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91-542: In 1970, when the Little Theatre (originally a church that had been renovated in 1928) was completely destroyed by fire, the OLT built and opened a new theatre on the same site within two years, and retired the debt within five years. The OLT's income is generated almost entirely from ticket sales and donations. All its directors, actors, designers and stage crew are volunteers. A number of Canadian actors have performed on

182-775: A Jewish summer overnight camp in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts , Quebec . At the encouragement of his parents, Rubinek began taking acting lessons and joined the Ottawa Little Theatre in 1965. Rubinek began performing at the Stratford Festival in 1969. He contributed to the Toronto theatre scene, co-founding the Canadian Stage Company and working with Theatre Passe Muraille as an actor and producer. He began working in

273-594: A book written by Rubinek and published by Penguin Canada in 1988, recounts his parents' experiences in Poland during the Holocaust . The family immigrated to Canada soon after Rubinek was born. His family settled down in Canada's capital city, Ottawa . He spoke Yiddish, French and then learned heavily accented English, which caused him to be bullied when he was in school. In his youth, he attended Camp B'nai Brith ,

364-596: A communal level. In November 1942, the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police executed 20 villagers from Berecz in Wołyń Voivodeship for giving aid to Jewish escapees from the ghetto in Povorsk. According to postwar investigations, 568 Poles and Ukrainians from the town Przemyśl and its environs were murdered for attempting to help Jews. For example, Michał Gierula from the village of Łodzinka Górna

455-871: A covert agent employed by a secretive council to recover mystical artifacts with his team. The series finale was aired on May 19, 2014, on Syfy . His first play, Terrible Advice , premiered in September 2011 at the Menier Chocolate Factory Theatre in London, starring Scott Bakula , Sharon Horgan , Andy Nyman and Caroline Quentin . In 2018, he was cast as a series regular on the Amazon Prime series Hunters . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television Broadcast Film Critics Association FilmOut LGBT Film Festival Sundance Film Festival Rescue of Jews by Poles during

546-640: A lawyer; The Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick (1988), as a fun-loving rabbi; Brian De Palma 's The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990), again as a lawyer; and in a lead part as a rabbi in The Quarrel (1991). He is noted for his performance in Clint Eastwood 's Unforgiven (1992) as a pulp fiction writer. He had a notable role in Tony Scott 's True Romance (1993) as Lee Donowitz ,

637-550: A limited (40,000 copies) edition set of 18 new cards, was released as an addition to this card game. Another science fiction role portrayed by Rubinek was as a documentary film director named Emmett Bregman, on the seventh season of the Canadian - American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 , in a two-part episode called " Heroes, Parts 1 & 2 ". He played Donny Douglas ( Daphne Moon 's fiancé and Niles Crane 's divorce lawyer) in several episodes of

728-640: A mass execution near Slonim . In Huta Stara near Buczacz , Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected were herded into a church by the Nazis and burned alive on 4 March 1944. Entire communities that helped to shelter Jews were annihilated, such as the now-extinct village of Huta Werchobuska near Złoczów , Zahorze near Łachwa , Huta Pieniacka near Brody . A number of Polish villages in their entirety provided shelter from Nazi apprehension, offering protection for their Jewish neighbors as well as

819-403: A much higher number was involved. Paulsson wrote that, according to his research, an average Jew in hiding stayed in seven different places throughout the war. An average Jew who survived in occupied Poland depended on many acts of assistance and tolerance, wrote Paulsson. "Nearly every Jew that was rescued, was rescued by the cooperative efforts of dozen or more people," as confirmed also by

910-549: A pompous, cocaine-addicted film producer based on Joel Silver . He co-starred in the 1993 Emmy Award -winning American made-for-television docudrama And the Band Played On as Dr. Jim Curran. Rubinek played the character Kivas Fajo in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode " The Most Toys ." Rubinek, an ardent Star Trek fan, abruptly took over the part after David Rappaport ,

1001-699: A ruthless retaliation policy. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by Hans Frank , governor of the General Government , to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews". The law was made public by posters distributed in all cities and towns, to instill fear. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in Polish territories that became part of Reichskommisariat Ukraine and Reichskommisariat Ost , but without issuing any legal act. Similarly, in

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1092-559: A special category, for they exemplified a courage, fortitude, and lofty humanitarianism unequalled in other occupied countries." Before World War II, 3,300,000 Jewish people lived in Poland – ten percent of the general population of some 33 million. Poland was the center of the European Jewish world. The Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939; and, on 17 September, in accordance with

1183-969: The Auschwitz concentration camp , although, for debated reasons , the Allies did not do so. The rescue efforts were aided by one of the largest resistance movements in Europe, the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Home Army . Supported by the Government Delegation for Poland , the most notable effort dedicated to helping Jews was spearheaded by the Żegota Council, based in Warsaw , with branches in Kraków , Wilno , and Lwów . Polish rescuers were hampered by

1274-914: The Blue Police , and Jewish collaborators, Żagiew and Group 13 . In 1941, at the onset of Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union, the main architect of the Holocaust , Reinhard Heydrich , issued his operational guidelines for the mass anti-Jewish actions carried out with the participation of local gentiles. Massacres of Polish Jews by the Ukrainian and Lithuanian auxiliary police battalions followed. Deadly pogroms were committed in over 30 locations across formerly Soviet-occupied parts of Poland, including in Brześć , Tarnopol , Białystok , Łuck , Lwów , Stanisławów , and in Wilno where

1365-623: The Eiss Archive . Several organizations dedicated to saving Jews were created and run by Christian Poles with the help of the Polish Jewish underground . Among those, Żegota , the Council to Aid Jews, was the most prominent. It was unique not only in Poland, but in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, as there was no other organization dedicated solely to that goal. Żegota concentrated its efforts on saving Jewish children toward whom

1456-561: The Jedwabne pogrom close by, a minimum of 300 Polish Jews were burned alive in a barn set on fire by a group of Polish men under the German command. Wyrzykowska was honored as Righteous Among the Nations for her heroism, but left her hometown after liberation for fear of retribution. In Poland's cities and larger towns, the Nazi occupiers created ghettos that were designed to imprison

1547-573: The Lwów and Warsaw Ghettos , saving countless lives. Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in Będzin , was sentenced to death for rescuing Jewish fugitives (but the sentence was commuted to camp imprisonment, and he survived the war). Those who took full responsibility for Jews' survival, perhaps especially, merit recognition as Righteous among the Nations . 6,066 Poles have been recognized by Israel 's Yad Vashem as Polish Righteous among

1638-646: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. By October 1939, the Second Polish Republic was split in half between two totalitarian powers. Germany occupied 48.4 percent of western and central Poland. Racial policy of Nazi Germany regarded Poles as " sub-human " and Polish Jews beneath that category, validating a campaign of unrestricted violence . One aspect of German foreign policy in conquered Poland

1729-648: The Niagara Region of Canada. Rubinek starred as Owen Hughes, the antagonist, in Obsessed (1987). In the 1987 Canadian film Taking Care , he played Carl, the husband of the main protagonist, played by his then spouse Kate Lynch . It was a medical drama based on the Toronto hospital baby deaths that was the foundation of the Susan Nelles false-conviction case. In another TV film, Liberace: Behind

1820-1073: The Warsaw Ghetto with social worker and Catholic nun , mother provincial of Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary - Matylda Getter . The children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate at Turkowice and Chotomów . Sister Matylda Getter rescued between 250 and 550 Jewish children in different education and care facilities for children in Anin , Białołęka , Chotomów , Międzylesie , Płudy , Sejny , Vilnius and others. Getter's convent

1911-509: The penalty for aiding Jews was death . Hundreds of Polish and Jewish smugglers would come in and out the ghettos, usually at night or at dawn, through openings in the walls, tunnels and sewers or through the guardposts by paying bribes. The Polish Underground urged the Poles to support smuggling. The punishment for smuggling was death, carried out on the spot. Among the Jewish smuggler victims were scores of Jewish children aged five or six, whom

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2002-550: The "Polish Schindler ", saved 8,000 Polish Jews in Rozwadów from deportation to death camps by simulating a typhus epidemic. Dr. Tadeusz Pankiewicz gave out free medicines in the Kraków Ghetto , saving an unspecified number of Jews. Professor Rudolf Weigl , inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus , employed and protected Jews in his Weigl Institute in Lwów ; his vaccines were smuggled into

2093-423: The 2000 book To Save a Life: Stories of Holocaust Rescue , was sheltered by a Polish family in a village near Tarnobrzeg , where she survived the war despite the posting of a 200 deutsche mark reward by the Nazi occupiers for information on Jews in hiding. Chava Grinberg-Brown from Gmina Wiskitki recalled in a postwar interview that some farmers used the threat of violence against a fellow villager who intimated

2184-458: The 2000s include two 2004 episodes of Curb Your Enthusiasm as Dr. Saul Funkhouser, the " Adrift " episode in the beginning of Lost ' s second season in 2005, the 2006 " Invincible " episode of Eureka , the 2007 episode of the TV series Masters of Horror " The Washingtonians ", and a 2008 episode of the TV series Psych . That same year he guest-starred as Victor Dubenich, the antagonist in

2275-709: The American sitcom Frasier . He appeared, in various roles, in two episodes of the 1995 revival of The Outer Limits . He played the role of Louis the Lion on YTV's The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon (1995). He had a cameo appearance as a casino pit boss in the film Rush Hour 2 . Rubinek played Alan Mintz opposite Nicolas Cage in the 2000 film The Family Man . In 2000, Rubinek played Detective Saul Panzer in The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery ,

2366-595: The Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem , Mordecai Paldiel , wrote that the widespread revulsion among the Polish people at the murders being committed by the Nazis was sometimes accompanied by an alleged feeling of relief at the disappearance of Jews. Israeli historian Joseph Kermish (born 1907) who left Poland in 1950, had claimed at the Yad Vashem conference in 1977, that the Polish researchers overstate

2457-759: The Family of Mary with rescuing more than 750 Jews. Historians have shown that in numerous villages, Jewish families survived the Holocaust by living under assumed identities as Christians with full knowledge of the local inhabitants who did not betray their identities. This has been confirmed in the settlements of Bielsko ( Upper Silesia ), in Dziurków near Radom , in Olsztyn Village  [ pl ] near Częstochowa , in Korzeniówka near Grójec , in Łaskarzew , Sobolew , and Wilga triangle, and in several villages near Łowicz . Some officials in

2548-530: The German occupation as well as frequent betrayal by the local population. Any kind of help to Jews was punishable by death , for the rescuer and their family, and would-be rescuers moved in an environment hostile to Jews and their protection, exposed to the risk of blackmail and denunciation by neighbours. According to Mordecai Paldiel , "The threats faced by would-be rescuers, both from the Germans and blackmailers alike, make us place Polish rescuers of Jews in

2639-452: The German shot at the ghetto exits and near the walls. While communal rescue was impossible under these circumstances, many Polish Christians concealed their Jewish neighbors. For example, Zofia Baniecka and her mother rescued over 50 Jews in their home between 1941 and 1944. Paulsson, in his research on the Jews of Warsaw, documented that Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal

2730-472: The Germans were especially cruel. Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) gives several wide-range estimates of a number of survivors including those who might have received assistance from Żegota in some form including financial, legal, medical, child care, and other help in times of trouble. The subject is shrouded in controversy according to Szymon Datner , but in Lukas ' estimate about half of those who survived within

2821-890: The Holocaust Concerning: the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.        There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with Paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in General Government (page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty .        According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to

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2912-615: The Holocaust. By January 2022, 7,232 people in Poland have been recognized by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations . The Polish government-in-exile informed the world of the extermination of the Jews on June 9, 1942, following a report from the Jewish Labour Bund leadership smuggled out of the occupied Poland by Home Army couriers. The Polish government-in-exile, together with Jewish groups, pleaded for American and British forces to bomb train tracks leading to

3003-550: The Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland . New trends in historical research challenged widely shared assumptions about wartime Polish behaviour and highlighted the contribution of home-grown antisemitism and the local police to the extermination of Polish Jews. Polish rescuers faced threats from unsympathetic neighbours, Polish-German Volksdeutsche , ethnic Ukrainian pro-Nazis, blackmailers called szmalcowniks ,

3094-594: The Jews were murdered along with the Poles in the Ponary massacre at a ratio of 3-to-1. National minorities routinely participated in pogroms led by OUN-UPA , YB , TDA and BKA . Local participation in the Nazi German "cleansing" operations included the Jedwabne pogrom of 1941. The Einsatzkommandos were ordered to organize them in all eastern territories occupied by Germany. Ethnic Poles assisted Jews by organized as well as by individual efforts. Food

3185-404: The Little Theatre for its first five years. In 1937, the theatre launched a National One-Act Playwriting Competition which continues to this day. Winners have included Robertson Davies , John Murrell , Erika Ritter , Catherine Banks and Ken Mitchell . The Ottawa Little Theatre's website includes a searchable database of Past Productions with cast and crew members as well as photographs from

3276-525: The Music (1988), he played Seymour Heller , the long-time friend and manager of Liberace . In 1982, he played Allan in the sex-themed romantic comedy Soup for One , directed and written by Jonathan Kaufer and produced by Marvin Worth. Rubinek appeared in: Taylor Hackford 's Against All Odds (1984); Alan Alda 's Sweet Liberty (1986) as director Bo Hodges; Oliver Stone 's Wall Street (1987), as

3367-551: The Nations for saving Jews during the Jewish Holocaust, making Poland the country with the highest number of such Righteous. The number of Poles who rescued Jews from the Nazi German persecution would be hard to determine in black-and-white terms and is still the subject of scholarly debate. According to Gunnar S. Paulsson , the number of rescuers that meet Yad Vashem 's criteria is perhaps 100,000 and there may have been two or three times as many who offered minor help;

3458-605: The Nazi Germans was insignificant. Connelly nonetheless criticized the same population for its indifference to the Jewish plight. This occurred in the context of Nazi terror combined with the inadequacy of food rations, greed and corruption, which wrecked traditional values. Poles helping Jews faced unparalleled dangers not only from the German occupiers but also from their own ethnically diverse countrymen including Polish-German Volksdeutsche , and Polish Ukrainians , many of whom were anti-Semitic and morally disoriented by

3549-762: The Nazis and Władysław Szpilman , the Jewish Polish musician whose wartime experiences were chronicled in his memoir The Pianist and the film of the same title identified 30 Poles who helped him to survive the Holocaust. Meanwhile, Father John T. Pawlikowski from Chicago, referring to work by other historians, speculated that claims of hundreds of thousands of rescuers struck him as inflated. Likewise, Martin Gilbert has written that under Nazi regime, rescuers were an exception, albeit one that could be found in towns and villages throughout Poland. Efforts at rescue were encumbered by several factors. The threat of

3640-462: The Nazis with the eight Jews they hid. The entire Wołyniec family in Romaszkańce was massacred for sheltering three Jewish refugees from a ghetto. In Maciuńce , for hiding Jews, the Germans shot eight members of Józef Borowski's family along with him and four guests who happened to be there. Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of the entire villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews on

3731-507: The OLT stage, including Amelia Hall, Saul Rubinek , Rich Little , Robert MacNeil , Dan Aykroyd , Adam Beach , Luba Goy and Raoul Bhaneja . Famed photographer Yousuf Karsh also has a rich history with the Ottawa Little Theatre developing his lighting techniques while photographing multiple productions in the 1930s. It was there that he met his first wife, Solonge. The theatre has several original photographs of Karsh on display. The Dominion Drama Festival , founded in 1933, took place at

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3822-506: The Poles who helped them were killed, sent to camps, punished with imprisonment or a fine, and sometimes released. There was no rule in punishing, and Poles who helped Jews were not sure whether the punishment would be only imprisonment or execution of them and their entire family, they had to assume the worst. For example, the Ulma family (father, mother and six children) of the village of Markowa near Łańcut – where many families concealed their Jewish neighbors – were executed jointly by

3913-497: The Polish Jewish community was destroyed during World War II, coupled with stories about Polish collaborators, has contributed, especially among Israelis and American Jews, to a lingering stereotype that the Polish population has been passive in regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering. However, modern scholarship has not validated the claim that Polish antisemitism was irredeemable or different from contemporary Western antisemitism; it has also found that such claims are among

4004-564: The Polish underground Home Army . The entire village of Mulawicze near Bielsk Podlaski took responsibility for the survival of an orphaned nine-year-old Jewish boy. Different families took turns hiding a Jewish girl at various homes in Wola Przybysławska near Lublin , and around Jabłoń near Parczew many Polish Jews successfully sought refuge. Impoverished Polish Jews, unable to offer any money in return, were nonetheless provided with food, clothing, shelter and money by some small communities; historians have confirmed this took place in

4095-501: The Polish-Jewish historian Szymon Datner . Paulsson notes that during the six years of wartime and occupation, the average Jew sheltered by the Poles had three or four sets of false documents and faced recognition as a Jew multiple times. Datner explains also that hiding a Jew lasted often for several years thus increasing the risk involved for each Christian family exponentially. Polish-Jewish writer and Holocaust survivor Hanna Krall has identified 45 Poles who helped to shelter her from

4186-456: The United States in the 1970s, acting in Off-Broadway productions. In 1984, he won a Drama-Logue Award for Des McAnuff 's La Jolla production of As You Like It . Early in his career, Rubinek gained the attention of Canadian audiences when he starred as detective Benny Cooperman in two TV films: The Suicide Murders (1985) and Murder Sees the Light (1986). These are based on the series of mystery novels by author Howard Engel set in

4277-411: The achievements of the Żegota organization (including members of Żegota themselves, along with venerable historians like Prof. Madajczyk ), but his assertions are not supported by the listed evidence. Paulsson and Pawlikowski wrote that wartime attitudes among some of the populace were not a major factor impeding the survival of sheltered Jews, or the work of the Żegota organization. The fact that

4368-410: The actor who was originally cast in the role, attempted suicide shortly after the filming of the episode had begun. (Rappaport later committed suicide just before the episode premiered.) Photographs of Rubinek in character were used on two cards in Decipher's 1994 ST:TNG card game: a character card entitled "Kivas Fajo" and an event card entitled "Kivas Fajo: Collector." In 1998, "The Fajo Collection,"

4459-429: The aid for refugees from other villages and escapees from the ghettos. Postwar research has confirmed that communal protection occurred in Głuchów near Łańcut with everyone engaged, as well as in the villages of Główne , Ozorków , Borkowo near Sierpc , Dąbrowica near Ulanów , in Głupianka near Otwock , and Teresin near Chełm . In Cisie near Warsaw, 25 Poles were caught hiding Jews; all were killed and

4550-506: The annexed lands which included a program to resettle ethnic Germans from the Baltic states and other regions onto farms, ventures and homes formerly owned by the expelled Poles including Polish Jews. The response of the Polish majority to the Jewish Holocaust covered an extremely wide spectrum, often ranging from acts of altruism at the risk of endangering their own and their families lives, through compassion, to passivity, indifference, blackmail, and denunciation . That response has been

4641-408: The awarded prize. The vast majority of these individuals joined the criminal underworld after the German occupation and were responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people, both Jews and the Poles who were trying to save them. According to one reviewer of Paulsson, with regard to the extortionists, "a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe damage on Jews in hiding, but it took

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4732-421: The changing borders of Poland were helped by Żegota . The number of Jews receiving assistance who did not survive the Holocaust is not known. Perhaps the most famous member of Żegota was Irena Sendler , who managed to successfully smuggle 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto . Żegota was granted over 5 million dollars or nearly 29 million zł by the government-in-exile (see below), for

4823-425: The country. He writes that "not the informing or the indifference, but the existence of such individuals is one of the most remarkable features of Polish-Jewish relations during the Holocaust." Nechama Tec , who herself survived the war aided by a group of Catholic Poles, noted that Polish rescuers worked within an environment that was hostile to Jews and unfavorable to their protection, in which rescuers feared both

4914-414: The death penalty        This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:           1) Providing shelter to Jews,           2) Supplying them with Food,           3) Selling them Foodstuffs. Polish Jews were

5005-440: The death penalty for aiding Jews and the limited ability to provide for the escapees were often responsible for the fact that many Poles were unwilling to provide direct help to a person of Jewish origin. This was exacerbated by the fact that the people who were in hiding did not have official ration cards and hence food for them had to be purchased on the black market at high prices. According to Emmanuel Ringelblum in most cases

5096-467: The death penalty. Nearly every Catholic institution in Poland looked after a few Jews, usually children with forged Christian birth certificates and an assumed or vague identity. In particular, convents of Catholic nuns in Poland (see Sister Bertranda ), played a major role in the effort to rescue and shelter Polish Jews, with the Franciscan Sisters credited with the largest number of Jewish children saved. Two thirds of all nunneries in Poland took part in

5187-586: The desire to betray her safety. Polish-born Israeli writer and Holocaust survivor Natan Gross, in his 2001 book Who Are You, Mr. Grymek? , told of a village near Warsaw where a local Nazi collaborator was forced to flee when it became known he reported the location of a hidden Jew. Nonetheless, there were cases where Poles who saved Jews were met with a different response after the war. Antonina Wyrzykowska from Janczewko village near Jedwabne managed to successfully shelter seven Jews for twenty-six months from November 1942 until liberation. Sometime earlier, during

5278-402: The disapproval of their neighbors and reprisals that such disapproval might bring. Tec also noted that Jews, for many complex and practical reasons, were not always prepared to accept assistance that was available to them. Some Jews were pleasantly surprised to have been aided by people whom they thought to have expressed antisemitic attitudes before the invasion of Poland. Former Director of

5369-464: The early 1970s. In the villages of Ożarów , Ignaców , Szymanów , and Grodzisko near Leżajsk , the Jewish children were cared for by Catholic convents and by the surrounding communities. In these villages, Christian parents did not remove their children from schools where Jewish children were in attendance. Irena Sendler head of children's section Żegota (the Council to Aid Jews) organisation cooperated very closely in saving Jewish children from

5460-455: The enemy, our country has been the scene of a terrible, planned massacre of the Jews. This mass murder has no parallel in the annals of mankind; compared to it, the most infamous atrocities known to history pale into insignificance. Unable to act against this situation, we, in the name of the entire Polish people, protest the crime being perpetrated against the Jews; all political and public organizations join in this protest. The Polish government

5551-424: The entire population" assisted Jews: Rudka , Jedlanka , Makoszka , Tyśmienica , and Bójki . Historians have documented that a dozen villagers of Mętów near Głusk outside Lublin sheltered Polish Jews. In some well-confirmed cases, Polish Jews who were hidden, were circulated between homes in the village. Farmers in Zdziebórz near Wyszków sheltered two Jewish men by taking turns. Both of them later joined

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5642-473: The films Against All Odds (1984), Wall Street (1987), The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990), Unforgiven (1992), Nixon (1995), True Romance (1993), The Express (2008), Barney's Version (2010), and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018). Rubinek is a five-time Genie Award nominee, winning Best Supporting Actor for Ticket to Heaven (1981), and a two-time Gemini Award nominee. His directorial film debut, Jerry and Tom (1998),

5733-411: The local Jewish populations. The food rations allocated by the Germans to the ghettos condemned their inhabitants to starvation. Smuggling of food into the ghettos and smuggling of goods out of the ghettos, organized by Jews and Poles, was the only means of subsistence of the Jewish population in the ghettos. The price difference between the Aryan and Jewish sides was large, reaching as much as 100%, but

5824-457: The majority "were passively protective." In an article published in the Journal of Genocide Research , Hans G. Furth estimated that there may have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers. Władysław Bartoszewski estimated that between 1 and 3 percent of the Polish population was actively involved in rescue efforts; Marcin Urynowicz estimates that a minimum of from 500,000 to over a million Poles actively tried to help Jews. The lower number

5915-496: The money that Poles accepted from Jews they helped to hide, was taken not out of greed, but out of poverty which Poles had to endure during the German occupation. Israel Gutman has written that the majority of Jews who were sheltered by Poles paid for their own up-keep, but thousands of Polish protectors perished along with the people they were hiding. Several scholars such as Richard C. Lukas and John Connelly have stated that, unlike in Western Europe, Polish collaboration with

6006-544: The more than 1,000 plays that have been performed throughout its history. 45°25′42″N 75°41′09″W  /  45.428211°N 75.685807°W  / 45.428211; -75.685807 Saul Rubinek Saul Hersh Rubinek (born July 2, 1948) is a Canadian actor, director, producer, and playwright . He is widely known for his television roles, notably Artie Nielsen on Warehouse 13 , Donny Douglas on Frasier , Saul Panzer on A Nero Wolfe Mystery , and Louis B. Mayer on The Last Tycoon . He also starred in

6097-474: The negative consequences of the hostility towards Jews by extremists advocating their eventual removal from Poland. Meanwhile, Alina Cala in her study of Jews in Polish folk culture argued also for the persistence of traditional religious antisemitism and anti-Jewish propaganda before and during the war both leading to indifference. Steinlauf however notes that despite these uncertainties, Jews were helped by countless thousands of individual Poles throughout

6188-444: The other villagers helped, "if only to provide a meal." Another farm couple, Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek , provided shelter for Jewish families consisting of 18 people in Ceranów near Sokołów Podlaski , and their neighbors brought food to those being rescued. Two decades after the end of the war, a Jewish partisan named Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak identified the following villages in the Parczew - Ostrów Lubelski area where "almost

6279-421: The part of the Polish government in exile residing in Great Britain. The government often publicly expressed outrage at German mass murders of Jews. In 1942, the Directorate of Civil Resistance , part of the Polish Underground State , issued the following declaration based on reports by the Polish underground: For nearly a year now, in addition to the tragedy of the Polish people, which is being slaughtered by

6370-437: The pilot episode of Leverage , reappearing in 2012 for the last two episodes of season 4. In 2013, he guest-starred in two subsequent episodes of the TV series Person of Interest . In 2005, he directed the independent film Cruel but Necessary . The following year he appeared in a supporting role in the 2009 Canadian feature comedy The Trotsky . Rubinek starred in the Syfy series Warehouse 13 as Artie Nielsen ,

6461-411: The primary victims of the Nazi Germany -organized Holocaust in Poland . Throughout the German occupation of Poland , Jews were rescued from the Holocaust by Polish people , at risk to their lives and the lives of their families. According to Yad Vashem , Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons identified as rescuing Jews during

6552-507: The relief payments to Jewish families in Poland. Besides Żegota , there were smaller organizations such as KZ-LNPŻ, ZSP, SOS and others (along the Polish Red Cross ), whose action agendas included help to the Jews. Some were associated with Żegota . The Roman Catholic Church in Poland provided many persecuted Jews with food and shelter during the war, even though monasteries gave no immunity to Polish priests and monks against

6643-514: The rescue, in all likelihood with the support and encouragement of the church hierarchy. These efforts were supported by local Polish bishops and the Vatican itself. The convent leaders never disclosed the exact number of children saved in their institutions, and for security reasons the rescued children were never registered. Jewish institutions have no statistics that could clarify the matter. Systematic recording of testimonies did not begin until

6734-864: The same percentage of Jews as did residents in other European cities under Nazi occupation. Ten percent of Warsaw's Polish population was actively engaged in sheltering their Jewish neighbors. It is estimated that the number of Jews living in hiding on the Aryan side of the capital city in 1944 was at least 15,000 to 30,000 and relied on the network of 50,000–60,000 Poles who provided shelter, and about half as many assisting in other ways. Poles living in Lithuania supported Chiune Sugihara producing false Japanese visas. The refugees arriving to Japan were helped by Polish ambassador Tadeusz Romer . Henryk Sławik issued false Polish passports to about 5000 Jews in Hungary. He

6825-469: The senior Polish priesthood maintained the same theological attitude of hostility toward the Jews which was known from before the invasion of Poland. After the war ended, some convents were unwilling to return Jewish children to postwar institutions that asked for them, and at times refused to disclose the adoptive parents' identities, forcing government agencies and courts to intervene. Lack of international effort to aid Jews resulted in political uproar on

6916-488: The series pilot for the 2001-02 A&E TV series A Nero Wolfe Mystery , in which he would subsequently play the recurring role of reporter Lon Cohen . In 2005 he appeared in the short-lived American television series Blind Justice , and has appeared from 2006 to 2012 in the supporting role of Hasty Hathaway in the Jesse Stone series of TV films, starring Tom Selleck . His single-episode guest appearances during

7007-425: The silent passivity of a whole crowd to maintain their cover." He also notes that "hunters" were outnumbered by "helpers" by a ratio of one to 20 or 30. Michael C. Steinlauf writes that not only the fear of the death penalty was an obstacle limiting Polish aid to Jews, but also antisemitism, which made many individuals uncertain of their neighbors' reaction to their attempts at rescue. Number of authors have noted

7098-399: The stereotypes that comprise anti-Polonism . The presenting of selective evidence in support of preconceived notions have led some popular press to draw overly simplistic and often misleading conclusions regarding the role played by Poles at the time of the Holocaust. In an attempt to discourage Poles from helping the Jews and to destroy any efforts of the resistance, the Germans applied

7189-401: The subject of intense historical and political controversy since the 1980s, when the received notion of the Polish people standing united and unwavering against the German occupier was criticised by Israeli historians, such as Israel Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski , and by Polish intellectuals and historians, such as Jan Błoński and in 2000 Jan T. Gross 's book, Neighbors: The Destruction of

7280-503: The territories incorporated directly into the German Reich, the death penalty for helping Jews was not introduced, but it was imposed locally during the liquidation of the ghettos. Initially, the death penalty was imposed sporadically and only on Jews. Until the summer of 1942, Poles who helped them were fined or imprisoned. The situation changed during the liquidation of the ghettos, when the caught Jews were immediately killed, and

7371-478: The village was burned to the ground as punishment. The forms of protection varied from village to village. In Gołąbki , the farm of Jerzy and Irena Krępeć provided a hiding place for as many as 30 Jews; years after the war, the couple's son recalled in an interview with the Montreal Gazette that their actions were "an open secret in the village [that] everyone knew they had to keep quiet" and that

7462-468: The villages of Czajków near Staszów as well as several villages near Łowicz , in Korzeniówka near Grójec , near Żyrardów , in Łaskarzew , and across Kielce Voivodship . In tiny villages where there was no permanent Nazi military presence, such as Dąbrowa Rzeczycka , Kępa Rzeczycka and Wola Rzeczycka near Stalowa Wola , some Jews were able to openly participate in the lives of their communities. Olga Lilien, recalling her wartime experience in

7553-467: The war. There were people, the so-called szmalcownicy ("shmalts people" from shmalts or szmalec , slang term for money), who blackmailed the hiding Jews and Poles helping them, or who turned the Jews to the Germans for a reward. Outside the cities there were peasants of various ethnic backgrounds looking for Jews hiding in the forests, to demand money from them. There were also Jews turning in other Jews and ethnic Poles in order to alleviate hunger with

7644-463: Was hanged for offering shelter to three Jews and three partisans. In Przemyśl Michał Kruk and several other people in were executed on September 6, 1943 for the assistance they had rendered to the Jews. For helping Jews, Father Adam Sztark  [ pl ] and the CSIC Maria Wołowska  [ pl ] and Ewa Noiszewska  [ pl ] were murdered on 19 December 1942 in

7735-634: Was killed by Germans in 1944. The Ładoś Group also called the Bernese Group ( Aleksander Ładoś , Konstanty Rokicki , Stefan Ryniewicz , Juliusz Kühl , Abraham Silberschein , Chaim Eiss ) was a group of Polish diplomats and Jewish activists who elaborated in Switzerland a system of illegal production of Latin American passports aimed at saving European Jews from Holocaust . Ca 10.000 Jews received such passports, of which over 3000 have been saved. The group efforts are documented in

7826-416: Was located at the entrance to the Warsaw Ghetto . When the Nazis commenced the clearing of the ghetto in 1941, Getter took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes. As the Nazis began sending orphans to the gas chambers, Getter issued fake baptismal certificates, providing the children with false identities. The sisters lived in daily fear of the Germans. Michael Phayer credits Getter and

7917-819: Was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival . He was previously a stage actor and director, working with the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and Theatre Passe Muraille , and co-founding the Canadian Stage Company . Rubinek was born in Föhrenwald , a displaced-persons camp in Allied-occupied Germany , in 1948. His parents, Frania and Israel Rubinek, were both Yiddish -speaking Polish Jews who were hidden by Polish farmers for over two years during World War II . So Many Miracles ,

8008-500: Was offered to Polish Jews or left in places Jews would pass on their way to forced labor . Other Poles directed Jewish ghetto escapees to Poles who could help them. Some Poles sheltered Jews for only one or a few nights; others assumed full responsibility for their survival, fully aware that the Germans punished by summary execution those (as well as their families) who helped Jews. A special role fell to Polish physicians who saved thousands of Jews. Dr. Eugeniusz Łazowski , known as

8099-504: Was proposed by Teresa Prekerowa who claimed that between 160,000 and 360,000 Poles assisted in hiding Jews, amounting to between 1% and 2.5% of the 15 million adult Poles she categorized as "those who could offer help." Her estimation counts only those who were involved in hiding Jews directly. It also assumes that each Jew who hid among the non-Jewish populace stayed throughout the war in only one hiding place and as such had only one set of helpers. However, other historians indicate that

8190-573: Was the first to inform the Western Allies about the Holocaust, although early reports were often met with disbelief, even by Jewish leaders themselves, and then, for much longer, by Western powers. Witold Pilecki was a member of the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK) resistance, and the only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz . As an agent of the underground intelligence, he began sending numerous reports about

8281-585: Was to prevent its ethnically diverse population from uniting against Germany. The Nazi plan for Polish Jews was one of concentration, isolation, and eventually total annihilation in the Holocaust also known as the Shoah . Similar policy measures toward the Polish Catholic majority focused on the murder or suppression of political, religious, and intellectual leaders as well as the Germanization of

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