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67-403: The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century. The beylerbey , or governor, of each province was appointed by the central government. Sanjaks (banners) were governed by sanjak-beys , selected from the high military ranks by the central government. Beylerbeyis had authority over all

134-412: A 'principal elder brother' or 'prince's elder son' in the pre-Ottoman period. According to etymologist Sevan Nişanyan , the word is derived from Turkish beşe ( بچّه 'boy, prince'), which is cognate with Persian bačče ( بچّه ). Some earlier Turkish lexicographers, such as Ahmed Vefik Paşa and Mehmed Salahi, argued it was most likely derived from Turkish başa or Turkish beşe ,

201-654: A Pasha, such as the Pasha or Bashaw of Tripoli . Ottoman and Egyptian authorities conferred the title upon both Muslims and Christians without distinction. They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Ottoman Empire, or of the Egyptian Khedivate (later Sultanate , and Kingdom in turn), e.g. Hobart Pasha . In an Egyptian context, the Abaza Family is known as "the family of

268-574: A flag or standard – a " sanjak " (the literal meaning) – from the sultan. As the Empire expanded into Europe , the need for an intermediate level of administration arose and, under the rule of Murad I (r. 1359-1389), a beylerbey ("bey of beys") or governor-general was appointed to oversee Rumelia , the European part of the empire. At the end of the 14th century, a beylerbeylik was also established for Anatolia , with his capital at Kütahya . He

335-543: A more modest scale. Like the Beylerbey, the Sanjak-bey drew his income from a prebend, which consisted usually of revenues from the towns, quays and ports within the boundary of his sanjak. Like the Beylerbey, the Sanjak-bey was also a military commander. The term sanjak means 'flag' or 'standard' and, in times of war, the cavalrymen holding fiefs in his sanjak, gathered under his banner. The troops of each sanjak, under

402-435: A new province. The provinces (eyalets, later vilayets) were divided into sanjaks (also called livas ) governed by sanjakbeys (also called Mutesarrifs ) and were further subdivided into timars (fiefs held by timariots ), kadiluks (the area of responsibility of a judge, or Kadi ) and zeamets (also ziam ; larger timars). Sanjaks were divided into kazas, along with other divisions. The position of kazas in

469-620: A vilayet by Ali Pasha in 1871. By the end of 1876 the new provincial system was in operation all over the empire, with the sole exception of the Arabian Peninsula and autonomous provinces like Egypt. Mahmud Nedim Pasha reduced the size of some of the larger provinces, thus taking Sofia from the Danube Vilayet, Sebinkarahisar from Trabzon, and Maras from Adana and making them into separate provinces, and also taking Herzegovina from Bosnia and joining it with Novipazar in

536-460: A virtual viceroy of the Sultan : he had full authority over matters of war, justice and administration, except in so far as they were limited by the authority of other officials also appointed by the central government, chiefly the various fiscal secretaries under the mal defterdari , and the kadı , who could appeal directly to the imperial government. In addition, as a further check to their power,

603-518: Is of Turkish origin, meaning " beg of begs" (commander of commanders). Under the Safavids, it meant governor-general. The title first appears in 1543/44, when the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I ( r.  1524–1576 ) issued a decree that referred the governor of Herat as beglerbegi . The title was created to distinguish more important governors from less important ones. As a result, starting in

670-489: The atabak al-asakir , the commander-in-chief of the army. The Ottomans used the title beylerbey from the late 14th until the mid-19th century, with varying meanings and degrees of importance. The early Ottoman state continued to use the term beylerbey in the meaning of commander-in-chief, held by princes of the Ottoman dynasty : under the Ottoman Empire's founder, Osman I (ruled 1299–1326), his son Orhan held

737-460: The firman ( patent of nobility ) issued by the Sultan carrying the tughra (imperial seal). The title did not bestow rank or title to the wife nor was any religious leader elevated to the title. In contrast to western nobility titles, where the title normally is added before the given name, Ottoman titles followed the given name. In contacts with foreign emissaries and representatives, holders of

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804-423: The salyane system, i.e. their revenue was sent to the imperial treasury, and the officials and soldiers were paid salaries from it. The size of these new provinces varied enormously: some containing as many as twenty sanjak s, and others as few as two, including the beylerbey ' s own residence (or pasha -sanjakı ). Among themselves, the various beylerbey s had an order of precedence based on

871-559: The Janissary contingents stationed in the province's cities were outside his authority, and beylerbey s were even forbidden from entering the fortresses garrisoned by the Janissaries. The beylerbey also had his own court and government council ( divan ) and could freely grant fiefs ( timar s and ziamet s) without prior approval by the Sultan, although this right was curtailed after 1530, when beylerbey authority

938-636: The Osman Dynasty in Constantinople (now Istanbul ), and sought to style his Egyptian realm as a successor sultanate to the Ottoman Empire. As such, he bore the title of Pasha , in addition to the official title of Wāli , and the self-declared title of Khedive . His successors to the Egyptian and Sudanese throne , Ibrahim , Abbas , Sa'id , and Isma'il also inherited these titles, with Pasha , and Wāli ceasing to be used in 1867, when

1005-537: The Ottoman Sultan , Abdülaziz officially recognised Isma'il as Khedive. The title Pasha appears originally to have applied exclusively to military commanders and only high ranking family of the sultans, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour. It was also part of the official style of the Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral of

1072-411: The beglerbegi . The beglerbegis had complete command over the soldiers and khans under their command. According to the early 18th-century Dastur al-Moluk , a beglerbegi was superior to a khan in rank, and the soltans were subordinate to the khan. The beglerbegi , who was also an emir, was also known as the emir al-omara of the province that he oversaw. There were eleven beglerbegis towards

1139-479: The beylerbey transferred fixed annual sums to Istanbul, known as the salyane . The Vilayets were introduced with the promulgation of the "Vilayet Law" ( Turkish : Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi ) in 1864, as part of the administrative reforms of the Tanzimat period that were being enacted throughout the empire. Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units:

1206-459: The suzerainty of the Ottoman sultans . The term bey came to be applied not only to these former rulers but also to new governors appointed where the local leadership had been eliminated. The Ottoman Empire was, at first, subdivided into the sovereign's sanjak and other sanjaks entrusted to the Ottoman sultan 's sons. Sanjaks were governed by sanjakbeys , military governors who received

1273-500: The viziers ; both viziers and beylerbey s were titled pashas , with the viziers sporting three horse-tails and the beylerbey s two. From the 16th century on, however, viziers could be appointed as provincial beylerbey s, enjoying precedence and authority over the ordinary beylerbey s of the neighbouring provinces. Towards the end of the 17th century, the title of ' beylerbey of Rumelia' (' Rumeli beylerbeysi ) also began to be awarded as an honorific rank, alongside

1340-599: The 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords’, sometimes rendered governor-general ) was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period , from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire . Initially designating a commander-in-chief , it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage, where

1407-434: The 1540s, governor-general ( beglerbegi ), senior-governor ( hakem-khan ), and junior-governor ( hakem-soltan ) were one of the titles that would be given to a emir governing a province or smaller administration. Other beglerbegis soon appear in records, such as the beglerbegi of Astarabad in 1548, and the beglerbegi of Kerman in 1565. According to Willem Floor : "This, and the fact that beglerbegis also were at

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1474-694: The Arabic title of malik al-umara ("chief of the commanders"), designating the army's commander-in-chief. Among the Mongol Ilkhanids , the title was used to designate the chief amir al-ulus ("emir of the state")—also known by the Turkic title ulusbegi and the Arabic amir al-umara –while in the Golden Horde it was applied to all the holders of the rank of amir al-ulus . The Mamluks of Egypt possibly used it as an alternative title for

1541-586: The English-language denomination (e.g. "province", "county", or "district") that is perceived to be the closest to the Turkish original. These translations are rarely consistent between the works of different scholars, however. Sanjaks were further divided into timars (fiefs held by timariots ), kadiluks (the area of responsibility of a judge, or Kadi ) and zeamets (also ziam ; larger timars ). The initial organization dates back to

1608-619: The Ottoman beginnings as a Seljuk vassal state ( Uç Beyligi ) in central Anatolia . The Ottoman Empire over the years became an amalgamation of pre-existing polities , the Anatolian beyliks , brought under the sway of the ruling House of Osman . This extension was based on an already established administrative structure of the Seljuk system in which the hereditary rulers of these territories were known as beys . These beys (local leadership), which were not eliminated, continued to rule under

1675-502: The Ottoman fleet). Pashas ranked above Beys and Aghas , but below Khedives and Viziers . Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of horse tails (three, two, and one respectively; a symbol of Turco-Mongol tradition) or peacock tails that the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as sovereign commander in chief . The following military ranks entitled

1742-813: The Ottoman territories in Europe ( Rumelia ). This marked the beylerbey effectively as the viceroy of the European territories, as the Sultans still resided in Anatolia , and as the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles , which connected the two parts of the Ottoman state, continued to escape full Ottoman control until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Lala Shahin died after 1388. Sometime in 1385–87 Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha succeeded him in

1809-506: The Ottomans, the emergence of new threats in the region, and the rise of powerful Ayans . All the subdivisions were very unequal in regard of area and population, and the presence of numerous nomadic tribes contributed to the extreme variability of the population figures. In English, Ottoman subdivisions are seldom known by myriad Turkish terms (vilayet, eyalet, beylerbeylik, sancak, nahiye, kaza, etc.) which are often eschewed in favour of

1876-471: The Persian mir-i miran or mirmiran , which had been used as equivalents of the beylerbey , now increasingly came to refer only to the honorary rank, which in turn was increasingly devalued. The process culminated with the vilayet reform of 1864, after which wali became the only official designation for the governor-general of a province, while the title of beylerbey survived only in

1943-554: The Persian word shah , شاه . According to Oxford Dictionaries, the Turkish word from which it was borrowed was formed as a result of the combination of the Pahlavi words pati- 'lord', and shah ( 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 ). According to Josef W. Meri and Jere L. Bacharach , the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian Padishah " ( پادشاه ). The same view is held by Nicholas Ostler , who mentions that

2010-495: The actual holder of the provincial post, even to officials unrelated to the provincial administration, such as the chief treasurer ( defterdar ). Beginning in the 18th century, the Arabic-origin title of wali began to be increasingly used for provincial governors-general at the expense of beylerbey , except for the two original beylerbey s of Rumelia and Anatolia; the Arabic title amir al-umara , and

2077-467: The administrative hierarchy was clarified after 1839. The Turkish word for governor-general is Beylerbey , meaning 'lord of lords'. In times of war, they would assemble under his standard and fight as a unit in the sultan's army. However, as a territorial governor, the Beylerbey now had wider responsibilities. He played the major role in allocating fiefs in his eyalet, and had a responsibility for maintaining order and dispensing justice. His household, like

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2144-430: The command of their governor, would then assemble as an army and fight under the banner of the Beylerbey of the eyalet. In this way, the structure of command on the battlefield resembled the hierarchy of provincial government. Within his own sanjak, a governor was responsible above all for maintaining order and, with the cooperation of the fief holders, arresting and punishing wrongdoers. For this, he usually received half of

2211-471: The commanders of all troops in their province. Following the conquests between 1362 and 1400 of Murad I and his son Bayezid I , a need arose for the formal organisation of Ottoman territory. There were two main eras of administrative organisation. The first was the initial organisation that evolved with the rise of the Empire and the second was the organisation after extensive administrative reforms of 1864. An eyalet (also pashalik or beylerbeylik )

2278-539: The continuous growth of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, new provinces were established, and the ranks of the beylerbey s swelled to a peak of 44 by the end of the 16th century. A list of eyalet s in 1609 mentions 32 in total: 23 of them regular eyalet s where revenue was distributed among the military fief-holders, while the rest (in North Africa and the Middle East ) were under

2345-543: The date of conquest or formation of their provinces. The beylerbey of Rumelia , however, retained his pre-eminence, ranking first among the other provincial governors-general, and being accorded a seat in the Imperial Council ( divan ) after 1536. In addition, the post was occasionally held by the Sultan's chief minister, the Grand Vizier himself. In his province, the beylerbey operated as

2412-402: The end of the reign of Shah Abbas II ( r.  1588–1629 ); five gholams ( Fars , Karabakh , Baghdad , Astarabad, Shirvan ), two valis of some sort ( Lorestan and Kurdistan ) and four Qizilbash emirs ( Khorasan , Chokhur-e Sa'd (Erivan) , Azerbaijan , Qandahar ). Herat and Kerman, which were among the first provinces to be administered by a beglerbegi , are not included in

2479-402: The fines imposed on miscreants, with the fief holder on whose lands the misdeed took place, receiving the other half. Sanjak governors also had other duties, for example, the pursuit of bandits, the investigation of heretics, the provision of supplies for the army, or the despatch of materials for shipbuilding, as the sultan commanded. Sanjak governors also served as military commanders of all of

2546-516: The holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely Effendi ): If a Pasha governed a provincial territory , it could be called a pashaluk after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e.g. eyalet , vilayet/walayah . Both beylerbeys (governors-general) and valis/wālis (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). The word pashalik designated any province or other jurisdiction of

2613-439: The honorary rank of Rumeli beylerbeysi , which continued in use alongside its Perso-Arabic equivalents. Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran , the title ( beglerbegi ) was used from ca. 1543/44 on for governors (generically styled hakim ) of the more important provinces. The title was thus used for the governors of Herat , Azerbaijan , Ganja , Karabakh , Shirvan , Fars , Iraq , and Astarabad . The Safavids also used

2680-459: The latter meaning 'elder brother' and being a title given to some Ottoman provincial officials and janissaries . As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with an initial b . The English forms bashaw , bassaw , bucha , etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word bassa . Due to the Ottoman presence in the Arab world ,

2747-463: The list. This is due to not all of these administrations would continue to be governed by a beglerbegi after the 1630s. After the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639, the Safavids lost Baghdad to the Ottoman Empire . Between 1632 and 1722, a vizier oversaw the administration of Fars. Pasha Pasha ( Ottoman Turkish : پاشا ; Turkish : paşa ; Arabic : باشا , romanized :  basha )

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2814-457: The new law in the Vilayets of Danube and Aleppo , respectively. By 1865 the four vilayets of Danube, Aleppo, Erzurum and Bosnia were fully organized and in operation. Damascus , Tripolitania , and Edirne followed the next year. In 1867, 13 new vilayets were organized, including Bursa , Izmir , Trabzon , Salonica , Prizren, and Iskodra , with an autonomous Crete being organized as

2881-717: The order in which the eyalets were conquered, although he does not make it clear whether this ranking had anything other than a ceremonial significance. However, before 1650, there was another development. During this period, the practice began of appointing some Beylerbeys with the rank of vizier. A vizieral governor, according to the chancellor Abdurrahman Pasha in 1676, had command over the governors of adjoining eyalets who 'should have recourse to him and obey his command'. Furthermore, 'when Beylerbeys with Vizierates are dismissed from their eyalet, they listen to lawsuits and continue to exercise Vizieral command until they reach Istanbul'. The office of Sanjak-bey resembled that of Beylerbey on

2948-464: The origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century. The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate. Contrary to titles like emir ( amīr ) and bey ( beg ), which were established in usage much earlier, the title pasha came into Ottoman usage right after the reign of Osman I (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some Anatolian Turkish rulers of

3015-529: The pashas" for having produced the largest number of nobles holding this title under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was noted in Egyptian media in 2014 as one of the main "families that rule Egypt" to this day, and as "deeply rooted in Egyptian society and… in the history of the country." As an honorific, the title pasha was an aristocratic title and could be hereditary or non-hereditary, stipulated in

3082-515: The position of commander-in-chief in Rumelia. In 1393 Sultan Bayezid I ( r.  1389–1402 ) appointed Kara Timurtash as beylerbey and viceroy in Anatolia, when Bayezid himself crossed over into Europe to campaign against Mircea I of Wallachia . This process marked the birth of the first two, and by far the most important, beylerbeylik s: those of Rumelia and Anatolia , while

3149-421: The post, and during Orhan's reign (1324–1362), his brother Alaeddin Pasha and Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha . The first step towards the transformation of the office into a gubernatorial title occurred when Murad I ( r.  1362–1389 ) gave the title to Lala Shahin Pasha as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (modern Edirne ) in the 1360s. In addition, Lala Shahin was given military authority over

3216-400: The provinces. The new provincial system could not be introduced in provinces at the same time, due to both insufficient funds and a lack of experience in administering the new law. Therefore, the new Danube Vilayet , composed of the former eyalets of Silistria , Vidin , and Nis , was selected to be the pilot project. Midhat Pasha and Cevdet Pasha were particularly successful in applying

3283-647: The rank survived the longest, it designated the governors-general of some of the largest and most important provinces, although in later centuries it became devalued into a mere honorific title. The title is originally Turkic and its equivalents in Arabic were amir al-umara , and in Persian , mir-i miran . The title originated with the Seljuqs , and was used in the Sultanate of Rum initially as an alternative for

3350-405: The same era. Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled başa still in the 15th century. According to Online Etymology Dictionary , the Turkish pasha or basha was itself from Turkish baş  /  bash ( باش 'head, chief'), itself from Old Persian pati- ('master', from Proto-Indo-European * poti ) and the root of

3417-430: The same time emir al-omara of their jurisdiction, contradicts the view that the term beglerbegi was simply a Turkish translation of the title emir al-omara ." Beglerbegi was only applied to governors of large administrations in the second half of the 16th-century. The title was more commonly employed in the latter part of the 17th century, even for lesser administrations. Several khans and soltans were subject to

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3484-423: The sancakbeyis in a region. Kaza was a subdivision of sancak and referred to the basic administrative district, governed by a kadi . It is considered extremely difficult to define the number and exact borders of Ottoman provinces and domains, as their borders were changed constantly. Until the Tanzimat period from 1839 to 1876, the borders of administrative units fluctuated, reflecting the changing strategies of

3551-465: The sultan's in the capital, was the political centre of the eyalet. By the mid-16th century, apart from the principalities north of the Danube, all eyalets came under the direct rule of the sultan. The Beylerbeys were all his appointees, and he could remove or transfer them at will. Their term of office was limited: governorships were not hereditary, and no one could serve for life. The office of Beylerbey

3618-410: The third beylerbeylik , that of Rûm , followed soon after. The beylerbey was in charge of a province—termed a beylerbeylik or generically vilayet , "province", while after 1591 the term eyalet was used and beylerbeylik came to mean the office of beylerbey . Territorial beylerbeylik s were subdivided into sanjak s or liwa s under sanjakbey s. With

3685-529: The timariot and zeamet -holding cavalrymen in their sanjak. Some provinces such as Egypt , Baghdad , Abyssinia , and Al-Hasa (the salyane provinces) were not subdivided into sanjaks and timars. The area governed by an Aga was often known as an Agaluk . The term Arpalik ( Turkish : Arpalik ), or Arpaluk, refers to large estate (i.e. sanjak ) entrusted to some holder of senior position, or to some margrave , as temporary arrangement before they were appointed to some appropriate position. The barleycorn

3752-529: The title ( Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈbæːʃæ] ) came to be used in Egypt, which was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. The rise to power in Egypt in 1805 by Muhammad Ali , an Albanian military commander, effectively established Egypt as a de facto independent state , however, it still owed technical fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. Moreover, Muhammad Ali harboured ambitions of supplanting

3819-545: The title Pasha were often referred to as "Your Excellency". The sons of a Pasha were styled Pashazada or Pashazade . In modern Egyptian and (to a lesser extent) Levantine Arabic , it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord", especially by older people. Among Egyptians born since the Revolution of 1952 and the abolition of aristocratic titles, it is considered a highly formal way of addressing one's male peers. The Republican Turkish authorities abolished

3886-470: The title became used frequently in Arabic , though pronounced basha due to the absence of the /p/ sound in Arabic. Within the Ottoman Empire , the Sultan had the right to bestow the title of Pasha . Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that it was the sole "Turkish title which carries with it any definite rank and precedence". It was through this custom that

3953-519: The title of wali for provinces even more important than those of the beglerbegi . Towards the end of the Safavid period, the title of beglerbegi had been eclipsed by that of wali , most notably being the wali's of the shah's their Georgian areas. Beglerbegi ( Persian : بیگلربیگی ) was a title generally held by governors of provinces of higher importance in Safavid Iran . The title

4020-428: The vilayet, liva / sanjak (cf. Liwa (Arabic) ), kaza and village council , to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the nahiye . The 1864 law also specified the responsibilities of the governor ( wali ) of the vilayet and their councils. At the same time, the law left to the governors vast scope for independent action as well as responsibility, as part of a system intended to achieve a large degree of efficiency in ruling

4087-411: The word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word padishah . Jean Deny also attributed its origin to padishah , while repeating a suggestion by Gerhard Doerfer that it was influenced by Turkic baskak ( bāsqāq ), meaning 'agent, tax collector'. Some theories have posited a Turkish or Turkic origin of the word, claiming it derived from başağa ( bāş āghā ), which denoted

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4154-541: Was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors , generals , dignitaries , and others. Pasha was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district. The English word pasha comes from Turkish pasha ( pāşā ; also basha ( bāşā )). The Oxford English Dictionary attributes

4221-468: Was always considered inferior in rank to the beylerbey of Rumelia, since large areas nominally under his control were given to the ruler's sons. Following the establishment of beylerbeyliks , sanjaks became second-order administrative divisions, although they continued to be of the first order in certain circumstances such as newly conquered areas that had yet to be assigned a beylerbey . In addition to their duties as governors-general, beylerbeys were

4288-493: Was known as arpa in Turkish , and the feudal system in Ottoman Empire employed the term Arpalik, or "barley-money", to refer to a second allowance made to officials to offset the costs of fodder for their horses (for covering the expenses of keeping a small unit of cavalry ). Beylerbey Beylerbey ( Ottoman Turkish : بكلربكی , romanized :  beylerbeyi , lit.   ' bey of beys', meaning

4355-446: Was restricted to the smaller timar s only. Reflecting the office's origin in the military, the primary responsibility of the beylerbey s and their sanjakbey s was the maintenance of the sipahi cavalry, formed by holders of the military fiefs, whom they led in person on campaign. From the reign of Mehmed II ( r.  1451–1481 ) onwards, the title of beylerbey also became an honorary court rank, coming after

4422-535: Was the most prestigious and the most profitable in the provincial government, and it was from among the Beylerbeys that the sultan almost always chose his viziers. There was also, it appears, a hierarchy among the governors themselves. The senior was the Beylerbey of Rumelia who, from 1536, had the right to sit on the Imperial Council. Precedence among the remainder, according to Ayn Ali in 1609, followed

4489-417: Was the territory of office of a beylerbey , and was further subdivided in sanjaks . Toward the end of the 16th century, the beylerbeyliks began to be known as eyalets . The beylerbeyliks where the timar system was not applied, such as Habesh, Algers, Egypt, Baghdad, Basra and Lahsa , were more autonomous than the others. Instead of collecting provincial revenues through the timariot sipahis ,

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