912. This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years. In 1910, Georges Claude introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising. In 1934, Arthur Compton ,
1802-652: The company acquired TVC Communications. In 2010, Wesco acquired Calgary , Alberta based Brews Supply Ltd. In 2012, Wesco acquired EECOL Electric Corp. In June 2012, the company acquired Conney Safety Products, LLC. In 2014, Wesco acquired Hazmasters Inc. In 2015, Wesco acquired Hill Country Electric Supply, Aelux, and Needham Electric Supply. In 2016, Wesco acquired Atlanta Electrical Distributors, LLC. In 2019, Wesco acquired OSRAM 's Sylvania Lighting Solutions (SLS), now known as Wesco Energy Solutions. On January 13, 2020, Wesco agreed to acquire Anixter . In November 2021, Wesco changed its logo as part of
1855-659: The current owner of Wesco Distribution. In the same year, Wesco acquired the Bruckner Supply Company Inc., a provider of integrated supply management solutions and MRO products to Fortune 500 customers. On May 12, 1999, Wesco held its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange In 2008, the company was recognized for "environmentally sustainable business practices" through an Environmental Stewardship Award from Veolia ES Technical Solutions. In 2005, Wesco acquired
1908-577: The energy consumed is emitted as visible, usable light . The remaining 95% is lost as heat . In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on ventilation or air conditioning systems. In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as heat lamps . Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being phased out in favor of technologies like CFLs and LED bulbs in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The European Commission estimated in 2012 that
1961-535: The formation of the company Osram. Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, co-founder William Meinhardt and the other Jewish members of the managing board were forced to step down. During the rule of his successor, Hermann Schlüpmann, organisations close to the Nazi Party , such as DAF , became increasingly influential among the company's workforce. In March 1933, Osram funded 40,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ for
2014-437: The incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of tungsten sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an inert gas such as argon . When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a continuous spectrum . Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of
2067-539: The lamp business of ECE Industries India for $ 9.55 million. In 2009, Osram acquired Traxon Technologies. In 2011, Osram acquired Siteco. On 8 July 2013 Siemens spun Osram off, and Osram listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. On 3 March 2021, ams AG announced that the Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement (“DPLTA”) between AMS Offer GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of AMS AG,
2120-443: The lamp in the socket of a light fixture , which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet mount . The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a filament heated white-hot by electric current , gas-discharge lamps , which produce light by means of an electric arc through
2173-429: The lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination. Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod electrodes in open air, supplied by a current-limiting ballast . The electric arc is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot plasma between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but
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2226-406: The luminaire. Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life. Fluorescent lamps consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through
2279-410: The number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that is the median life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output. In
2332-499: The parent company of AMS Group, and Osram Licht AG (“Osram”), became effective on that day. The combined company focuses on optical systems and serves the entire value chain including sensing, visualization and illumination, with products ranging from emitters to sensors and software. Osram is a multinational corporation with headquarters in Munich , with around 34,000 employees throughout the world. Osram has operations in over 120 countries. In fiscal year 2019, Osram's business model
2385-553: The space due to the course of war. In 1993, Osram Sylvania , a North American division, was established with the acquisition of GTE 's Sylvania lighting division. Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds the largest share of the North American lighting market. In fiscal year 2006, the company achieved sales of about 2 billion euros, which comprised 43% of total Osram sales. In 2019, Osram sold Sylvania to Wesco International , Inc. In 1998, Osram acquired
2438-637: The time the company was founded. In 1906, the Osram incandescent lamp was developed by Carl Auer von Welsbach . The brand name of Osram was first used in 1906 and registered by the Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt (also known as Auer-Gesellschaft). The British General Electric Company imported Osram filaments for their own production of light bulbs. In 1919, Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske and Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) combined their electric-lamp production with
2491-419: The tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with phosphors that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet photons . They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems
2544-434: Was an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. William Greener , an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison. The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like Joseph Swan in
2597-735: Was formed in 1922 as a subsidiary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation , a company also based in Pittsburgh . It served as the Westinghouse subsidiary charged with selling and distributing company components in the electrical and industrial industries. Wesco maintained close ties to its parent. In 1994, the private equity firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice (CD&R) purchased Westinghouse Electrical Supply Company and created Wesco Distribution Inc. In June 1998, CD&R sold Wesco to The Cypress Group for USD 1.1 billion, which formed WESCO International Inc.,
2650-448: Was incorporated into the new Digital Business Unit. The European luminaire business (Siteco) and the North American luminaire service business are reported as discontinued operations. Electric light An electric light , lamp , or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light . It is the most common form of artificial lighting . Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic , metal, glass, or plastic which secures
2703-433: Was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public." The first practical LED arrived in 1962. In
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#17327755771352756-545: Was operationally implemented in three business units: Opto Semiconductors, Automotive and Digital. The Opto Semiconductors Business Unit provides opto semiconductors, which are crucial elements in lighting, visualization, and sensor technology. Osram Opto Semiconductors offers a wide range of LEDs in the low-power, mid-power, high-power, and ultra-high-power classes that are used in general lighting, automotive, consumer, and industrial applications as well as infrared, laser and optical sensors. The main market for these components are
2809-570: Was spun off in 2016 under the name Ledvance and sold to a Chinese consortium. After a bidding war with Bain Capital , Osram was taken over by Austrian company AMS in July 2020. Since then, the company has operated under the name AMS Osram . The name is derived from osmium and Wolfram (German for tungsten , also used in English). Both elements were commonly used for lighting filaments at
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