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138-430: The ICCA has brought together some 46 countries and over 250 parliamentarians from around the world to lead the fight against global Antisemitism. The ICCA's principal purpose is to share knowledge, experience and recommendations in an attempt to deal more effectively with contemporary Antisemitism (i.e. old and new antisemitism ). The first annual conference of the " Inter-parliamentary Coalition for Combating Antisemitism "

276-468: A South Asian initiative and an APC member project released a study on hate speech online in Pakistan on June 7, 2014. The research included two independent phases: According to the report: The Internet has grown at unprecedented rates. Myanmar is transitioning towards greater openness and access, which leads to social media negatives, such as using hate speech and calls to violence. In 2014,

414-405: A real-name system to have more control on online hate speech. Such measures have been deeply contested as they are seen to violate the right to privacy and its intersection with free expression. Many instances of online hate speech are posted by Internet "trolls" , which are typically pseudonymous users who post shocking, vulgar, and overall untrue content that is explicitly intended to trigger

552-476: A "single, unified phenomenon" that could be called "new" antisemitism. He accepts that there is reason for the Jewish community to be concerned, but argues that any increase in antisemitic incidents is attributable to classical antisemitism. Proponents of the new antisemitism concept, he writes, see an organizing principle that allows them to formulate a new concept, but it is only in terms of this concept that many of

690-617: A British novelist and journalist, calls this phenomenon "Jew-hating pure and simple, the Jew-hating which many of us have always suspected was the only explanation for the disgust that contorts and disfigures faces when the mere word Israel crops up in conversation." Antony Lerman , writing in the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz in September 2008, argues that the concept of a "new antisemitism" has brought about "a revolutionary change in

828-490: A Jewish state) can be legitimately described as racist in essence. Norman H. Finkelstein describes the BDS movement as failing all of Natan Sharansky 's 3D's, since the movement delegitimizes Israel, demonizes Israel, and applies double standards for criticizing Israel out of proportion to other nations, ignoring other countries' misdeeds. In 2024, over 1000 entertainers, authors and artists signed an open letter, released by

966-663: A belief in the State of Israel's responsibility for the Arab-Israeli conflict is considered "part of what a reasonably informed, progressive, decent person thinks." He argues that Jews have a tendency to see the State of Israel as a victim because they were very recently themselves "the quintessential victims". Norman Finkelstein argues that organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League have brought forward charges of new antisemitism at various intervals since

1104-429: A causal relationship between Israeli policies and hostility toward Jews, since "if Israeli policies, and widespread Jewish support for them, evoke hostility toward Jews, it means that Israel and its Jewish supporters might themselves be causing anti-Semitism; and it might be doing so because Israel and its Jewish supporters are in the wrong ". Tariq Ali , a British-Pakistani historian and political activist, argues that

1242-518: A certain amount of respect. The Western form of antisemitism – what Lewis calls "the cosmic, satanic version of Jew hatred – arrived in the Middle East in several stages, beginning with Christian missionaries in the 19th century and continued to grow slowly into the 20th century up to the establishment of the Third Reich . He writes that it increased because of

1380-464: A certain category of users (e.g. users living outside a specific country). The principles that inspire terms of service agreements and the mechanisms that each company develops to ensure their implementation have significant repercussions on the ability that people have to express themselves online as well as to be protected from hate speech. Most intermediaries have to enter in negotiations with national governments to an extent that varies according to

1518-564: A clear message to the Arab world. He writes that this third wave of antisemitism has in common with the first wave that Jews are able to be part of it. With religious antisemitism, Jews were able to distance themselves from Judaism, and Lewis writes that some even reached high rank within the church and the Inquisition . With racial antisemitism, this was not possible, but with the new, ideological, antisemitism, Jews are once again able to join

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1656-423: A democratic society , in the interests of national security , territorial integrity or public safety , for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary." The European Court of Human Rights

1794-597: A different approach in Article 9 (2), allowing for restrictions on rights as long as they are "within the law." This concept has been criticized and there is a vast amount of legal scholarship on the so-called "claw-back" clauses and their interpretation. The criticism is mainly aimed at the fact that countries can manipulate their own legislation and weaken the essence of the right to freedom of expression. The Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa elaborates

1932-468: A flight of the Jewish people from its universal mission. In 1974, Arnold Forster and Benjamin Epstein of the Anti-Defamation League published the book The New anti-Semitism . They expressed concern about what they described as new manifestations of antisemitism coming from radical left, radical right, and pro-Arab figures in the U.S. Forster and Epstein argued that it took the form of indifference to

2070-571: A form of anti-Semitism. It's simply criticism of the criminal actions of a state, period. Irwin Cotler , Professor of Law at McGill University and a scholar of human rights, has identified nine aspects of what he considers to constitute the "new anti-Semitism": Cotler defines "classical or traditional anti-Semitism" as "the discrimination against, denial of or assault upon the rights of Jews to live as equal members of whatever host society they inhabit" and "new anti-Semitism" as "discrimination against

2208-558: A higher standard for limitations on freedom of expression. It declares that the right "should not be restricted on public order or national security grounds unless there is a real risk of harm to a legitimate interest and there is a close causal link between the risk of harm and the expression." In 1990, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (which was later renamed Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OIC) adopted

2346-599: A long time in different formats across multiple platforms, which can be linked repeatedly. As Andre Oboler, the CEO of the Online Hate Prevention Institute , has noted, "The longer the content stays available, the more damage it can inflict on the victims and empower the perpetrators. If you remove the content at an early stage you can limit the exposure. This is just like cleaning litter, it doesn't stop people from littering but if you do not take care of

2484-596: A manner similar to the ICCPR in Article 19 (3). The Organization of American States has also adopted another declaration on the principles of freedom of expression, which includes a specific clause stating that "prior conditioning of expressions, such as truthfulness, timeliness or impartiality is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression recognized in international instruments." The Inter-American Court has advised that "(a)buse of freedom of information thus cannot be controlled by preventive measures but only through

2622-406: A more effective channel for resolving issues in some cases, although these bodies are also often impacted upon by cross-jurisdictional appeals for data (such as revealing the identity of the author(s) of a particular content). Different jurisdictions also have unique definitions for hate speech, making it difficult to prosecute perpetrators who may seek haven in less stringent jurisdictions. Unlike

2760-492: A negative reaction, though may also be intended to influence or recruit the reader to their beliefs, if they share the same opinion. Social media has also provided a platform for radical and extremist political or religious groups to form, network, and collaborate to spread their messages of anti-establishment and anti-political correctness, and promote beliefs and ideologies that are racist , anti-feminist , homophobic , transphobic , etc. Fully-anonymous online communication

2898-427: A new form based on anti-racism and anti-nationalism . He identifies some of its main features as the identification of Zionism with racism; the use of material related to Holocaust denial (such as doubts about the number of victims and allegations that there is a " Holocaust industry "); a discourse borrowed from third worldism , anti-imperialism , anti-colonialism , anti-Americanism and anti-globalization ; and

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3036-416: A non-representative sample of users, but answers like those above should at least invite to caution towards hypotheses connecting expressions and actions, even in spaces whose main function is to host extremist views. The Southern Poverty Law Center published a study in 2014 that found users of the site "were allegedly responsible for the murders of nearly 100 people in the preceding five years." Hate speech

3174-725: A part of the Council of Europe , called on its member nations to ensure that anti-racist criminal law covers antisemitism, and in 2005, the EUMC offered a discussion paper on a working definition of antisemitism in an attempt to enable a standard definition to be used for data collection: It defined antisemitism as "a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred towards Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed towards Jews and non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, towards Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." The paper's “Examples of

3312-592: A particular conceptualization of hate speech, has been deeply contested. The Human Rights Committee , the United Nations body created by the ICCPR to oversee its implementation, cognizant of the tension, has sought to stress that Article 20 is fully compatible with the right to freedom of expression. In the ICCPR, the right to freedom of expression is not an absolute right. It can legitimately be limited by states under restricted circumstances: "3. The exercise of

3450-495: A person or a group based on their race , religion , ethnic origin , sexual orientation , disability , and/or gender . Online hate speech is not easily defined, but can be recognized by the degrading or dehumanizing function it serves. Multilateral treaties , such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) have sought to define its contours. Multi-stakeholders processes (e.g.

3588-495: A political or social justice issue. 35% of those respondents cited the Black Lives Matter movement, police reform , and/or race relations . 18% of respondents reported a change of opinion on political parties, ideologies , politicians, and/or President Donald Trump . 9% of respondents cited social justice issues, such as LGBTQIA+ rights, feminism , immigration , etc. 8% of respondents changed their opinion on

3726-522: A race, religion, or ethnicity, and whether antisemitism comes from the right or the left, the antisemite's image of the Jew is always as "a people set apart, not merely by their customs but by their collective character. They are arrogant, secretive, cunning, always looking to turn a profit. Loyal only to their own, wherever they go they form a state within a state, preying upon the societies in whose midst they dwell. Mysteriously powerful, their hidden hand controls

3864-766: A showing that these grounds of liability are ‘necessary to ensure' the aforementioned ends." The Inter-American System has a Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression who conducted a comprehensive study on hate speech. He concluded that the Inter-American Human Rights System differs from the United Nations and the European approach on a key point: The Inter-American system covers and restricts hate speech that actually leads to violence, and solely such speech can be restricted. The African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples' Rights takes

4002-493: A specific country to operate. Search Engines, while they can modify search results for self-regulatory or commercial reasons, have increasingly tended to adapt to the intermediary liability regime of both their registered home jurisdictions and other jurisdictions in which they provide their services, either removing links to content proactively or upon request by authorities. All Internet intermediaries operated by private companies are also expected to respect human rights . This

4140-482: A way that precludes "free speech" and "rigorous debate" about Israel's activities. Cotler said that it is "too simplistic to say that anti-Zionism, per se , is anti-Semitic" and argued that labelling Israel as an apartheid state , while in his view "distasteful", is "still within the boundaries of argument" and not inherently antisemitic. He continued: "It's [when] you say, because it's an apartheid state, [that] it has to be dismantled – then [you've] crossed

4278-574: A way to silence opposition to the policies of the Israeli government. "[C]riticise Israel," he writes, "and you are an anti-Semite just as surely as if you were throwing paint at a synagogue in Paris ." Scholars including Werner Bergmann , Simon Schama , Alan Johnson , David Hirsh and Anthony Julius have described a distinctively 21st century form of antisemitic anti-Zionism characterized by left-wing hostility to Jews. According to historian Geoffrey Alderman , opposition to Zionism (being against

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4416-592: A web-based application that collects instances of hate speech online worldwide, the majority of cases of hate speech target individuals based on ethnicity and nationality , but incitements to hatred focusing on religion and social class have also been on the rise. While hate speech online is not intrinsically different from similar expressions found offline, there are peculiar challenges unique to online content and its regulation. Those challenges related to its permanence, itinerancy, anonymity and complex cross-jurisdictional character. Hate speech can stay online for

4554-485: Is "legitimate in principle", he adds that the growing literature in this field "exceeds all reason"; the attacks are often vitriolic, and encompass views that are not inherently anti-Zionist. Lerman argues that this redefinition has had unfortunate repercussions. He writes that serious scholarly research into contemporary antisemitism has become "virtually non-existent", and that the subject is now most frequently studied and analyzed by "people lacking any serious expertise in

4692-683: Is a different phenomenon and a more dangerous one for Jews. Brian Klug , senior research fellow in philosophy at St Benet's Hall, Oxford  – who gave expert testimony in February 2006 to a British parliamentary inquiry into antisemitism in the UK, and in November 2004 to the Hearing on Anti-Semitism at the German Bundestag  – argues against the idea that there is

4830-490: Is a distinction between optional and obligatory limitations to the right to freedom of expression. Article 19 (3) states that limitations on freedom of expression "may therefore be subject to certain restrictions", as long as they are provided by law and necessary to certain legitimate purposes. Article 20 states that any advocacy of (certain kinds of) hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination , hostility or violence "shall be prohibited by law." Despite indications on

4968-523: Is careful to distinguish between hate speech and the right of individuals to express their views freely, even if others take offense. There are regional instances relevant specifically to online hate speech. The Council of Europe (CoE) in 2000 issued a General Policy Recommendation on Combating the Dissemination of Racist, Xenophobic and Anti-Semitic Material via the Internet. The creation of

5106-489: Is imbedded in formulations suggesting that if we somehow get rid of antisemitism, we will get rid of anti-Israelism. This reduces the problems of prejudice against Israel to cartoon proportions." Raab describes prejudice against Israel as a "serious breach of morality and good sense," and argues that it is often a bridge to antisemitism, but distinguishes it from antisemitism as such. Steven Zipperstein, professor of Jewish Culture and History at Stanford University , argues that

5244-652: Is included in some definitions of antisemitism, such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism . The concept dates to the early 1970s. Proponents of the concept generally posit that in the late 20th and early 21st centuries much of what is purported to be criticism of Israel is in fact tantamount to demonization , and that together with evidence of a resurgence of antisemitic attacks on Jews , desecration of Jewish symbols and Judaism , Holocaust denial , and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in public discourse and online hate speech , such demonization represents an evolution in

5382-791: Is not clearly defined. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), which came into force in 1969, has also implications for conceptualizing forms of hate speech. The ICERD differs from the ICCPR in three respects. Its conceptualization of hate speech is specifically limited to speech that refers to race and ethnicity . It asserts in Article 4, paragraph (a), that state parties: "Shall declare as an offense punishable by law all dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination, as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another color or ethnic origin, and also

5520-642: Is not covered in depth in international law . The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which entered into force in 1981, imposes obligations on states to condemn discrimination against women and "prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish" acts of gender-based violence. Most regional instruments do not have specific articles prescribing prohibition of hate speech, but they more generally allow states to limit freedom of expression—which provisions can be applied to specific cases. The American Convention on Human Rights describes limitations on freedom of expression in

5658-685: Is not explicitly mentioned in many international human rights documents and treaties , but it is indirectly called upon by some of the principles related to human dignity and freedom of expression . For example, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which was drafted as a response to the atrocities of the World War II , contains the right to equal protection under the law in Article 7, which proclaims that: "All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination." The UDHR also states that everyone has

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5796-593: Is rare, as it requires the user to employ highly technical measures to ensure that they cannot be easily identified. A further complication is the transnational reach of the Internet , raising issues of cross jurisdictional co-operation in regard to legal mechanisms for combating hate speech. While there are Mutual Legal Assistance treaties in place across Europe , Asia , and North America , these are characteristically slow to work. The transnational reach of many private-sector Internet intermediaries may provide

5934-506: Is removed, it may find expression elsewhere, possibly on the same platform under a different name or on different online spaces. If a website is shut down, it can quickly reopen using a web-hosting service with less stringent regulations or via the reallocation to a country with laws imposing higher threshold for hate speech. The itinerant nature of hate speech also means that poorly formulated thoughts, or under-the-influence behavior, that would have not found public expression and support in

6072-899: Is set out in the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights elaborated by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . The document emphasizes corporate responsibility to respect human rights through due diligence. In principle 11, it declares that: "Business enterprises should respect human rights. This means that they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved." The United Nations Guiding Principles also indicate that in cases in which human rights are violated, companies should "provide for or cooperate in their remediation through legitimate processes." In

6210-540: Is the Israeli situation, and if a compromise were achieved there antisemitism would decline but not disappear. Dina Porat, professor at Tel Aviv University says that, while in principle there is no new antisemitism, we can speak of antisemitism in a new envelope. Otherwise Porat speaks of a new and violent form of antisemitism in Western Europe starting after the Second Intifada . Howard Jacobson ,

6348-618: Is this new political alignment, he argues, that makes new antisemitism unique. Mark Strauss of Foreign Policy links new antisemitism to anti-globalism , describing it as "the medieval image of the "Christ-killing" Jew resurrected on the editorial pages of cosmopolitan European newspapers." Rajesh Krishnamachari, researcher with the South Asia Analysis Group , analyzed antisemitism in Iran, Turkey, Palestine, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia and posited that

6486-456: Is true that the new antisemitism incorporates the idea that antisemitism is hostility to Jews as Jews, the source of the hostility has changed; therefore, to continue using the same expression for it – antisemitism – causes confusion. Today's hostility to Jews as Jews is based on the Arab–Israeli conflict , not on ancient European fantasies. Israel proclaims itself as

6624-413: The 2016 election . Unlike mainstream media , the alt-right does not need to comply to any rules when it comes to influence and do not need to worry about network ratings, audience reviews, or sensationalism . Alt-right groups can share and persuade others of their controversial beliefs as bluntly and brashly as they desire, on any platform, which may have played a role in the 2016 election. Although

6762-485: The COVID-19 pandemic , and 10% cited other opinions. Based on these results, social media plays an important role in influencing public opinion. A study conducted by researchers Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis observed media manipulation and explored how the alt-right marketed, networked, and collaborated to influence their controversial beliefs that could have potentially helped influence President Trump 's victory in

6900-601: The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI), which calls for criminalization of speech that extends beyond cases of imminent violence to encompass "acts or speech that denote manifest intolerance and hate." The Arab Charter on Human Rights, which was adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States in 2004, includes in Article 32 provisions that are relevant also for online communication as it guarantees

7038-530: The Rabat Plan of Action) have tried to bring greater clarity and suggested mechanisms to identify hateful messages. National and regional bodies have sought to promote understandings of the term that are more rooted in local traditions . The Internet 's speed and reach makes it difficult for governments to enforce national legislation in the virtual world . Social media is a private space for public expression, which makes it difficult for regulators. Some of

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7176-486: The Six-Day War were careful to observe the distinction between anti-Zionism and antisemitism. Historian Bernard Lewis argues that the new antisemitism represents the third, or ideological, wave of antisemitism, the first two waves being religious and racial antisemitism. Lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from

7314-642: The UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues expressed her concern over the spread of misinformation , hate speech and incitement to violence , discrimination and hostility in the media and Internet, particularly targeted against a minority community. The growing tension online has gone parallel with cases of actual violence leaving hundreds dead and thousands displaced. One challenge in this process has concerned ethnic and religious minorities. In 2013, 43 people were killed due to clashes that erupted after

7452-518: The United States of America and then globally. The forum hosts calls for a racial holy war and incitement to use violence to resist immigration . and is considered a space for recruiting activists and possibly coordinating violent acts. The few studies that have explored the identities of Stormfront actually depict a more complex picture. Rather than seeing it as a space for coordinating actions. Well-known extreme right activists have accused

7590-401: The 1967 Six-Day War . He cites papers by Jacques Givet (1968) and historian Léon Poliakov (1969) discussing the idea of a new antisemitism rooted in anti-Zionism. He argues that anti-Jewish themes centered on the demonical figures of Israel and what he calls "fantasy-world Zionism": that Jews plot together , seek to conquer the world, and are imperialistic and bloodthirsty, which gave rise to

7728-480: The 1970s, "not to fight antisemitism but rather to exploit the historical suffering of Jews in order to immunize Israel against criticism". He writes that most evidence purporting to show a new antisemitism has been taken from organizations that are linked in some way to Israel, or that have "a material stake in inflating the findings of anti-Semitism," and that some antisemitic incidents reported in recent years either did not occur or were misidentified. As an example of

7866-638: The Charter must not be interpreted as implying any "limitation to a greater extent than is provided for therein." An example of a limitation which implies a strict test of necessity and proportionality is the provision on freedom of expression in the European Convention on Human Rights , which underlines that the exercise of freedom of expression carries duties and responsibilities. It "may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in

8004-879: The CoE Convention on Cybercrime in 2001, which regulates mutual assistance regarding investigative powers, provides signatory countries with a mechanism to deal with computer data , which would include transnational hate speech online. In 2003 the CoE launched an additional protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime which addresses online expression of racism and xenophobia. The convention and its protocol were opened for signature and ratification of countries outside Europe , and other countries, such as Canada and South Africa , are already part of this convention. The Protocol imposes an obligation on Member States to criminalize racist and xenophobic insults online of "(i) persons for

8142-491: The Committee recommends state parties to: "(r) Take measures against any dissemination of ideas of caste superiority and inferiority or which attempt to justify violence, hatred or discrimination against descent-based communities; (s) Take strict measures against any incitement to discrimination or violence against the communities, including through the Internet; (t) Take measures to raise awareness among media professionals of

8280-587: The Crime of Genocide (1951), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , ICERD (1969), and, to a lesser extent, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women , CEDAW (1981). The ICCPR is the legal instrument most commonly referred to in debates on hate speech and its regulation, although it does not explicitly use

8418-572: The Declaration provides for general limitations, affirming, "the realization of human rights must be considered in the regional and national context bearing in mind different political, economic, legal, social, cultural, historical and religious backgrounds." The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which declares the right to freedom of expression in Article 11, has a clause which prohibits abuse of rights. It asserts that

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8556-672: The EUMC Working Definition of Antisemitism as a basis for education, training and orientation [...] Establishing an International Task Force of Internet specialists comprised of parliamentarians and experts to create common indicators to identify and monitor Antisemitism and other manifestations of hate online and to develop policy recommendations for Governments and international frameworks to address these problems. Jason Kenney, Canada Immigration and Multiculturalism Minister, has said: John Baird, Canada Foreign Affairs Minister has said: Professor Irwin Cotler, MP and Chair of

8694-445: The EUMC [...] working definition of Antisemitism. Calling on our Governments to uphold international commitments on combating Antisemitism [...] Calling on Parliaments and Governments to adopt the EUMC Working Definition of Antisemitism and anchor its enforcement in existing law [...] Encouraging countries throughout the world to establish mechanisms for reporting and monitoring on domestic and international Antisemitism [...] Encouraging

8832-465: The ICCPR is more specific than discriminatory speech described in the ICERD, since it is taken to require consideration of the intent of author and not the expression in isolation —this is because "advocacy" is interpreted in the ICCPR as requiring the intent to sow hatred. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has actively addressed hate speech in its General Recommendation 29, in which

8970-702: The ICERD, the Genocide Convention aims to protect groups defined by race, nationality or ethnicity, although it also extends its provisions to religious groups. When it comes to hate speech the Genocide Convention is limited only to acts that publicly incite to genocide , recognized as "acts committed with intent to destroy , in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group", regardless of whether such acts are undertaken in peacetime or in wartime. Specifically gender-based hate speech (as distinct from discriminatory actions)

9108-558: The Inter-Parliamentary Coalition for Combating Antisemitism, said that: Kenneth L. Marcus, Director, Initiative to Combat Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israelism in America's Educational Systems, has written: New antisemitism New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism . The concept

9246-521: The Internet's potential to spread hate and violence are common, as if the links between online and offline violence were well known. On the contrary, as the following example indicates, appearances may often be deceiving. Stormfront is considered the first "hate website." Launched in March 1995 by a former Ku Klux Klan leader , it quickly became a popular space for discussing ideas related to Neo-Nazism , White nationalism and White separatism , first in

9384-497: The London Conference in February 2009, there continues to be a dramatic increase in recorded Antisemitic hate crimes and attacks targeting Jewish persons and property, and Jewish religious, educational and communal institutions. We remain alarmed by ongoing state-sanctioned genocidal Antisemitism and related extremist ideologies [...] We are appalled by the resurgence of the classic anti-Jewish libels [...] We are alarmed by

9522-588: The Soviet Union, but added that similar rhetoric had been taken up by a part of the radical Left, particularly Trotskyist groups in Western Europe and America. When asked in 2014 if "anti-Zionism is the new anti-Semitism", Noam Chomsky stated: Actually, the locus classicus, the best formulation of this, was by an ambassador to the United Nations, Abba Eban , ... He advised the American Jewish community that they had two tasks to perform. One task

9660-409: The ability to say horrific things because they think they will not be discovered. This is what makes online hate speech so unique, because people feel much more comfortable speaking hate as opposed to real life when they have to deal with the consequences of what they say." China and South Korea enforce real-name policies for social media . Facebook , LinkedIn , and Quora have sought to activate

9798-415: The appearance of antisemitic beliefs. Proponents argue that anti-Zionism and demonization of Israel , or double standards applied to its conduct (some also include anti-Americanism , anti-globalization , and Third-Worldism ) may be linked to antisemitism, or constitute disguised antisemitism, particularly when emanating simultaneously from the far-left , Islamism , and the far-right . Critics of

9936-419: The banks and the media. They will even drag governments into war if this suits their purposes. Such is the figure of 'the Jew,' transmitted from generation to generation." [W]hen anti-Semitism is everywhere, it is nowhere. And when every anti-Zionist is an anti-Semite, we no longer know how to recognize the real thing—the concept of anti-Semitism loses its significance. — Brian Klug He argues that although it

10074-472: The basic enemies ... Let there be no mistake: the new left is the author and the progenitor of the new anti-Semitism. One of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all. Anti-Zionism is merely the new anti-Semitism. The old classic anti-Semitism declared that equal rights belong to all individuals within

10212-519: The case of Internet intermediaries and conceptions of hate speech, this means that they should ensure that measures are in place to provide a commensurate response. The Pew Research Center surveyed over 10,000 adults in July 2020 to study social media's effect on politics and social justice activism. 23% of respondents, who are adult social media users, reported that social media content has caused them to change their opinion, positively or negatively, on

10350-519: The collective rights of the Jewish people, but he criticized Forster and Epstein for conflating it with anti-Israel bias. Allan Brownfeld writes that Forster and Epstein's new definition of antisemitism trivialized the concept by turning it into "a form of political blackmail" and "a weapon with which to silence any criticism of either Israel or U.S. policy in the Middle East," while Edward S. Shapiro, in A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II , has written that "Forster and Epstein implied that

10488-583: The companies owning these spaces have become more responsive towards tackling online hate speech. The concept of hate speech touches on the clash of freedom of expression and individual, collective, and minority rights , as well as concepts of dignity , liberty , and equality . It is not easily defined but can be recognized by its function. In national and international legislation, hate speech refers to expressions that advocate incitement to harm, including acts of discrimination , hostility , radicalization , verbal and/or physical violence , based upon

10626-522: The concept argue that it is used in practice to weaponize antisemitism in order to silence political debate and freedom of speech regarding the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict , by conflating political anti-Zionism and criticism of the Israeli government with racism, condoning violence against Jews or likening the Israeli government's actions to the Holocaust . Such arguments have in turn been criticized as antisemitic and rhetorically irrelevant to

10764-498: The concept of hate speech may be prone to manipulation; accusations of instigating hate speech may be traded among political opponents or used by those in power to curb dissent and criticism . Hate speech (be it conveyed through text, images, and/or sound) can be identified by approximation through the degrading or dehumanizing functions that it serves. Legal scholar and political theorist Jeremy Waldron argues that hate speech always contains two messages: first, to let members of

10902-719: The concept of new antisemitism amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the interests of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign against "the supposed new 'anti-semitism ' " in modern Europe is a "cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Government to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians.... Criticism of Israel can not and should not be equated with anti-semitism." He argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti-Zionist groups that emerged after

11040-516: The contested reality of new antisemitism. Further critical arguments include that the concept defines legitimate criticism of Israel too narrowly and demonization too broadly, and that it trivializes the meaning of antisemitism. French philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff argues that the first wave of " la nouvelle judéophobie " emerged in the Arab-Muslim world and the Soviet sphere following

11178-430: The creation and access to specific content. A vast amount of online interactions occur on social networking platforms that transcend national jurisdictions and which platforms have also developed their own definitions of hate speech and measures to respond to it. For a user who violates the terms of service, the content he or she has posted may be removed from the platform, or its access may be restricted to be viewed only by

11316-526: The critics. The new antisemitism also allows non-Jews, he argues, to criticize or attack Jews without feeling overshadowed by the crimes of the Nazis. Yehuda Bauer , professor of Holocaust studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , considers the concept "new antisemitism" false, describing the phenomenon as old, latent antisemitism that recurs when triggered. In his view, the current trigger

11454-409: The default gaming population are deploying hegemonic whiteness and masculinity to the detriment of non-white and/or non-male users within the space." Gray examined sexism and racism in the online gaming community. Gamers attempt to identify the gender, sexuality, and ethnic background of their teammates and opponents through linguistic profiling , when the other players cannot be seen. Due to

11592-449: The discourse about anti-Semitism". He writes that most contemporary discussions concerning antisemitism have become focused on issues concerning Israel and Zionism, and that the equation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism has become for many a "new orthodoxy". He adds that this redefinition has often resulted in "Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism". While Lerman accepts that exposing alleged Jewish antisemitism

11730-726: The dissemination of hate speech through conventional channels, victims of online hate speech may face difficulties knowing to whom they should turn to help, as the platform, their local law enforcement, and the local law enforcement of the person or people using hate speech, may all feel as though the issue does not fall into their jurisdiction, even when hate speech policies and laws are in place. Nongovernmental organizations and lobby groups have been raising awareness and encourage different stakeholders to take action. Some tech companies, such as Facebook , use Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to monitor hate speech. However, AI may not always be an effective way of monitoring hate speech, since

11868-474: The dissemination of what he calls the "myth" of the "intrinsically good Palestinian – the innocent victim par excellence ." In early 2009, 125 parliamentarians from various countries gathered in London for the founding conference of a group called the "Interparliamentary Coalition for Combating Anti-Semitism" (ICCA). They suggest that while classical antisemitism "overlaps" modern antisemitism, it

12006-581: The evidence show? There has been good investigation done, serious investigation. All the evidence shows there's no evidence at all for a rise of a new anti-Semitism, whether in Europe or in North America. The evidence is zero. And, in fact, there's a new book put out by an Israel stalwart. His name is Walter Laqueur , a very prominent scholar. It's called The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism . It just came out, 2006, from Oxford University Press . He looks at

12144-608: The evidence, and he says no. There's some in Europe among the Muslim community, there's some anti-Semitism, but the notion that in the heart of European society or North American society there's anti-Semitism is preposterous. And in fact – or no, a significant rise in anti-Semitism is preposterous." In 2023, according to the FBI , antisemitic hate crimes in the United States surged 63 percent to 1,832 recorded incidents,

12282-530: The examples cited in evidence of it count as examples in the first place. That is, the creation of the concept may be based on a circular argument or tautology . He argues that it is an unhelpful concept, because it devalues the term "antisemitism," leading to widespread cynicism about the use of it. People of goodwill who support the Palestinians resent being falsely accused of antisemitism. Klug defines classical antisemitism as "an ingrained European fantasy about Jews as Jews," arguing that whether Jews are seen as

12420-451: The explosion of Antisemitism and hate on the Internet [...] We are concerned by the reported incidents of Antisemitism on campuses. We renew our call for national Governments, Parliaments, international institutions, political and civic leaders, NGOs, and civil society to affirm democratic and human values, build societies based on respect and citizenship and combat any manifestations of Antisemitism and all forms of discrimination. We reaffirm

12558-550: The fears of the Jewish people, apathy in dealing with anti-Jewish bias, and an inability to understand the importance of Israel to Jewish survival. Reviewing Forster and Epstein's work in Commentary , Earl Raab, founding director of the Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at Brandeis University , argued that a "new anti-Semitism" was indeed emerging in America, in the form of opposition to

12696-411: The forum to be just a gathering for " keyboard warriors ." One of them for example, as reported by De Koster and Houtman, stated, "I have read quite a few pieces around the forum, and it strikes me that a great fuss is made, whereas little happens. The section activism/politics itself is plainly ridiculous. [...] Not to mention the assemblies where just four people turn up." Even more revealing are some of

12834-598: The gravity of speech offenses that should be prohibited by law under Article 20, there remains complexity. In particular there is a grey area in conceptualizing clear distinctions between (i) expressions of hatred, (ii) expression that advocate hatred, and (iii) hateful speech that specifically constitutes incitement to the practical harms of discrimination, hostility or violence. While states have an obligation to prohibit speech conceived as "advocacy to hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence", as consistent with Article 20 (2), how to interpret such

12972-656: The highest on record.  Antisemitic incidents represented 15% of all hate crimes and 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, though Jews only make up about 2% of the population. In 2024, reports of bomb threats to synagogues, antisemitic harassment, vandalism and assault reached record-high numbers in four of the past six years in the United States. The 3D Test of Antisemitism is a set of criteria put forth by Natan Sharansky to distinguish legitimate criticism of Israel from antisemitism. The three Ds stand for Delegitimization of Israel , Demonization of Israel, and subjecting Israel to Double standards, each of which, according to

13110-593: The humiliation of the Israeli military victories of 1948 and 1967 . Into this mix entered the United Nations . Lewis argues that the international public response and the United Nations' handling of the 1948 refugee situation convinced the Arab world that discrimination against Jews was acceptable. When the ancient Jewish community in East Jerusalem was evicted and its monuments desecrated or destroyed , they were offered no help. Similarly, when Jewish refugees fled or were driven out of Arab countries , no help

13248-665: The incident an act of antisemitism. The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) (superseded in 2007 by the Fundamental Rights Agency ) noted an upswing in antisemitic incidents in France, Germany, Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and The Netherlands between July 2003 and December 2004. In September 2004, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance,

13386-596: The intense atmosphere of the virtual gaming sphere , and the inability to not be seen, located, or physically confronted, gamers tend to say things on the virtual game that they likely would not have said in a public setting. Many gamers of marginalized communities have branched off from the global gaming network and joined " clans ," that consist of only gamers of the same gender, sexuality, and/or ethnic identity, to avoid discrimination while gaming. A study found that 78 percent of all online gamers play in "guilds" which are smaller groups of players, similar to " clans ." One of

13524-616: The leaders of all religious faiths – represented also at this Conference – to use all means possible to combat Antisemitism and all forms of hatred and discrimination [...] Calling on the Parliamentary Forum of the Community of Democracies to make the combating of hatred and Antisemitism a priority in their work [...] Working with universities to encourage them to combat Antisemitism with the same seriousness with which they confront other forms of hate [...] Universities should use

13662-533: The line into a racist argument, or an anti-Jewish argument." Jack Fischel , former chair of history at Millersville University of Pennsylvania , writes that new antisemitism is a new phenomenon stemming from a coalition of "leftists, vociferously opposed to the policies of Israel, and right-wing antisemites, committed to the destruction of Israel, [who] were joined by millions of Muslims, including Arabs, who immigrated to Europe... and who brought with them their hatred of Israel in particular and of Jews in general." It

13800-824: The misuse of the term "antisemitism," he cites the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia 's 2003 report, which included displays of the Palestinian flag , support for the PLO , and the comparisons between Israel and apartheid-era South Africa in its list of antisemitic activities and beliefs. He writes that what is called the new antisemitism consists of three components: (i) "exaggeration and fabrication"; (ii) "mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy"; and (iii) "the unjustified yet predictable spillover from criticism of Israel to Jews generally." He argues that Israel's apologists have denied

13938-694: The most notable " clans ," Puerto Reekan Killaz, have created an online gaming space where Black and Latina women of the LGBTQIA+ community can play without risk of racism , nativism , homophobia , sexism , and sexual harassment . In addition to hate speech, Professor and gamer Lisa Nakamura found that many gamers have experienced identity tourism - which is when a person or group appropriate and pretend to members of another group- as Nakamura observed white male gamers play as Japanese " geisha " women. Identity Tourism often leads to stereotyping , discrimination , and cultural appropriation . Nakamura called on

14076-431: The nature and incidence of descent-based discrimination;" These points, which reflect the ICERD's reference to the dissemination of expression, have significance for the Internet . The expression of ideas in some online contexts may immediately amount to spreading them. This is especially relevant for private spaces that have begun to play a public role, as in the case of many social networking platforms . Similarly to

14214-496: The new anti-Semitism was the inability of Gentiles to love Jews and Israel enough." Historian Robert Wistrich addressed the issue in a 1984 lecture delivered in the home of Israeli President Chaim Herzog , in which he argued that a "new anti-Semitic anti-Zionism" was emerging, distinguishing features of which were the equation of Zionism with Nazism and the belief that Zionists had actively collaborated with Nazis during World War II . He argued that such claims were prevalent in

14352-438: The non-profit Creative Community for Peace (CCFP), opposing boycotts of Israeli and Jewish authors and literary institutions. The letter decried efforts to "demonize and ostracize Jewish authors across the globe". In fall 2024, campus protests using chants such as "Divest!" and "Ceasefire now!" reportedly evolved in a direction more explicitly endorsing Hamas, Hezbollah, and Houthis. Some protesters used slogans such as "Glory to

14490-622: The online gaming community to recognize Cybertyping- "the way the Internet propagates, disseminates, and commodifies images of race and racism." As of August 2020, over 2,500 Asian-Americans have reported experiencing racism fueled by COVID-19 , with 30.5% of those cases containing anti-Chinese rhetoric, according to Stop AAPI (Asian-American/Pacific Islander) Hate . The language used in these incidents are divided into five categories: virulent animosity, scapegoating of China, anti-immigrant nativism , racist characterizations of Chinese, and racial slurs . 60.4% of these reported incidents fit into

14628-552: The out-group feel unwelcome or afraid; and second, to let members of the in-group feel that their hateful beliefs are legitimate. The proliferation of hate speech online, observed by the UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues poses a new set of challenges. Both social networking platforms and organizations created to combat hate speech have recognized that hateful messages disseminated online are increasingly common and have elicited unprecedented attention to develop adequate responses. According to HateBase ,

14766-443: The past may now land on spaces where they can be visible to large audiences. Anonymity can also present a challenge to dealing with online hate speech. Internet discussions may be anonymous or pseudonymous , which can make people feel more safe expressing their opinions but can just as easily accelerate destructive behavior. As Drew Boyd, Director of Operations at The Sentinel Project , has stated, "the Internet grants individuals

14904-571: The problem it just piles up and further exacerbates." Twitter 's conversations organized around trending topics may facilitate the quick and wide spreading of hateful messages, but they also offer the opportunity for influential speakers to shun messages and possibly end popular threads inciting violence . Facebook , on the contrary, may allow multiple threads to continue in parallel and go unnoticed; creating longer lasting spaces that offend, discriminate, and ridicule certain individuals and groups. Hate speech online can be itinerant. Even when content

15042-422: The provision of any assistance to racist activities, including the financing thereof; This obligation imposed by the ICERD on state parties is also stricter than the case of Article 20 of the ICCPR covering the criminalization of racist ideas that are not necessarily inciting discrimination, hostility or violence." An important difference is in the issue of intent . The concept of "advocacy of hatred" introduced in

15180-586: The reactivation of stories about ritual murder and the poisoning of food and water supplies. Writing in the American Jewish Congress ' Congress Bi-Weekly in 1973, the Foreign Minister of Israel Abba Eban identified anti-Zionism as "the new anti-Semitism", saying: [R]ecently we have witnessed the rise of the new left which identifies Israel with the establishment, with acquisition, with smug satisfaction, with, in fact, all

15318-478: The reason that they belong to a group distinguished by race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin, as well as religion, if used as a pretext for any of these factors; or (ii) a group of persons which is distinguished by any of these characteristics." Internet intermediaries such as social networking platforms , Internet Service Providers or Search Engines , stipulate in their terms of service how they may intervene in allowing, restricting, or channelling

15456-749: The recent surge in antisemitism across the Muslim world should be attributed to political expediency of the local elite in these countries rather than to any theological imperative. It is the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement refusing to put the Star of David on their ambulances . ... It is neo-Nazis donning checkered Palestinian kaffiyehs and Palestinians lining up to buy copies of Mein Kampf . — Mark Strauss The French philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff argues that antisemitism based on racism and nationalism has been replaced by

15594-690: The resistance!", called the October 7 attacks "Al-Aqsa flood", celebrated Yahya Sinwar , and used the Hamas inverted red triangle. Jewish students were called "baby killers" and "terrorists", according to a Baruch College student. In November 2024, hundreds of posters depicting Jewish faculty members as "wanted" were spread across the University of Rochester campus. The posters accused Jewish faculty members of ethnic cleansing, racism, hate speech, and intimidation. University President Sarah Mangelsdorf called

15732-437: The responses to these accusations provided by regular members of the website. As one of them argued, "Surely, I am entitled to have an opinion without actively carrying it out. [...] I do not attend demonstrations and I neither join a political party. If this makes me a keyboard warrior, that is all right. I feel good this way. [...] I am not ashamed of it." De Koster and Houtman surveyed only one national chapter of Stormfront and

15870-579: The rest. According to Lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features: Jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of cosmic evil. He writes that what he calls the first wave of antisemitism arose with the advent of Christianity because of the Jews' rejection of Jesus as Messiah . The second wave, racial antisemitism, emerged in Spain when large numbers of Jews were forcibly converted , and doubts about

16008-537: The right of the Jewish people to live as an equal member of the family of nations – the denial of and assault upon the Jewish people's right even to live – with Israel as the "collective Jew among the nations." Cotler elaborated on this position in a June 2011 interview for Israeli television. He re-iterated his view that the world is "witnessing a new and escalating ... and even lethal anti-Semitism" focused on hatred of Israel, but cautioned that this type of antisemitism should not be defined in

16146-440: The right to "freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any medium, regardless of geographical boundaries." It allows a limitation on a broad basis in paragraph 2 "Such rights and freedoms shall be exercised in conformity with the fundamental values of society." The ASEAN Human Rights Declaration includes the right to freedom of expression in Article 23. Article 7 of

16284-464: The right to freedom of expression in Article 19 and the prohibition of advocacy to hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence in Article 20. Other more tailored international legal instruments contain provisions that have repercussions for the definition of hate speech and identification of responses to it, such as: the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of

16422-587: The right to freedom of expression, which includes "freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." The UDHR was decisive in setting a framework and agenda for human rights protection, but the Declaration is non-binding . A series of binding documents have been subsequently created to offer a more robust protection for freedom of expression and protection against discrimination. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) addresses hate speech and contains

16560-452: The rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order ( ordre public ), or of public health or morals ." Between Article 19 (3) and Article 20, there

16698-587: The sincerity of the converts led to ideas about the importance of " la limpieza de sangre ", purity of blood. He associates the third wave with the Arabs and writes that it arose only in part because of the establishment of the State of Israel. Until the 19th century, Muslims had regarded Jews with what Lewis calls "amused, tolerant superiority – they were seen as physically weak, cowardly and unmilitary – and although Jews living in Muslim countries were not treated as equals, they were shown

16836-499: The society, except the Jews. The new anti-Semitism says that the right to establish and maintain an independent national sovereign state is the prerogative of all nations, so long as they happen not to be Jewish. And when this right is exercised not by the Maldive Islands, not by the state of Gabon, not by Barbados ... but by the oldest and most authentic of all nationhoods, then this is said to be exclusivism, particularism, and

16974-544: The state of the Jewish people, and many Jews align themselves with Israel for that very reason. It is out of this alignment that the hostility to Jews as Jews arises, rather than hostility to Israelis or to Zionists. Klug agrees that it is a prejudice, because it is a generalization about individuals; nevertheless, he argues, it is "not rooted in the ideology of 'the Jew'," and is therefore a different phenomenon from antisemitism. In 2006, Norman Finkelstein argued that there has been no significant rise in antisemitism: "What does

17112-447: The study could not conclude what exactly the effect was on the election, but did provide extensive research on the characteristics of media manipulation and trolling . Professor and gamer Kishonna Gray studied intersectional oppressions in the online gaming community and called on Microsoft and game developers to "critically assess the experiences of non-traditional gamers in online communities...recognize diversity ...[and that]

17250-548: The subject, whose principal aim is to excoriate Jewish critics of Israel and to promote the "anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism" equation. Lerman concludes that this redefinition has ultimately served to stifle legitimate discussion, and that it cannot create a basis on which to fight antisemitism. Peter Beaumont, writing in The Observer , agrees that proponents of the concept of "new antisemitism" have attempted to co-opt anti-Jewish sentiment and attacks by some European Muslims as

17388-414: The subsequent imposition of sanctions on those who are guilty of the abuses." The Court also imposes a test for States willing to enact restrictions on freedom of expression, as they need to observe the following requirements: "a) the existence of previously established grounds for liability; b) the express and precise definition of these grounds by law; c) the legitimacy of the ends sought to be achieved; d)

17526-470: The systems lack the judgment skills that humans have. For example, a user might post or comment something that classifies as hate speech, or violates community guidelines, but if the target word is misspelled, or some letters are replaced with symbols, the AI systems will not recognize it. This weakness has led to the proliferation of attempts to circumvent censorship algorithms using deliberate misspellings, such as

17664-403: The targets' social and/or demographic identity. Hate speech may include, but is not limited to, speech that advocates, threatens, or encourages violent acts. The concept may extend also to expressions that foster a climate of prejudice and intolerance on the assumption that this may fuel targeted discrimination, hostility, and violent attacks. At critical times, such as during political elections ,

17802-648: The term "hate speech." Article 19, which is often referred to as part of the "core of the Covenant", provides for the right to freedom of expression. This sets out the right, and it also includes general strictures to which any limitation of the right must conform in order to be legitimate. Article 19 is followed by Article 20 that expressly limits freedom of expression in cases of "advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence." The decision to include this provision, which can be characterized as embodying

17940-509: The test, indicates antisemitism. The test is intended to draw the line between legitimate criticism towards the State of Israel , its actions and policies, and non-legitimate criticism that becomes antisemitic. Earl Raab writes that "[t]here is a new surge of antisemitism in the world, and much prejudice against Israel is driven by such antisemitism," but argues that charges of antisemitism based on anti-Israel opinions generally lack credibility. He writes that "a grave educational misdirection

18078-420: The type of intermediary, areas where the company is registered, and the legal regime that applies. As Tsesis explains, "(i)f transmissions on the Internet are sent and received in particular locations, then specific fora retain jurisdiction to prosecute illegal activities transacted on the Internet." Internet Service Providers are the most directly affected by national legislation because they have to be located in

18216-450: The use of "vachscenes" instead of "vaccines" by Vaccine hesitant persons during COVID-19 . Therefore, humans still have to monitor the AI systems that monitor hate speech; a common problem in AI technology which is referred to as "Automation's Last Mile.", meaning the last 10% or 1% of the job is the hardest to complete. In the aftermath of 2014 's Islamic terrorism incidents , calls for more restrictive or intrusive measures to contain

18354-528: The virulent animosity category, which includes phrases such as "get your Chinese a** away from me!" Online hate speech and cyberbullying against religious and ethnic minorities , women , and other socially marginalized groups have long been an issue that is downplayed and/or ignored in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Hate Speech against Ahmadis both online and in real life have led to their large-scale persecution . BytesForAll ,

18492-412: The ways in which anti-Semitism manifests itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context could include": The EUMC added that criticism of Israel cannot be regarded as antisemitism so long as it is "similar to that leveled against any other country." Online hate speech Online hate speech is a type of speech that takes place online with the purpose of attacking

18630-475: Was I.F. Stone . The other was me. So, we have to be treated for our psychiatric disorders, and non-Jews have to be condemned for anti-Semitism, if they're critical of the state of Israel. That's understandable why Israeli propaganda would take this position. I don't particularly blame Abba Eban for doing what ambassadors are sometimes supposed to do. But we ought to understand that there is no sensible charge. No sensible charge. There's nothing to respond to. It's not

18768-629: Was held in London, England in February, 2009. Canada has hosted the second gathering of the ICCA, from November 7-9th, 2010, in Ottawa. The conference "provided the opportunity for delegates to explore data and exchange best practices to learn about the best ways to combat Antisemitism around the world". The Ottawa Protocol was the outcome of the 2010 Conference on Combating Antisemitism. The protocol deals with 3 fundamental issues: We are concerned that, since

18906-413: Was offered, but elaborate arrangements were made for Arabs who fled or were driven out of the area that became Israel. All the Arab governments involved in the conflict announced that they would not admit Israelis of any religion into their territories, and that they would not give visas to Jews, no matter which country they were citizens of. Lewis argues that the failure of the United Nations to protest sent

19044-402: Was to show that criticism of the policy, what he called anti-Zionism – that means actually criticisms of the policy of the state of Israel – were anti-Semitism. That's the first task. Second task, if the criticism was made by Jews, their task was to show that it's neurotic self-hatred, needs psychiatric treatment. Then he gave two examples of the latter category. One

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