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25-665: Ottilien may refer to: Previous name of Ramu , a river in northern Papua New Guinea the Ottilien Congregation , a congregation of religious houses within the Benedictine Confederation the St. Ottilien Archabbey Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ottilien . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

50-813: A bridle track to the coast. Dr R. Schlecter led another expedition in 1902 in search of gutta-percha trees. Then in 1907, Austrian explorer Wilhelm Dammköhler led an expedition up the Markham Valley and linked the headwaters of the Markham River with the Ramu for the first time. After the First World War , German New Guinea passed over to Australian control and became the Territory of New Guinea . The Ramu reverted to its local name during this time. In 1936, Briton , Lord Moyne , ventured up

75-443: Is a polyterpene , a polymer of isoprene , or polyisoprene , specifically ( trans -1,4-polyisoprene). The cis structure of polyisoprene is the common latex elastomer . While latex rubbers are amorphous in molecular structure, gutta-percha (the trans structure) crystallizes , leading to a more rigid material. It exists in alpha and beta forms, with the alpha form being brittle at room temperature. Long before gutta-percha

100-512: Is a tree of the genus Palaquium in the family Sapotaceae . The name also refers to the rigid, naturally biologically inert , resilient, electrically nonconductive , thermoplastic latex derived from the tree, particularly from Palaquium gutta ; it is a polymer of isoprene which forms a rubber-like elastomer . The word "gutta-percha" comes from the plant's name in Malay : getah translates as 'sticky gum' and pertja ( perca )

125-489: Is added to reduce brittleness and improve plasticity. Barium sulfate is added to provide radiopacity so that its presence and location can be verified in dental X-ray images. Gutta-percha remained an industrial staple well into the 20th century, when it was gradually replaced with superior synthetic materials, such as Bakelite . A similar and cheaper natural material called balatá was often used in gutta-percha's place. The two materials are almost identical, and balatá

150-471: Is the name of a less-sought-after gutta tree. The western term therefore is likely a derivative amalgamation of the original native names. Palaquium gutta trees are 5–30 metres (20–100 ft) tall and up to 1 m (3 ft) in trunk diameter. The leaves are evergreen , alternate or spirally arranged, simple, entire, 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long, glossy green above, and often yellow or glaucous below. The flowers are produced in small clusters along

175-706: The Australian and US Armies to recapture New Guinea. During the Finisterre Range campaign in 1943 and 1944, the Ramu Valley became the scene of a major battle. The Ramu flows into Yonki Dam , where it feeds the Ramu 1 power station. A hydroelectric plant was under construction on the toe of the Yonki Dam, however, construction is currently (May 2011) suspended. Gutta-percha Gutta-percha

200-639: The Bismarck Range to the south and the Finisterre and Adelbert . For many millennia, people have lived along the river, and the river has formed the basis for food, transport, and culture. The area encompassed by the Ramu was part of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland when Germany established German New Guinea in 1884. The Germans were quick to explore their territory, and the mouth of the Ramu was discovered in 1886 by Vice-Admiral Freiherr von Schleinitz after returning to Finschhafen from an expedition to

225-436: The 19th century. The use in electrical cables generated a huge demand which led to unsustainable harvesting and collapse of supply. Gutta-percha latex is biologically inert , resilient, and is a good electrical insulator with a high dielectric strength . Michael Faraday discovered its value as an insulator soon after the introduction of the material to Britain in 1843. Allowing this fluid to evaporate and coagulate in

250-544: The Markham, found an unknown river flowing northwest. The party canoed along a section before their supplies dwindled; they returned to the coast retracing their route. Another German explorer, Ernst Tappenbeck , who had accompanied Lauterbach previously, led the first expedition to ascend the Ramu in 1898. Tappenbeck was charged with discovering whether the Ottilien found in 1886 was the same river Lauterbech had found. He

275-713: The Ramu during an expedition to Indonesia and New Guinea. Moyne discovered a race of pygmy -like people inhabiting the middle Ramu region 170 miles (270 km) from the mouth of the river in the Aiome foothills. During the Second World War in 1942, the Japanese annexed the entire Territory of New Guinea from the Australians. Intense fighting occurred between the Imperial Japanese Army and

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300-522: The West. He was the first to appreciate the potential of this material in medicine, and he was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Society of Arts, London in 1843. Scientifically classified in 1843, it was found to be a useful natural thermoplastic . In 1851, 30,000  long cwt (1,500 t) of gutta-percha was imported into Britain. During the second half of the 19th century, gutta-percha

325-457: The human body. It is used in a variety of surgical devices and during root canal therapy. It is the predominant material used to obturate , or fill, the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone endodontic therapy . Its physical and chemical properties, including its inertness and biocompatibility , melting point , ductility , and malleability , make it important in endodontics , e.g., as gutta-percha points. Zinc oxide

350-417: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottilien&oldid=1089293177 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ramu Along the Ramu's course, it receives numerous tributaries from

375-715: The nearby Sepik . Schleinitz called the Ramu, Ottilien after his ship the Ottilie . The course of the river was first discovered 10 years later in 1896 after Dr Carl Lauterbach , a botanist , led an expedition organised by the German New Guinea Company ( Neu Guinea Kompagnie ) to find the headwaters of the Markham River . After crossing the Ortzen Mountains from Astrolabe Bay south of Madang , Lauterbach's party, instead of finding

400-476: The party managed to navigate 190 mi (310 km) upstream and go farther still by canoe. By the end of 1898, the expedition had established a station on the river, mapped it and tributaries, and made a large botanical collection. Further explorations for gold and botanical specimens were conducted by the Germans. In 1902, Hans Klink and J. Schlenzig established a new Ramu station that was later connected by

425-413: The stems, each flower with a white corolla with four to seven (mostly six) acute lobes. The fruit is an ovoid 3–7 cm (1–3 in) berry, containing one to four seeds; in many species, the fruit is edible. In Australia, gutta-percha is a common name specifically used for the euphorbiaceous tree Excoecaria parvifolia , which yields an aromatic, heavy, dark-brown timber. Chemically, gutta-percha

450-448: The sun produced a latex which could be made flexible again with hot water, but which did not become brittle, unlike rubber prior to the discovery of vulcanization . By 1845, telegraph wires insulated with gutta-percha were being manufactured in the UK. It served as the insulating material for early undersea telegraph cables, including the first transatlantic telegraph cable . The material

475-419: Was a major constituent of Chatterton's compound used as an insulating sealant for telegraph and other electrical cables. The dielectric constant of dried gutta-percha ranges from 2.56 to 3.01. Resistivity of dried gutta-percha ranges from 25 × 10 to 370 × 10  Ω⋅cm . Since about 1940, polyethylene has supplanted gutta-percha as an electrical insulator. In the mid-19th century, gutta-percha

500-540: Was accompanied by former Prussian Army officers, a Kompagnie official and an Australian gold prospector Robert Phillip, and travelled in the Neu Guinea Kompagnie steamer Herzog Johann Albrecht . After five days of journey up the Ramu, Tappenbeck left his companions at a well-stocked camp when river water levels fell. He returned four and half months later in another steamer, Herzogin Elisabeth , and

525-422: Was banned by The Football Association in the first codified set of rules in 1863. Gutta-percha was briefly used in bookbinding until the advent of vulcanization . The wood of many species is also valuable. Gutta-percha is used as a resist in silk painting, including some newer forms of batik . The same bioinertness that made it suitable for marine cables also means it does not readily react within

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550-408: Was hard and durable, though it fell into disuse when synthetic plastics such as Bakelite became available. Gutta-percha was used in canes and walking sticks. In 1856, United States Representative Preston Brooks used a cane made of gutta-percha as a weapon in his attack on Senator Charles Sumner . In the 1860s, gutta-percha was used to reinforce the soles of football players' boots before it

575-545: Was introduced into the Western world, it was used in a less-processed form by the natives of the Malaysian archipelago for making knife handles, walking sticks, and other purposes. The first European to study this material was John Tradescant , who collected it in the far east in 1656. He named this material "Mazer wood". William Montgomerie , a medical officer in imperial service, introduced gutta-percha into practical use in

600-439: Was used for many domestic and industrial purposes, and it became a household word. Gutta-percha was particularly important for the manufacture of underwater telegraph cables . Compared to rubber, it does not degrade in seawater, is not damaged by marine life, and maintains good electrical insulation . These properties, along with its mouldability and flexibility made it ideal for the purpose, with no other material to match it in

625-681: Was used to make furniture, notably by the Gutta Percha Company , established in 1847. Several of these ornate, revival-style pieces were shown at the 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London. The company also made a range of utensils. The " guttie " golf ball (which had a solid gutta-percha core) revolutionized the game. Gutta-percha was used to make "mourning" jewelry, because it was dark in color and could be easily molded into beads or other shapes. Pistol hand grips and rifle shoulder pads were also made from gutta-percha, since it

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