Ottoman Serbia refers to the Ottoman period in the history of Serbia . Various regions of medieval Serbia came under Ottoman rule already at the end of the 14th century, while the Serbian Despotate fell in 1459. Northern regions of what is now the Republic of Serbia were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire during later conquests, from 1521 to 1552. Since the Habsburg expansion towards those northern regions, in 1699 and 1716, Ottoman rule was gradually reduced to Serbian territories south of the Sava and Danube rivers (1739). From 1804 to 1830, the Principality of Serbia was restored, as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. It gained independence in 1878, and expanded into southern regions, thus reducing Ottoman control to the historical region of the Old Serbia , that was liberated in 1912, thus ending Ottoman rule in Serbian lands.
97-503: The Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, making vassals of the southern governors. Soon thereafter, Serbian Emperor Stefan Uroš V died. As he was childless and the nobility could not agree on a rightful heir, the empire was subsequently ruled by semi-independent provincial lords, who often feuded with one other. The most powerful of these, Lazar of Serbia , Duke of
194-674: A campaign that involved the posting of "Republic of Vojvodina" posters in Novi Sad . Vojvodina is situated in the northern quarter of Serbia , in Central Europe. In the southeast part of the Pannonian Plain , the plain that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. As a consequence of this, Vojvodina is rich in fertile loamy loess soil , covered with a layer of chernozem . The region
291-527: A famous speech pleading for the legal inclusion of Serbian privileges. He supported his standpoint with thorough analysis of privileges using legal arguments, stating that the law presented a higher authority than the will of individuals or rulers; thus the privileges would be better protected if included in Hungarian law. At the time of the First Uprising, he made a map of Serbian lands that served as
388-516: A poet. Stefan was at first a vassal of Sultan Bayezid I , distinguishing himself at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 and at Ankara in 1402, later gaining independence after the loss of Bayezid. His cousin and heir Đurađ Branković moved the capital to the newly built fortified town of Smederevo . The Turks continued their conquest until they finally seized all of northern Serbian territory in 1459 when Smederevo fell into their hands. The only free Serbian territories were parts of Bosnia and Zeta. After
485-528: A political programme. He sent letters to Napoleon proposing the establishment of a South Slavic political unit with Serbia at its core, including the parts conquered by France – from which the Illyrian provinces would be formed. To achieve the goal of this political unit, he proposed that France help the Serbian Revolution, to prevent Russian penetration and influence in these territories. He sent
582-480: A region that now encompasses central Serbia, had not yet fallen under Ottoman rule and confronted them at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The outcome of the battle was the mutual annihilation of both armies, but Serbia did eventually fall to the Ottomans. Stefan Lazarević , son of Lazar, succeeded him as ruler but had by 1394 become an Ottoman vassal. In 1402 he renounced Ottoman rule and became an ally of Hungary, and
679-519: A riot at a Turkish estate in 1814, the Turkish authorities massacred the local population and publicly impaled 200 prisoners at Belgrade. By March 1815, Serbs had held several meetings and decided upon a new revolt. The Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of
776-497: A separate Serbian millet (Sırp Milleti) was not officially recognized during Ottoman rule, the Serbian Church was the legally confirmed representative organization of the Serbs in the Ottoman Empire. Battle of Maritsa The Battle of Maritsa or Battle of Chernomen ( Serbian : Marička bitka / Маричка битка ; Turkish : Çirmen Muharebesi, İkinci Meriç Muharebesi in tr. Second Battle of Maritsa ) took place at
873-690: A similar letter to Austrian Emperor Francis I in 1805 proposing other political alliances, also with the stated goal of preventing Russian influence. His project implied an establishment of a Serbian state, or more generally, a South Slavic state. His works show his view of the potential future of the South Slavic nations. The withdrawal of the Austrians from Serbia in 1791 marked the end of the Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion , which had been ignited by Austria in 1788. However Austria needed to settle
970-570: A surprise attack on the Ottomans in their capital city, Edirne , while Murad I was in Asia Minor . The Ottoman army was much smaller, Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles and different sources give the number of 800 up to 4,000 men, but due to most of the Serbian soldiers becoming intoxicated, Şâhin Şahin Paşa conducted a night raid on the Serbian camp, slaughtering a large part of
1067-818: Is between the Danube and the Drava ) is in Hungary and Croatia. Vojvodina has a total surface area of 21,500 km (8,300 sq mi). Vojvodina is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa euroregion . The Gudurica peak (Gudurički vrh) on the Vršac Mountains , is the highest peak in Vojvodina, at an altitude of 641 m above sea level. The climate of the area is moderate continental, including cold winters and hot and humid summers. The Vojvodina climate
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#17327722077611164-441: Is characterized by a vast range of extreme temperatures and very irregular rainfall distribution per month. The Assembly of Vojvodina is the provincial legislature composed of 120 proportionally elected members. The current members were elected in the 2020 provincial elections . The Government of Vojvodina is the executive administrative body composed of a president and cabinet ministers. The current ruling coalition in
1261-876: Is divided by the Danube and Tisa rivers into: Bačka in the northwest, Banat in the east and Syrmia (Srem) in the southwest. A small part of the Mačva region is also located in Vojvodina south of the Sava river, in the Srem District . Today, the western part of Syrmia is in Croatia , the northern part of Bačka is in Hungary , the eastern part of Banat is in Romania (with a small piece in Hungary), while Baranja (which
1358-524: Is illustrated by the verse from one Serbian national song: "Sva se butum zemlja pobunila, Šest stotina podiglo se sela, Svak na cara pušku podigao!" ("The whole land has rebelled, six hundred villages arose, everybody pointed his gun against the emperor"). The rebellion had the character of a holy war , the Serb rebels carrying flags with the image of Saint Sava . Sinan Pasha , who led the Ottoman army, ordered
1455-884: Is the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina . Its name in the province's six official languages is: In the Neolithic period, two important archaeological cultures flourished in this area: the Starčevo culture and the Vinča culture . Indo-European peoples first settled in the territory of present-day Vojvodina in 3200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age , several Indo-European archaeological cultures were centered in or around Vojvodina, including
1552-562: The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia , located in Central Europe. It lies within the Pannonian Basin , bordered to the south by the national capital Belgrade and the Sava and Danube Rivers. The administrative centre, Novi Sad , is the second-largest city in Serbia. The historic regions of Banat , Bačka , Syrmia and northernmost part of Mačva overlap
1649-682: The Dalmatian coast to the Danube basin and Old Serbia (Macedonia, Raška, Kosovo and Metohija). In 1688, Habsburg forces captured Belgrade , but lost the city already in 1690. However, when the Austrians started to pull out of Serbia, they invited the Serbian people to come north with them to the Austrian territories. Having to choose between Ottoman reprisal and living in a Christian state, Serbs abandoned their homesteads and headed north, led by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III . Another important episode in Serbian history took place in 1716–1718, when
1746-692: The Habsburgs : In 1799, the dahia ( janissary leaders, high-status infantry in the provinces) took over the Sanjak of Smederevo , renouncing the Sultan and imposing higher taxes. In 1804, they murdered the most notable intellectuals and nobles, known as the Slaughter of the Dukes . In retaliation, the Serbs took arms and by 1806 had killed or driven out all of the dahia , but the fight did not stop. When
1843-672: The Magyars and took part in the Magyar conquest of the Carpathian basin including what is now Vojvodina in 895–907.) Following territorial disputes with Byzantine and Bulgarian states, most of Vojvodina became part of the Kingdom of Hungary between the 10th and 12th century and remained under Hungarian administration until the 16th century (Following periods of Ottoman and Habsburg administrations, Hungarian political dominance over most of
1940-602: The Maritsa River near the village of Chernomen (present-day Ormenio , Greece ) on 26 September 1371 between Ottoman forces commanded by Lala Shahin Pasha and Evrenos , and Serbian forces commanded by King Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his brother Despot Jovan Uglješa . In 1354, the Ottomans acquired Gallipoli . From there, they expanded into Thrace , taking the important city of Adrianople in 1369. They reached
2037-556: The Principality of Serbia . The Turks defeated the Serbian army in one crucial battle: on the banks of the river Maritsa in 1371, where the forces of Vukašin and Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević from today's North Macedonia were defeated, destroying any hope for a reunified Serbian Empire . From then on, the Serbian state was on the defensive, and this war culminated in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. This battle pitted Lazar of Serbia , Vuk Branković , and Vlatko Vuković against
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#17327722077612134-593: The Ustashe regime's mass killings as genocide of the Serbs , including Raphael Lemkin . In 1942, in the Novi Sad Raid , a military operation carried out by the Királyi Honvédség , the armed forces of Hungary , during World War II , after occupation and annexation of former Yugoslav territories. It resulted in the deaths of 3,000–4,000 civilians in the southern Bačka (Bácska) region. Under
2231-938: The Vučedol culture , the Vatin culture , and the Bosut culture , among others. Before the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian , Thracian and Celtic origin inhabited this area. The first states organized in this area were the Celtic State of the Scordisci (3rd century BC-1st century AD) with capital in Singidunum ( Belgrade ), and the Dacian Kingdom of Burebista (1st century BC). During Roman rule, Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica )
2328-651: The war in Croatia in persecution of Croats in Serbia during Yugoslav Wars was organized and participated in the expulsion of the Croats in some places in Vojvodina. Based on an investigation by the Humanitarian Law Fund from Belgrade in the course of June, July, and August 1992, more than 10,000 Croats from Vojvodina exchanged their property for the property of Serbs from Croatia, and altogether about 20,000 Croats left Serbia. According to other estimations,
2425-585: The 17th century (in 1690). Most settled in what is now Hungary, with the lesser part settling in western Vojvodina. All Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy gained the status of a recognized nation with extensive rights, in exchange for providing a border militia (in the Military Frontier ) that could be mobilized against invaders from the south (such as the Ottomans), as well as in case of civil unrest in
2522-777: The 1910 census, the last census conducted in Austria-Hungary, the population of Vojvodina included 510,754 (33.8%) Serbs; 425,672 (28.1%) Hungarians; and 324,017 (21.4%) Germans. At the end of World War I , the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 31 October 1918, the Banat Republic was proclaimed in Timișoara . The government of Hungary recognized its independence, but it
2619-670: The Assembly of Syrmia also proclaimed the unification of Syrmia with Serbia. On 1 December 1918, Vojvodina (as part of the Kingdom of Serbia) officially became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Between 1929 and 1941, the region was part of the Danube Banovina , a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Its capital city was Novi Sad. Apart from the core territories of Vojvodina and Baranja, it included significant parts of Šumadija and Braničevo regions south of
2716-560: The Battle of Mohač the leader of Serbian mercenaries in Hungary, Jovan Nenad "The Black" , established his rule in Bačka , northern Banat , and a small part of Srem (These three regions are now parts of Vojvodina ). He created an independent state with the city of Subotica as its capital. At the peak of his power Jovan Nenad crowned himself in Subotica as the Serb emperor. Taking advantage of
2813-521: The Bulgarian administration (9th century), local Bulgarian dukes, Salan and Glad , ruled over the region. Salan's residence was Titel, while that of Glad was possibly in the rumoured rampart of Galad or perhaps in the Kladovo (Gladovo) in eastern Serbia. Glad's descendant was the duke Ahtum, another local ruler from the 11th century who opposed the establishment of Hungarian rule over the region. In
2910-619: The County of Bač. Later, the civil administration was expanded to other (mostly northern) parts of the region, while southern parts remained under military administration. The eastern part of this area was held again by the Ottoman Empire between 1787 and 1788, during the Russo-Turkish War . In 1716, Vienna temporarily forbade settlement by Hungarians and Jews in the area, while large numbers of German speakers were settled in
3007-551: The Danube (but not the capital city of Belgrade ). Between 1941 and 1944, during World War II , Nazi Germany and its allies, Hungary and the Independent State of Croatia , occupied Vojvodina and divided it. Bačka and Baranja were annexed by Hungary and Syrmia was included in the Independent State of Croatia. A smaller Danube Banovina (including Banat, Šumadija, and Braničevo) was designated as part of
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3104-480: The Danube began to conspire against the dahias. When they found out, they rounded up and murdered dozens of Serbian noblemen on the main square of Valjevo in an event known today as Seča knezova ( Slaughter of the Dukes in 1804). The massacre outraged the Serbian people and incited the revolt across the Pashaluk of Belgrade . Within days, in the small Šumadija village of Orašac , the Serbs gathered to proclaim
3201-587: The Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. Wallachian Right became the point of reference in the 18th century for military settlement in lowland region. The Vlachs who settled there were actually mainly Serbs, although there were also Romanians while Aromanians lived in the urban areas. At the beginning of Habsburg rule, most of the region was integrated into the Military Frontier, while western parts of Bačka were put under civil administration within
3298-516: The Hungarian authority, 19,573 people were killed in Bačka, of which the majority of victims were of Serb, Jewish and Romani origin. When Axis occupation ended in 1944, the region was temporarily placed under a military administration (1944–45) run by the new communist authorities. During and after the military administration, several thousands of citizens were killed. Victims were mostly ethnic Germans, but Hungarian and Serb populations were also killed. Both
3395-407: The Hungarian noblemen from the region joined forces against him and defeated the Serbian troops in the summer of 1527. Emperor Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his state collapsed. After the fall of emperor's state, the supreme military commander of Jovan Nenad's army, Radoslav Čelnik , established his own temporary state in the region of Syrmia, where he ruled as Ottoman vassal. A few decades later,
3492-530: The Ottoman Empire in 1594. It was the largest uprising of Serbian people against Ottoman rule till date. The leader of this uprising was Teodor Nestorović , the Bishop of Vršac . Other leaders were Sava Ban and voivode Velja Mironić . For a short time, the Serb rebels captured several cities in Banat, including Vršac , Bečkerek , and Lipova , as well as Titel and Bečej in Bačka . The size of this uprising
3589-499: The Ottoman Empire, relying on the help of the Serbs who lived under Ottoman rule. During the Austro-Turkish War (1593–1606), in 1594, the Serbs staged an uprising in Banat , the Pannonian part of Turkey. Sinan Pasha retaliated by burning the remains of Saint Sava , the most sacred Serbian saint. Serbs created another center of resistance in Herzegovina , but when peace was signed by Turkey and Austria, they were abandoned to Turkish retaliation. This sequence of events became usual in
3686-421: The Porte in 1817 ordered the assassination of Karađorđe Petrović. The final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 raised Turkish fears that Russia might again intervene in the Balkans. To avoid this the sultan agreed to make Serbia suzerain – a semi-independent state nominally responsible to the Porte. Ottoman Serbs, who were Serbian Orthodox Christian , belonged to the Rum Millet ( millet-i Rûm , "Roman Nation"). Although
3783-457: The Serbian Army, killing King Vukašin and despot Uglješa. Thousands of Serbs were killed, and thousands drowned in the Maritsa river when they tried to flee. After the battle, it was said, the Maritsa ran scarlet with blood. South Serbia fell under Ottoman power after this battle. The battle was a part of the Ottoman campaign to conquer the Balkans and was preceded by the Ottoman capturing of Sozopol (today in Bulgaria) in 1353 and succeeded by
3880-445: The Serbian ethnic territories, ranging from river Drina, to Belgrade and the Danube basin, became the battleground for a new Austrian-Ottoman war launched by Prince Eugene of Savoy . The Serbs sided once again with Austria. After a peace treaty was signed in Požarevac , Ottomans lost all their possessions in the Danube basin and northern Serbia, northern Bosnia, and parts of Dalmatia and the Peloponnesus . The last Austrian-Ottoman war
3977-429: The Serbian revolution was attracting thousands of volunteers among Serbs from across the Balkans and Central Europe. The Serbian Revolution ultimately became a symbol of the nation-building process in the Balkans, provoking peasant unrest among Christians in both Greece and Bulgaria . Following a successful siege with 25,000 men, on 8 January 1807 the charismatic leader of the revolt, Karađorđe Petrović, proclaimed Belgrade
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4074-399: The Sultan sent the new Pasha into the province, the Serbs killed him. The revolt continued, in what would be known as the First Serbian Uprising , with the Serbs under Karađorđe defeating the Turks in several battles, liberating most of Central Serbia . An unsuccessful rebellion followed in 1814, and in 1815 the Second Serbian Uprising began. In 1817, Serbia was de facto independent as
4171-616: The Vojvodina parliament is composed of the following political parties: Serbian Progressive Party , Socialist Party of Serbia and Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians . The current president of Vojvodinian government is Igor Mirović ( Serbian Progressive Party ), while the president of the provincial Assembly is István Pásztor ( Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians ). Vojvodina is divided into seven districts . They are regional centers of state authority, but have no powers of their own; they present purely administrative divisions. The seven districts are further subdivided into 37 municipalities and
4268-404: The Yugoslav collective presidency – were transferred to the control of Belgrade, the capital. The province still had its own parliament and government, and some other autonomous functions as well. According to Đorđe Tomić, this is an example of a phantom border . The fall of Milošević in 2000 created a new political climate in Vojvodina. Following talks between the political parties, the level of
4365-407: The almost 10 years of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time, after 300 years of Ottoman and short Austrian occupations . Encouraged by the Russian Empire , demands for self-government within the Ottoman Empire in 1804 developed into a war for independence by 1807. Combining patriarchal peasant democracy with modern national goals,
4462-752: The area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia . The administrative center of this smaller province was Smederevo . But, Banat was a separate autonomous region ruled by its ethnic German minority. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs, Jews and Roma; the Jewish population of Vojvodina was almost completely killed or deported. In total, Axis occupational authorities killed about 50,000 citizens of Vojvodina (mostly Serbs, Jews and Roma) while more than 280,000 people were interned, arrested, violated or tortured. Such crimes in varying regions of Vojvodina were carried out by Nazi Germans, Ustaše and Hungarian Axis forces. Many historians and authors describe
4559-409: The area. Most of the Hungarians left the region during the Ottoman conquest and early period of Ottoman administration, so the population of Vojvodina in Ottoman times was predominantly Serbs (who comprised an absolute majority of Vojvodina at the time), with significant presence of Muslims of various ethnic backgrounds. After the defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary at Mohács by the Ottoman Empire ,
4656-409: The best troops of Sultan Murad I . Both Sultan Murad I and Prince Lazar lost their lives in this inconclusive bloodbath. The Battle of Kosovo defined the long-term fate of Serbia, because now it had no force capable of standing up to the Turks directly. This was an unstable period marked by the rule of Prince Lazar's son — despot Stefan Lazarević — a true European-style knight, a military leader, and
4753-431: The borders of Uglješa's lands. Uglješa tried to create a coalition against them, but failed to secure support from the Byzantines and the Bulgarians. Most of the Serbian lords were occupied fighting each other and the only Serbian lord who supported Uglješa's ideas was his brother Vukašin. In the summer of 1371, Vukašin marched to Zeta, to support his relative Đurađ Balšić in his war against Nikola Altomanović . His army
4850-425: The capital of Serbia . Serbs responded to the Ottoman brutalities by establishing its separate institutions: Governing Council (Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet), the Great Academy (Velika škola), the Theological Academy (Bogoslovija) and other administrative bodies. Karađorđe and other revolutionary leaders sent their children to the Great Academy, which also had among its students Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864),
4947-481: The capture of the cities of Drama , Kavala , and Serrai (today in Greece ) in the 1380s. The battle also preceded the later 1389 Battle of Kosovo , and was one of many in the Serbian–Turkish wars . 41°43′N 26°13′E / 41.717°N 26.217°E / 41.717; 26.217 Vojvodina Vojvodina ( / ˌ v ɔɪ v ə ˈ d iː n ə / VOY -və- DEE -nə ; Serbian Cyrillic : Војводина , IPA: [vǒjvodina] ), officially
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#17327722077615044-412: The centuries that followed. The Great War between Ottomans and the Holy League took place from 1683 to 1699. The Holy League was created with the sponsorship of the Pope and included Austria, Poland and Venice . These three powers incited the Serbs to rebel against the Ottoman authorities, and soon uprisings and guerrilla warfare spread throughout the western Balkans, ranging from Montenegro and
5141-408: The church and the Monastery. From 1718 until 1739 the country was known as the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) . The fall of Habsburg Serbia was followed by the Great Migrations of the Serbs from the Ottoman Empire into the Austrian Empire. In the latter half of the century, officer Koča Anđelković led a successful rebellion against the Ottomans with the help of Austria and again put Serbia under
5238-466: The civilian populations. Following the Habsburg-Russian and Serb victory over the Hungarians in 1849, a new administrative territory was created in the region in November 1849, in accordance with a decision made by the Austrian emperor . By this decision, the Serbian autonomous region created in 1848 was transformed into the new Austrian crown land known as Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar . It consisted of Banat, Bačka and Srem, excluding
5335-449: The consent of the two Provincial Assemblies. The 1974 Serbian constitution, adopted at the same time, reiterated that "the Socialist Republic of Serbia comprises the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo , which originated in the common struggle of nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia in the National Liberation War (the Second World War) and socialist revolution". In 1990s, during
5432-448: The constitution of the Serbian Voivodship ( Serbian Duchy ), a Serbian autonomous region within the Austrian Empire . The Serbian Voivodship consisted of Srem, Bačka, Banat, and Baranja . The head of the metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci , Josif Rajačić , was elected patriarch , while Stevan Šupljikac was chosen as first voivod (duke). The ethnic war erupted violently in the area, with both sides committing atrocities against
5529-401: The continent. According to the treaty, the western part of Vojvodina passed to Habsburgs. The eastern part (eastern Syrmia and Province of Tamışvar ) remained in Ottoman hands until Austrian conquest in 1716. This new border change was ratified by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. During the Great Serb Migration , Serbs from Ottoman territories settled in the Habsburg monarchy at the end of
5626-489: The country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionary council proclaimed an uprising in Takovo on April 23, 1815, with Milos Obrenović chosen as the leader (while Karađorđe was still in exile in Austria). The decision of the Serb leaders was based on two reasons. First, they feared a general massacre of knezes . Second, they learned that Karađorđe was planning to return from exile in Russia. The anti-Karađorđe faction, including Miloš Obrenović,
5723-408: The crown land. In 1860, the new province was abolished and most of it (with exception of Syrmia) was again integrated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary . Vojvodina remained Austrian Crown land until 1860, when Emperor Franz Joseph decided that it would be Hungarian Crown land again. After 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary became one of two self-governing parts of Austria-Hungary , and the territory
5820-464: The extremely confused military and political situation, the Hungarian noblemen from the region joined forces against him and defeated the Serbian troops in the summer of 1527. Emperor Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his state collapsed. After the Siege of Belgrade , Suleiman I settled Serbs in the nearby Forest of Constantinople , in present-day Bahçeköy, known as Belgrade forest . European powers, and Austria in particular, fought many wars against
5917-415: The fall of Principality of Zeta in 1496, Serbia was ruled by the Ottoman Empire for almost three centuries. A Serbian principality under Hungarian protection was created, after the fall of the Serbian Despotate, by the Branković family (later other Serbian noblemen assumed the throne) in what is now Vojvodina, Slavonia, and Bosnia. The subordinate state spent its entirety fighting the Ottomans and represented
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#17327722077616014-406: The famous reformer of the Serbian alphabet . Belgrade was repopulated by local military leaders, merchants and craftsmen, but also by an important group of enlightened Serbs from the Habsburg Empire who gave a new cultural and political framework to the egalitarian peasant society of Serbia. Dositej Obradović , a prominent figure of the Balkan Enlightenment , the founder of the Great Academy, became
6111-428: The first Minister of Education in modern Serbia in 1811. Following the French invasion in 1812 the Russian Empire withdrew its support for the Serb rebels. Unwilling to accept anything less than independence, the revolutionaries were fought into submission following the Ottoman incursion into Serbia. One quarter of Serbia's population (at that moment around 100,000 people) were exiled into the Habsburg Empire, including
6208-419: The green flag of Muhammad brought from Damascus to counter the Serbian flag, and burned the mortal remains of Saint Sava in Belgrade. The Serb Uprising of 1596-97 was organized by Patriarch Jovan Kantul and led by Grdan . In the year 1711 Mihailo Miloradovich came to Montenegro , to the great misfortune of the Monastery and of Montenegro.... [for Vizir Kiuprili in 1714] razed Montenegro and destroyed
6305-433: The heritage of what was left of the Serbian Kingdom. From the 14th century onward an increasing number of Serbs began migrated north to the region today known as Vojvodina , which was then under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary . The Hungarian kings encouraged the immigration of Serbs to the kingdom, and hired many of them as soldiers and border guards. Therefore, the Serb population of this region highly increased. During
6402-428: The largest in importance was a Gepid state, which had its capital in Sirmium. According to the 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius , Avars gave the region of Syrmia to a Bulgar leader named Kuber circa 680. The Bulgars of Kuber moved south with Maurus to Macedonia where they co-operated with Tervel in the 8th century. Slavs settled today's Vojvodina in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed
6499-409: The leader of the Uprising, Karađorđe Petrović. Recaptured by the Ottomans in October 1813, Belgrade became a scene of brutal revenge, with hundreds of its citizens massacred, and thousands sold into slavery as far away as Asia. Direct Ottoman rule also meant the abolition of all Serbian institutions, including the University of Belgrade (Velika škola) and the return of Ottoman Turks to Serbia. Despite
6596-448: The lost battle, tensions nevertheless persisted. In 1814 the unsuccessful Hadži Prodan's revolt was launched by Hadži Prodan Gligorijević , a veteran of the First Serbian Uprising . He knew the Turks would arrest him, so he thought it best to resist the Ottomans; Milos Obrenović , another veteran, felt the time was not right for an uprising and did not provide assistance. Hadži Prodan's Uprising soon failed and he fled to Austria. After
6693-419: The number of Croats which have left Serbia under political pressure of Milošević's regime might be between 20,000 and 40,000. According to Petar Kuntić of Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina , 50,000 Croats were pressured to move out from Serbia during the Yugoslav wars. Under the rule of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević , a series of protests against Vojvodina's party leadership took place during
6790-404: The other half by the post-war Communist authorities. The region was politically restored in 1944 (incorporating Syrmia, Banat, Bačka and Baranja) and became an autonomous province of Serbia in 1945. Instead of the previous name (Danube Banovina), the region regained its historical name of Vojvodina, while its capital city remained Novi Sad. When the final borders of Vojvodina were defined, Baranja
6887-437: The province's autonomy was somewhat increased by the omnibus law in 2002. The Vojvodina provincial assembly adopted a new statute on 15 October 2008, which, after being partially amended, was approved by the Parliament of Serbia . On 28 January 2013, as an answer to the proposal of the Third Serbia political organization from Novi Sad to abolish the autonomy of Vojvodina, the pro-autonomist Vojvodina's Party performed
6984-435: The province. Modern Vojvodina is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, with some 26 ethnic groups and six official languages. Less than two million people, nearly 27% of Serbia's population, live in the province. Vojvodina is also the Serbian word for voivodeship , a type of duchy overseen by a voivode . The Serbian Voivodeship , a precursor to modern Vojvodina, was an Austrian province from 1849 to 1860. Its official name
7081-429: The region fell into a period of anarchy and civil wars. In 1526 Jovan Nenad , a leader of Serb mercenaries, established his rule in Bačka , northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia . He created an ephemeral independent state, with Subotica as its capital. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself Serbian Emperor in Subotica. Taking advantage of the extremely confused military and political situation,
7178-538: The region from Bavaria and southern areas, in order to repopulate it and develop agriculture. From 1782, Protestant Hungarians and ethnic Germans settled in larger numbers. During the 1848–49 revolutions , Vojvodina was a site of a war between Serbs and Hungarians, due to the opposite national conceptions of the two peoples. At the May Assembly in Sremski Karlovci (13–15 May 1848), Serbs declared
7275-753: The region in 1944, together with the defeated German army. Most of those who remained in the region (about 150,000) were sent to some of the villages cordoned off as prisons. It is estimated that some 48,447 Germans died in the camps from disease, hunger, malnutrition, mistreatment, and cold. Some 8,049 Germans were killed by partisans during military administration in Vojvodina after October 1944. It has also been estimated that post-war communist authorities killed some 15,000–20,000 Hungarians and some 23,000–24,000 Serbs during Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45 . According to Dragoljub Živković , some 47,000 ethnic Serbs were murdered in Vojvodina between 1941 and 1948. About half were killed by occupational Axis forces and
7372-552: The region was established again in 1867 and over entire region in 1882, after abolition of the Habsburg Military Frontier). The regional demographic balance started changing in the 11th century when Magyars began to replace the local Slavic population. But from the 14th century, the balance changed again in favour of the Slavs when Serbian refugees fleeing from territories conquered by the Ottoman army settled in
7469-601: The rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans. Slavic tribes that lived in the territory of present-day Vojvodina included Abodrites, Severans, Braničevci and Timočani. In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included the Bulgarian Empire, Great Moravia and Ljudevit's Pannonian Duchy. During
7566-571: The rule of the Habsburgs, so the territory was known as Koča's frontier . The rebellion ended with the Treaty of Sistova and the withdrawal of Austrians. Sava Tekelija , Serbian nobleman, doctor of law and patron of arts, had a significant role in the cultural life of Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy, as well as the overall political life of the realm. In the Timisioara meeting in 1790, he made
7663-535: The southern parts of these regions which were part of the Military Frontier with significant Serbian populations. An Austrian governor seated in Temeschwar ruled the area, while the title of Voivod belonged to the emperor himself. The full title of the emperor was " Grand Voivod of the Voivodship of Serbia" (German: Großwoiwode der Woiwodschaft Serbien ). German and Serbian were the official languages of
7760-479: The struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary, this Serb population attempted a restoration of the Serbian state. In the battle of Mohač on August 29, 1526, Ottoman Turkey destroyed the army of the Hungarian – Bohemian king Louis Jagellion , who was killed on the battlefield. After this battle Hungary broke up into three parts, and much of its former territory became part of the Ottoman Empire. Soon after
7857-591: The summer and autumn of 1988, which forced it to resign. Eventually Vojvodina and Kosovo had to accept Serbia's constitutional amendments that practically dismissed the autonomy of the provinces in Serbia. Vojvodina and Kosovo lost elements of statehood in September 1990 when the new constitution of the Republic of Serbia was adopted. Vojvodina was still referred to as an autonomous province of Serbia, but most of its autonomous powers – including, crucially, its vote on
7954-478: The uprising, electing Karađorđe Petrović as the leader. That afternoon, a Turkish inn ( caravanserai ) in Orašac was burned and its residents fled or were killed, followed by similar actions country-wide. Soon the cities Valjevo and Požarevac were liberated, and the siege of Belgrade launched. Initially fighting to restore their local privileges within the Ottoman system (until 1807), the revolutionaries – supported by
8051-611: The village of Čelarevo archaeologists have also found traces of people who practised the Judaic religion. Bunardžić dated Avar-Bulgar graves excavated in Čelarevo, containing skulls with Mongolian features and Judaic symbols, to the late 8th and 9th centuries. Erdely and Vilkhnovich consider the graves to belong to the Kabars who eventually broke ties with the Khazar Empire between the 830s and 862. (Three other Khazar tribes joined
8148-669: The war, and returned the Belgrade region to the Ottoman Empire. Despite guarantees that Austria had insisted on, many of the participants in the uprising and their families went into exile in Austria. Reforms made by the Porte to ease the pressure on Serbs were only temporary; by 1799 the Janissary corps had returned, suspended Serb autonomy and drastically increased taxes, enforcing martial law in Serbia. Serb leaders from both sides of
8245-417: The war-time Axis occupational authorities and the post-war communist authorities ran concentration/prison camps in the territory of Vojvodina (see List of concentration and internment camps ). While war-time prisoners in these camps were mostly Jews, Serbs and communists, post-war camps were formed for ethnic Germans (historically known as Danube Swabians ). Most Vojvodina ethnic Germans (about 200,000) fled
8342-652: The wealthy Serbian community from the southern Austrian Empire (present-day Vojvodina ) and Serb officers from the Austrian Military Frontier – offered themselves to be placed under the protection of Habsburg- , Russian - and French Empires respectively, entering, as a new political factor, into the converging aspirations of the Great Powers during the Napoleonic wars in Europe. During
8439-454: The whole region was added to the Ottoman Empire , which ruled over it until the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy . The Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, between Holy League and Ottoman Empire , marked the withdrawal of the Ottoman forces from Central Europe , and the supremacy of the Habsburg monarchy in that part of
8536-531: The years that followed were characterized by the Ottomans and Hungary battling over the territory of Serbia. In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople , and in 1458 Athens . In 1459, the Serbian Despotate was conquered by the Ottoman Empire as part of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans . Several minor, unsuccessful and short-lived revolts broke out against Ottoman rule, mostly with the help of
8633-519: Was a part of the Roman province of Dacia , Syrmia belonged to the Roman province of Pannonia . Bačka was not part of the Roman Empire and was populated and ruled by Sarmatian Iazyges . After the Romans were driven away from this region, various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area. These peoples included Goths, Sarmatians, Huns, Gepids and Avars. For regional history,
8730-500: Was anxious to forestall Karađorđe and keep him out of power. Fighting resumed at Easter in 1815, and Milos became the supreme leader of the new revolt. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubić , Čačak , Palez , Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer the Pashaluk of Belgrade . Milos advocated a policy of restraint : captured Ottoman soldiers were not killed and civilians were released. His announced goal
8827-458: Was assigned to Croatia, while the northern part of the Mačva region was assigned to Vojvodina. For decades, the province enjoyed only a small level of autonomy within Serbia. Under the 1974 Yugoslav constitution, it gained extensive rights of self-rule, as both Kosovo and Vojvodina were given de facto veto power in the Serbian and Yugoslav parliaments. Changes to their status could not be made without
8924-556: Was in Skadar , waiting for naval support from the Republic of Ragusa . Uglješa received information that the majority of Ottoman forces left Europe and marched to Anatolia. He decided it was a good time to execute his offensive plans and asked Vukašin for help. Vukašin left Skadar with his army and joined Uglješa. They marched against Adrianople. The Serbian army numbered between 50,000 and 70,000 men. Despot Uglješa wanted to make
9021-685: Was known as the Dubica War (1788–1791), when the Austrians urged the Christians in Bosnia to rebel. No wars were fought afterwards until the 20th century, which marked the fall of both mighty empires (by this time, Austria had become Austria-Hungary ). In the Banat region, which then formed part of the Ottoman Eyalet of Temeşvar , in the area around Vršac , a large uprising began against
9118-610: Was not independence but to put an end to abusive misrule. Wider European events now helped the Serbian cause. Political and diplomatic means in negotiations between the Prince of Serbia and the Ottoman Porte , instead of further war clashes coincided with the political rules within the framework of Metternich 's Europe. Prince Miloš Obrenović , an astute politician and able diplomat, in order to confirm his hard-won loyalty to
9215-629: Was one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire , and six Roman Emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings. The city was also the capital of several Roman administrative units, including Pannonia Inferior , Pannonia Secunda , the Diocese of Pannonia , and the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . Roman rule lasted until the 5th century, after which the region came into the possession of various peoples and states. While Banat
9312-500: Was returned again to Hungarian administration. In 1867, a new county system was introduced. This territory was organized among Bács-Bodrog , Torontál and Temes counties. The era following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was a period of economic flourishing. The Kingdom of Hungary had the second-fastest growing economy in Europe between 1867 and 1913, but ethnic relations were strained. According to
9409-557: Was short-lived. On 25 November 1918, the Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina ( Banat, Bačka and Baranja ) with the Kingdom of Serbia (The assembly numbered 757 deputies, of which 578 were Serbs , 84 Bunjevci , 62 Slovaks , 21 Rusyns , 6 Germans , 3 Šokci , 2 Croats and 1 Hungarian ). One day before this, on 24 November,
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