52-598: Otuocha // is a populated town in Nigeria and serves as the capital of Anambra East , a local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria . It was previously a divisional headquarters of the Anambra Divisional Council during the First Republic of Nigeria (1963–1966). Otuocha was located on the northern side of Biafra , a short-lived nation, and was one of the food baskets of
104-674: A cassation court (for criminal law) and a Supreme Court. In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority, but criminal cases have four stages, one more than civil law does. On the court sits a total of nine justices. This number has been changed several times. Japan 's process for selecting judges is longer and more stringent than in various countries, like the United States and in Mexico . Assistant judges are appointed from those who have completed their training at
156-590: A Motor Park/Market at a location on contested Agu Akor land and destroyed the Blessed Virgin Mary statue mounted on Our Lady of Victory Cathedral Otuocha belonging to the Umueri. It was rumored that Aguleri had been planning to attack Umueri with the support of the then local Government Chairman who was from Aguleri. Umueri petitioned and the then State Government who drafted Mobile policemen into Otuocha between December 1994 and April 1995. This action buried
208-734: A court of first instance, is appealed to an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort. In France , the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the Council of State for administrative cases, and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases. In the People's Republic of China , the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the National People's Congress . Other countries such as Argentina have mixed systems that include lower courts, appeals courts,
260-446: A critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution, thus in common law countries creating the body of constitutional law. This is a more general overview of the development of the judiciary and judicial systems over the course of history. The most important part was Ius Civile (Latin for "civil law"). This consisted of Mos Maiorum (Latin for "way of the ancestors") and Leges (Latin for "laws"). Mos Maiorum
312-814: A law degree during the five years preceding their nomination. United States Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate . The Supreme Court justices serve for life term or until retirement. The Supreme Court is located in Washington, D.C. The United States federal court system consists of 94 federal judicial districts . The 94 districts are then divided up into twelve regional circuits. The United States has five different types of courts that are considered subordinate to
364-498: A more systematic way of going through the legal process. In the new legal process, appeal was possible. The process would be partially inquisitorial , where the judge would actively investigate all the evidence before him, but also partially adversarial , where both parties are responsible for finding the evidence to convince the judge. After the French Revolution , lawmakers stopped interpretation of law by judges, and
416-409: A professional judge who was a representative of the emperor. Appeal was possible to the immediate superior. During this time period, legal experts started to come up. They studied the law and were advisors to the emperor. They also were allowed to give legal advice on behalf of the emperor. This era is also known as the "post-classical era of Roman law". The most important legal event during this era
468-566: A safer zone between the Aguleri and Umueri during the dispute; they sheltered the displaced in 1995. In 1999, the cause of their involvement wasn't clear. It is alleged that they joined forces with Aguleri to attack Umueri. According to sources, Aguleri and Umuoba-Anam reached an agreement, that Umuoba Anam joined them to chase Umueri out of the area, the Aguleri community would give Umuoba-Anam more land to expand their settlement. Umueri during
520-568: Is a Local Government Area in Anambra State, south-central Nigeria . Towns that make up the local government are Aguleri , Enugwu Aguleri , Eziagulu Otu Aguleri, Enugwu Otu Aguleri, Mkpunando-otu Aguleri, Ikem Ivite, Igbariam , Umuoba Anam , Nando, Umueri , and Nsugbe . It is part of the Greater Onitsha Metropolis. In Anambra East, oil and gas were discovered in large quantities on the bank of Aguleri town and
572-431: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Judiciary The judiciary (also known as the judicial system , judicature , judicial branch , judiciative branch , and court or judiciary system ) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases. The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies
SECTION 10
#1732791333217624-538: Is also endowed with abundant mineral resources . Anambra East LGA's average temperature is 27.5 °C , with a humidity of 79%. The region has two significant seasons: the dry season , which runs from November to March, and the rainy season , which lasts from April to October. Here is the list of secondary schools in Anambra East Local Government Area: This Anambra State , Nigeria location article
676-406: Is also known as the "classical era of Roman Law" In this era, the praetor's edict was now known as edictum perpetuum .which were all the edicts collected in one edict by Hadrian . Also, a new judicial process came up: cognitio extraordinaria (Latin for "extraordinary process"). This came into being due to the largess of the empire. This process only had one phase, where the case was presented to
728-642: The Mexican Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Mexico , and then are approved by the Mexican Senate to serve for a fifteen-year term. Other justices are appointed by the Supreme Court and serve for six years. Federal courts consist of the 11 ministers of the Supreme Court, 32 circuit tribunals and 98 district courts. The Supreme Court of Mexico is located in Mexico City . Supreme Court Judges must be of ages 35 to 65 and hold
780-449: The law in the name of the state . The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the judiciary generally does not make statutory law (which is the responsibility of the legislature ) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive ), but rather interprets, defends, and applies the law to the facts of each case. However, in some countries
832-509: The tort of negligence is not derived from statute law in most common law jurisdictions. The term common law refers to this kind of law. Common law decisions set precedent for all courts to follow. This is sometimes called stare decisis . In the United States court system , the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, as well as
884-485: The "port" or shores of Oche), lies on the banks of Omambala river , where many other waterport and local wharf dwells. Though it was a small land, but expands due to the advanced trade immigration and transportation that took over the land. It extends to includes some parts of Aguarkor in the west and Offianwagbo in the East. It was later called "Otuocha", caused by the mispronunciation of its original name "Otuoche" by
936-436: The Aguleri people dwell mostly in the northern part, while Umueri natives were dominants of the southern part of the town, and the people of Umuoba Anam settles on the central part. Aguleri and Umuleri over the years, had crisis over the town of Otuocha. The traditional based war, was a clarity of the first descendants of the land between the two communities at war. It was lead in view, which of them has superior claim over
988-621: The Glossators were the Post-Glossators or Commentators. They looked at a subject in a logical and systematic way by writing comments with the texts, treatises and consilia , which are advises given according to the old Roman law. Canon law knows a few forms of laws: the canones , decisions made by Councils, and the decreta , decisions made by the Popes. The monk Gratian, one of the well-known decretists , started to organise all of
1040-554: The Igbo natives of Aguleri and Umueri but also others from various parts of Nigeria, including the Igala, Hausa, Ijaw, Yoruba, etc. According to oral sources from Umueri, Otuocha land was earlier known as "Otu-Oche" and was a farmstead belonging to the people of Aguleri and Amukwa-Adegbe Village of ancient Umueri Kingdom. Part of Otuocha land owned by one Ogbuevi Oche from Amukwa-Adegbe village, previously called Otu-Oche (referring to
1092-655: The Judiciary Panel of Inquiry amongst many other things indicted the then Chairman of the Local Government(an Aguleri native) and the Divisional Police Office (DPO) for involvement(taking sides)in the conflict. It also recommended that State government rebuild many of the destroyed Public Buildings which including Umueri Technical College, Girls High School, Otuocha Postal Office, General Hospital Umueri, etc. The Government of
SECTION 20
#17327913332171144-666: The Legal Training and Research Institute located in Wako . Once appointed, assistant judges still may not qualify to sit alone until they have served for five years, and have been appointed by the Supreme Court of Japan . Judges require ten years of experience in practical affairs, as a public prosecutor or practicing attorney. In the Japanese judicial branch there is the Supreme Court, eight high courts, fifty district courts, fifty family courts, and 438 summary courts. Justices of
1196-711: The Local Government Secretariat, the Divisional Police Head Office, the Aguleri Post office, and Nipost Umueri. There are many schools in Otuocha, including St. Joseph's Primary School, Ovuakwu Primary School, and Ochei Primary school. Banks with offices in the town include First Bank of Nigeria plc, Aguleri community bank, Umuoba Anam Community Bank, and Umueri Community bank. The worship of traditional African deities
1248-715: The Supreme Court: United States bankruptcy courts , United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , United States Court of International Trade , United States courts of appeals , and United States district courts . Immigration courts are not part of the judicial branch; immigration judges are employees of the Executive Office for Immigration Review , part of the United States Department of Justice in
1300-680: The Umuoba-Anam people bought their settlement from Umueri in 1900. This is slightly different from a report from the World Organization Against Torture and the Center for Law Enforcement Education, which said that the settlement was bought in 1898 from the Aguleri community, but following the incessant harassment from Umuleri for the same settlement in the 1910s, they entered into another purchase agreement with Umueri. The people of Umuoba-Anam have always provided
1352-675: The building of an international airport city in Umueri, Anambra East Local Government Area. Yam , rice , cassava , and cocoyam are the main crops grown in the Anambra east LGA, which is both commercial and agricultural . Markets including the Otuocha market, the New parts market, and the Afia Ama market contribute significantly to the area's economic reputation. With significant crude oil deposits discovered in Aguleri town , Anambra East
1404-472: The case. The most important change in this period was the shift from priest to praetor as the head of the judicial system. The praetor would also make an edict in which he would declare new laws or principles for the year he was elected. This edict is also known as praetorian law. The Principate is the first part of the Roman Empire, which started with the reign of Augustus . This time period
1456-675: The church law, which is now known as the Decretum Gratiani , or simply as Decretum . It forms the first part of the collection of six legal texts, which together became known as the Corpus Juris Canonici . It was used by canonists of the Roman Catholic Church until Pentecost (19 May) 1918, when a revised Code of Canon Law ( Codex Iuris Canonici ) promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on 27 May 1917 obtained legal force. The Decretalists , like
1508-619: The city in the 11th century, eventually creating universities. The universities had five faculties: arts, medicine, theology, canon law and Ius Civile , or civil law. Canon law, or ecclesiastical law are laws created by the Pope, head of the Roman Catholic Church. The last form was also called secular law, or Roman law. It was mainly based on the Corpus Iuris Civilis , which had been rediscovered in 1070. Roman law
1560-530: The constitutionality of the various state laws; in the US federal court system , federal cases are tried in trial courts , known as the US district courts , followed by appellate courts and then the Supreme Court. State courts , which try 98% of litigation , may have different names and organization; trial courts may be called "courts of common plea", appellate courts "superior courts" or "commonwealth courts". The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with
1612-471: The course of 1995 war, shot nine of Umuoba Anam's sons; killed one and where treated with disdain by Umueri when they complained to them about this saying that it is one after the other(meaning that after they the Umueri's have finished with Aguleri, it will be the turn of Umuoba). This caused resentment within the Umuoba Community and in retaliation for the killing they joined the crisis. The crisis
Otuocha - Misplaced Pages Continue
1664-457: The day then declined to implement or accept the recommendations. In apparent retaliation for yet to be redressed violence of 1995, it was said that the Umueri youths launched attacked on Aguleri in April 1999. The reprisal attacks was said to be carried out because of rumor making round that Aguleri people who at then was engaging in funeral ceremonies of the indicted chairman (who died immediately at
1716-512: The early Europeans . Later years, it was believed that Oche's descendants brought Onyekome Idigo , the progenitor of the Idigo family to the land, and called them " nwadiana " or that the nephew to Oche's family brought his people into the land. Till date, Onyekome Idigo's descendants makes up the ruling royal family in Aguleri . The majority of the inhabitants of Otuocha land are Aguleri, Umuoba-Anam, and Umueri . Due to geographical balance,
1768-486: The end of 1995 crisis) "wanted seven human heads" to give the former local Government chairman a befitting burial. Another factor was Government disinterestedness in the recommendations of the Panel, amongst many others. Umuoba Anam was one of three land communities formed in 1991, when Otuocha was split and Anambra State created. Nigerian writer Ifediora Nwabunwanne, in her book entitled "Anambra Day break" , argued that
1820-411: The ground that they too could not establish exclusive ownership of the land. Umuoba Anam, another major community in the town and who also was involved in the crisis of 1999, claimed to have migrated into the land in early years of last century precisely in 1900. According to one of the principal witnesses during the Supreme Court's case of 1984, he stated that on entering the land, they were received by
1872-501: The head of the judicial system (at first the priests as law was part of religion) who would look at the applicable rules to the case. Parties in the case could be assisted by jurists. Then the second phase would start, the Apud Iudicem . The case would be put before the judges, which were normal Roman citizens in an uneven number. No experience was required as the applicable rules were already selected. They would merely have to judge
1924-404: The judiciary does make common law . In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of judicial review . Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm, such as primary legislation , the provisions of the constitution , treaties or international law . Judges constitute
1976-480: The legislature was the only body permitted to interpret the law; this prohibition was later overturned by the Napoleonic Code . In common law jurisdictions, courts interpret law; this includes constitutions, statutes, and regulations. They also make law (but in a limited sense, limited to the facts of particular cases) based upon prior case law in areas where the legislature has not made law. For instance,
2028-483: The nation due to its large market during the Nigerian Civil War . It was also regarded as the oldest Local Government headquarters of old Anambra before 1991 when it was split to make up the four prevalent local governments: Anambra East , Anambra West , Oyi , and Ayamelum . It has a large population, as many people from different ethnic groups in Nigeria dwell in the area. These people include not only
2080-404: The people of Aguleri who collected some money, cows and many other items as an agreement to sell portions of Otuocha land to them. He went further to state that in 1910, the people of Umuleri invaded their land and attacked them but they engaged in peace settlement with Umuleri. As wealthy settlers, they purchased the land too from Umuleri, thereby paying the same price which they had earlier paid to
2132-496: The people of Aguleri. After 1984 Supreme Court of Nigeria judgment, there was a relative peace existing between the communities until in September 1995 when Umueri community invaded the Aguleri, killing, maiming and destroying properties belonging to the people of Aguleri. From the reports of World Organisation Against Torture & Center for Law Enforcement Education, the crisis emanated in 1994 when Aguleri decided to establish
Otuocha - Misplaced Pages Continue
2184-467: The plots and avoided the violence that would have ensued. Following the re-deployment of the anti-riot policemen out of Otuocha, members of Umuleri community attacked Aguleri on 30 September – 3 October 1995, unleashing massive destruction of human lives and property. In 1995, a Judiciary panel of inquiry was set up by the then Military Government of Anambra State to investigate the crisis and recommend solutions to avoid future occurrence. The report of
2236-440: The post-glossators for Ius Civile , started to write treatises, comments and advises with the texts. Around the 15th century, a process of reception and acculturation started with both laws. The final product was known as Ius Commune . It was a combination of canon law, which represented the common norms and principles, and Roman law, which were the actual rules and terms. It meant the creation of more legal texts and books and
2288-653: The president has commissioned exploration on the site and the operational head office of Orient Petroleum and Housing estate is about to be sited in Aguleri by the Orient Petroleum Resources. Currently, Anambra East local government area recorded history with the successful landing and take-off of the Embraer ERJ 145 jet operated by Air Peace. Anambra State government signed a two billion dollar Memorandum of Understanding with Orient Petroleum Resources and Elite International Investment Limited for
2340-450: The territory. The crisis initially arouse in 1933, when Umueri leaders sued Aguleri people over the land, but lost because they had earlier sold the land to Royal Niger Company and therefore had been divested of the rights or title to the land according to the judgement then. The court held that Umueri has nothing left to justify the court giving them declaration of title. Aguleri sensing the loss of case, sued Umueri in 1935 but lost too on
2392-717: The university of Bologna to start teaching Roman law. Professors at the university were asked to research the Roman laws and advise the Emperor and the Pope with regards to the old laws. This led to the Glossators to start translating and recreating the Corpus Iuris Civilis and create literature around it: Accursius wrote the Glossa Ordinaria in 1263, ending the early scholastics. The successors of
2444-547: The wet season is warm, and overcast and the dry season is hot, muggy, and humid. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 19 °C (66 °F) overnight in December to 32 °C (90 °F) by day in February and is rarely below 15 °C (59 °F) or above 33 °C (91 °F). The wet season lasts from April to October, with September the wettest month. Anambra East Anambra East
2496-580: Was a set of rules of conduct based on social norms created over the years by predecessors. In 451–449 BC, the Mos Maiorum was written down in the Twelve Tables . L' were rules set by the leaders, first the kings, later the popular assembly during the Republic. In these early years, the legal process consisted of two phases. The first phase, In Iure , was the judicial process. One would go to
2548-660: Was displaced by Christian and other missionaries. Churches have developed in the town, including both protestant and Catholic congregations. There is an Islamic mosque in Umuoba Anam. Otuocha has a viable market called the Eke Market. It is located in the heart of Otuocha on the banks of the Great Omabala River. The market is noted as a major yam transit point in the east bank of the Niger. In Otuocha,
2600-497: Was intervened and resolved during the administration of the Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo , who reportedly visited the land, and calling for the unity of the land in a meeting with the leaders of the three communities. The basic infrastructure of the city was built at a time when the town was the headquarters of Anambra county council and Old Anambra Local Government. The public infrastructures in Otuocha include
2652-529: Was mainly used for "worldly" affairs, while canon law was used for questions related to the church. The period starting in the 11th century with the discovery of the Corpus Iuris Civilis is also called the Scholastics , which can be divided in the early and late scholastics. It is characterised with the renewed interest in the old texts. The rediscovery of the Digesta from the Corpus Iuris Civilis led
SECTION 50
#17327913332172704-477: Was the Codification by Justinianus: the Corpus Iuris Civilis . This contained all Roman Law. It was both a collection of the work of the legal experts and commentary on it, and a collection of new laws. The Corpus Iuris Civilis consisted of four parts: During the late Middle Ages, education started to grow. First education was limited to the monasteries and abbeys, but expanded to cathedrals and schools in
#216783