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75-573: (Redirected from Otzovists ) [REDACTED] This article may be better presented in list format to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards . Please help improve this article by converting it into a stand-alone or embedded list. ( June 2023 ) In the course of the history of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP between 1898 and 1918), several political factions developed, as well as

150-575: A Bolshevik who was a double agent for the secret police. In March 1913 the Octobrists , led by Alexander Guchkov , President of the Duma, commissioned an investigation on Grigori Rasputin to research the allegations being a Khlyst . The leading party of the Octobrists divided itself into three different sections. The Duma "met on 8 August for three hours to pass emergency war credits, [and] it

225-677: A conference in Prague and expelled the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists from the RSDLP, which officially led to the creation of a separate party, known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) , while the Mensheviks continued their activities establishing the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) . In August 1912, Trotsky's group tried to reunite all the RSDLP factions into

300-480: A focal point of political resistance. On 3 September 1915 the Duma prorogued. On the eve of the war the government and the Duma were hovering round one another like indecisive wrestlers, neither side able to make a definite move. The war made the political parties more cooperative and practically formed into one party. When the tsar announced he would leave for the front at Mogilev , the Progressive Bloc

375-530: A private meeting. According to Buchanan: "It was an act of madness to prorogue the Duma at a moment like the present." "The delegates decided to form a Provisional Committee of the State Duma . The Provisional Committee ordered the arrest of all the ex-ministers and senior officials." The Tauride Palace was occupied by the crowd and soldiers. "On the evening the Council of Ministers held its last meeting in

450-482: A significant portion of the members of the second Duma did not justify Our expectations. Many of those sent by the people to work [for them] did not go with a pure heart, with a desire to strengthen Russia and to improve its system, but [went rather] with an explicit intention to increase unrest and to promote the disintegration of the state.” The new Duma, according to the Tsar (and Stolypin), “must be Russian in spirit,” and

525-654: Is one who accepts its programme and who supports the Party both financially and by personal participation in one of the Party organizations". Martov's big tent definition of party membership initially won the vote 28–23. However, his majority was short-lived, given the exit from the party, for separate reasons, of its Bundist and Economist members who had supported his definition. That left in the majority those in favour of Lenin's definition of party members as, in effect, professional revolutionaries- centrally directed, tightly disciplined, and therefore capable of operating effectively in

600-588: The Fourth (Unification) Congress in Stockholm in April 1906. The Liquidators ( Liquidationists ) were a faction of the Mensheviks who left in 1905 (plus their ideological compatriots who remained), maintaining that with the availability of legal participation in political life, the underground revolutionary party must be liquidated. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists) (1917–1919),

675-500: The Okhrana (imperial secret police). Before the 2nd Party Congress in 1903, a young intellectual named Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (better known by his pseudonym, Vladimir Lenin ) joined the party. In 1902, he had published What Is To Be Done? , outlining his view of the party's proper task and methodology: to form "the vanguard of the proletariat ". He advocated a disciplined, centralized party of committed activists who would fuse

750-524: The Bolsheviks (derived from bolshinstvo —Russian for "majority"), headed by Lenin; and the Mensheviks (from menshinstvo —Russian for "minority"), headed by Julius Martov . Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction, but the names Menshevik and Bolshevik were taken from a vote held at the 1903 Party Congress for the editorial board of the party newspaper, Iskra ( Spark ), with

825-559: The Marinsky Palace and formally submitted its resignation to the tsar when they were cut off from the telephone. Guchkov, along with Vasily Shulgin , came to the army headquarters near Pskov to persuade the tsar to abdicate. The committee sent commissars to take over ministries and other government institutions, dismissing Tsar-appointed ministers and formed the Provisional Government under Georgi Lvov . In

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900-549: The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) . Mensheviks , formed from the 1903 split with the Bolsheviks; the Mensheviks followed Julius Martov . With the formal severing of ties in 1912, the Mensheviks used the name Russian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks), or sometimes without the qualifier. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the majority supporting the war ("Defencists") maintained control of

975-563: The Russian Constitution of 1906 as a mock-constitution, and approximately 200 deputies mostly from the liberal Kadets party decamped to Vyborg , then part of Russian Finland , to discuss the way forward. From there, they issued the Vyborg Appeal , which called for civil disobedience and a revolution. Largely ignored, it ended in their arrest and the closure of Kadet Party offices. This, among other things, helped pave

1050-780: The Russian Empire into one party, the RSDLP split in 1903 into Bolshevik ("majority") and Menshevik ("minority") factions, with the Bolshevik faction eventually becoming the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The RSDLP was not the first Russian Marxist group; the Emancipation of Labour group had been formed in 1883. The RSDLP was created to oppose the revolutionary populism of the Narodniks , which

1125-720: The Russian Social Democratic Party , was a socialist political party founded in 1898 in Minsk . Members of the RSDLP became popularly labelled as esdeki ( Russian : эсдеки , singular: Russian : эсдек , romanized :  esdek ) - from the Russian-language names of the initial letters S ( Russian : С ) and D ( Russian : Д ) standing for "Social Democrats" ( Russian : социал-демократы , romanized :  sotsial-demokraty ). Formed to unite various revolutionary organizations of

1200-467: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905) issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be a purely advisory body, the so-called Bulygin -Duma. In the subsequent October Manifesto , the emperor promised to introduce further civil liberties , provide for broad participation in a new "State Duma", and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. The State Duma

1275-540: The St. Petersburg Bolshevik organization until September 1909. Yedinstvo ("Unity", 1914–1918) comprised associates and followers of Georgi Plekhanov . Yuzhny Rabochy ("Southern Worker"; 1899-1903) opposed the Iskra programme of building a centralised party. Vpered (1909–1912), left-communist faction of ex-Bolsheviks. Unityists ; Was a non-partisan group of party members who were opposed to factionalism in

1350-444: The "Liquidators", whose most prominent advocates were Pavel Axelrod , Fyodor Dan , Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rozhkov and Nikolay Chkheidze , who wished to pursue purely legal activities and who now repudiated illegal and underground work. The Menshevik Julius Martov was formally also considered a liquidator, partly because most of his closest political allies were part of the liquidator subfaction. The Bolsheviks split threeways into

1425-809: The Bolshevik supporters came into serious conflict with the Mensheviks. At the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party entered the RSDLP as a territorial organisation. After the Congress, its name was changed Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory. State Duma (Russian Empire) Coming under pressure from the Russian Revolution of 1905 , on August 6, 1905 (O.S.), Sergei Witte (appointed by Nicholas II to manage peace negotiations with Japan after

1500-399: The Bolsheviks being the majority and the Mensheviks being the minority. These were the names used by the factions for the rest of the party Congress and these are the names retained after the split at the 1903 Congress. Lenin's faction later ended up in the minority and remained smaller than the Mensheviks until the Russian Revolution . A central issue at the Congress was the question of

1575-488: The Bolsheviks in 1917. Mezhraiontsy , formed in 1913 by Konstantin Yurenev to attempt to bridge the divide between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, but eventually merged in 1917 with the Bolsheviks. The Otzovists  [ Wikidata ] (or Recallists ; 1907–1909) were a group of radical Bolsheviks who demanded to cease all participation of the RSDLP in legal state establishments, in particular, to recall

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1650-560: The Duma could not build a working relationship, being divided on the issues of land confiscation (which the socialists and, to a lesser extent, the Kadets, supported but the tsar and Stolypin vehemently opposed) and Stolypin's brutal attitude towards law and order. On 1 June 1907, prime minister Stolypin accused Social Democrats of preparing an armed uprising and demanded that the Duma exclude 55 Social Democrats from Duma sessions and strip 16 of their parliamentary immunity . When this ultimatum

1725-709: The Duma, and consequently won a number of seats. The election was an overall success for Russian left-wing parties: the Trudoviks won 104 seats, the Social Democrats 65 (47 Mensheviks and 18 Bolsheviks), the Socialist Revolutionaries 37 and the Popular Socialists 16. The Kadets (by this point the most moderate and centrist party), found themselves outnumbered two-to-one by their more radical counterparts. Even so, Stolypin and

1800-598: The Duma: "maybe [we will be] dismissed to 9 January, maybe until February", but in the evening the Duma was closed until 12 January, by a decree prepared on the day before. A military guard had been on duty at the building. The February Revolution began on 22 February when the tsar had left for the front, and strikes broke out in the Putilov workshops. On 23 February ( International Women's Day ), women in Petrograd joined

1875-586: The Government and the Duma; consequently, the Duma lasted a full five-year term, and succeeded in 200 pieces of legislation and voting on some 2500 bills. Due to its more noble, and Great Russian composition, the third Duma, like the first, was also given a nickname, "The Duma of the Lords and Lackeys" or "The Master's Duma". The Octobrist party were the largest, with around one-third of all the deputies. This Duma, less radical and more conservative, left clear that

1950-488: The Government of Russia continued to be a non-official absolute monarchy . It was in this context that the first Duma opened four days later, on April 27, 1906. The first Duma was established with around 500 deputies; most radical left parties, such as the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party had boycotted the election, leaving the moderate Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) with

2025-547: The Ministers! Down with Protopopov!" The prime minister was not allowed to speak and had to leave the rostrum three times. Trepov threatened to shut the troublesome Duma completely in its attempt to control the tsar. The tsar, his cabinet, Alexandra, and Rasputin discussed when to open the Duma, on 12 or 19 January, 1 or 14 February, or never. Rasputin suggested to keep the Duma closed until February; Alexandra and Protopopov supported him. On Friday, 16 December Milyukov stated in

2100-631: The Party: Lenin 1893-1914", 2002, ISBN   1-931859-01-9 ^ Boris Souvarine, "Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism", 2005, ISBN   1-4191-1307-0 , p. 119 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factions_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&oldid=1259823467 " Categories : Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Political schisms Political movements in

2175-668: The Proletary group led by Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev , who waged a fierce struggle against the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists; the Ultimatist group led by Grigory Aleksinsky , who wished to issue ultimatums to the RSDLP Duma deputies to follow the party line or to resign immediately; and the Recallist group led by Alexander Bogdanov and Anatoly Lunacharsky and supported by Maxim Gorky , who called for

2250-630: The RSDLP representatives from the State Duma , hence the name ("to recall" is otozvat in Russian). Among the prominent Otzovists were Alexander Bogdanov , Mikhail Pokrovsky , Anatoly Lunacharsky , and Andrei Bubnov . The debates among Bolsheviks whether to boycott the new constituency of the Russian parliament known as the Third Duma started after the defeat of the revolution in mid-1907 and

2325-827: The RSDLP(M) under Fyodor Dan and others, while those opposed to the war left as the Menshevik Internationalists under Martov. Borba (the Struggle ), an expatriate group based in Paris from 1901 to 1903. The Jewish Labour Bund had an autonomous statute inside the RSDLP between the first congress in Minsk in March 1898 and the second congress in Brussels and London in August 1903, and again from

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2400-714: The RSDLP. In 1902, the Tallinn organization of the RSDLP was founded, which in 1904 was converted into the Tallinn Committee of the party. In November, a parallel (that is, also directly under the CC of RSDLP) Narva Committee was created. Amongst other radicals, the Estonian RSDLP cadres were active in the 1905 Revolution. At the conference of the Estonian RSDLP organizations in Terijoki , Finland in March 1907,

2475-565: The Russian Empire Hidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from June 2023 All pages needing cleanup Misplaced Pages list cleanup from June 2023 Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or as

2550-509: The Russian people, the navy , and the army ; the war could be won. For the Octobrists and the Kadets, who were the liberals in the parliament, Rasputin, and his support of autocracy and absolute monarchy, was one of their main obstacles. The politicians tried to bring the government under control of the Duma. "To the Okhrana it was obvious by the end of 1916 that the liberal Duma project

2625-610: The adoption of a new, highly restrictive election law. This faction subsequently organised itself in the Vpered group from 1909. The Ultimatists  [ Wikidata ] (1907–1909) were a radical faction of Bolsheviks which demanded that an ultimatum must be sent to Bolshevik deputies of the 3rd State Duma (elected in 1907) demanding that they be uncompromisingly radical. While Lenin sided with them twice (according to Julius Martov's History ), he eventually denounced them, dubbing them "liquidators inside out". Ultimatists controlled

2700-549: The approval of the noble-dominated State Council (half of which was to be appointed directly by emperor), and the emperor himself retained a veto. The laws stipulated that ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, Nicholas II had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished; article 87 allowed him to pass temporary (emergency) laws by decrees. All these powers and prerogatives assured that, in practice,

2775-446: The attention of rural communities who were instead committed to other parties. The Duma ran for 73 days until 8 July 1906, with little success. The emperor and his loyal prime minister Ivan Goremykin were keen to keep it in check, and reluctant to share power; the Duma, on the other hand, wanted continuing reform, including electoral reform, and, most prominently, land reform. Sergei Muromtsev , Professor of Law at Moscow University,

2850-457: The coming revolution would be "bourgeois-democratic" within Russia, but while the Mensheviks viewed the liberals as the main ally in this task, the Bolsheviks opted for an alliance with the peasantry as the only way to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks while defending the interests of the working class. Essentially, the difference was that the Bolsheviks considered that in Russia

2925-610: The definition of party membership. Martov proposed the following formulation: "A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is one who accepts the Party's programme, supports the Party financially, and renders it regular personal assistance under the direction of one of its organizations". On the other hand, Lenin proposed a more strict definition: "A member of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party

3000-821: The dissolution of the Second Duma, to the funeral of the Speaker of the First Duma, Muromtsev, and the funeral of Leo Tolstoy , to the fanatical [right-wing] monk Iliodor , or to the notorious agent provocateur , Yevno Azef . Stolypin was assassinated in September 1911 and replaced by his finance minister Vladimir Kokovtsov . It enabled Count Kokovtsov to balance the budget regularly and even to spend on productive purposes. The Fourth Duma of 15 November 1912 – 6 October 1917, elected in September/October,

3075-401: The electoral law for the Third Duma reduced the size of the assembly, cutting the representatives in non-Russian regions and cities to prevent the election of Liberals, Socialists, and local Nationalists. The tsar was unwilling to be rid of the State Duma, despite these problems. Instead, using emergency powers, Stolypin and the tsar changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to

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3150-426: The famous question "Is this stupidity or treason?" Alexander Kerensky called the ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards" and said they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka Rasputin!" Stürmer and Alexander Protopopov asked in vain for the dissolution of the Duma. Stürmer's resignation looked like a concession to the Duma. Ivan Grigorovich and Dmitry Shuvayev declared in the Duma that they had confidence in

3225-479: The first time in his life, the tsar made a visit to the Tauride Palace , which made it practically impossible to hiss at the new prime minister. On 1 November 1916 ( Old Style ) the Duma reconvened and the government under Boris Stürmer was attacked by Pavel Milyukov in the State Duma, not assembled since February. In his speech he spoke of "Dark Forces", and highlighted numerous governmental failures with

3300-474: The fourth from 19 July 1915 to 3 September, the fifth from 9 February to 20 June 1916, and the sixth from 1 November to 16 December 1916. No one exactly knew when they would resume their deliberations. It seems the last session was never opened (on 14 February), but kept closed on 27 February 1917. There was one promising new member in Alexander Kerensky , a Trudovik , but also Roman Malinovsky ,

3375-447: The immediate recall of all RSDLP Duma deputies and a boycott of all legal work by the RSDLP, in favour of increased radical underground and illegal work. There was also a non-faction group led by Leon Trotsky , who denounced all the "factionalism" in the RSDLP, pushed for "unity" in the party and focused more strongly on the problems of Russian workers and peasants on the ground. In January 1912, Lenin's Proletary Bolshevik group called

3450-585: The major split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks . Bolsheviks , formed in 1903 from the major split in the RSDLP which also produced the Mensheviks. The Bolshevik faction followed Vladimir Lenin , and organised a separate party, the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, aka Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), in 1912. After the October Revolution of November 1917 it became

3525-546: The most deputies (around 184). Second came an alliance of slightly more radical leftists, the Trudoviks (Laborites) with around 100 deputies. To the right of both were a number of smaller parties, including the Octobrists . Together, they had around 45 deputies. Other deputies, mainly from peasant groups, were unaffiliated. The Kadets were among the only political parties capable of consistently drawing voters due to their relatively moderate political stance. The Kadets drew from an especially urban population, often failing to draw

3600-435: The new electoral system would always generate a landowners-controlled Duma in which the tsar would have vast amounts of influence over, which in turn would be under complete submission to the Tsar, unlike the first two Dumas. In terms of legislation, the Duma supported an improvement in Russia's military capabilities, Stolypin's plans for land reform, and basic social welfare measures. The power of Nicholas' hated land captains

3675-500: The party and this group was led by Leon Trotsky for some time. References [ edit ] ^ Angel Smith, Stefan Berger , "Nationalism, labour and ethnicity 1870-1939", Manchester University Press ND, 1999, pg. 150, [1] ^ James D. White, "The First Pravda and the Russian Marxist Tradition", Soviet Studies , Vol. 26, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 181-204. ^ Tony Cliff, "Building

3750-619: The proceedings. The 5th Party Congress was held in London, England, in 1907. It consolidated the supremacy of the Bolshevik faction and debated strategy for communist revolution in Russia. The Social Democrats (SDs) boycotted elections to the First Duma (April–July 1906), but they were represented in the Second Duma (February–June 1907). With the SRs, they held 83 seats. The Second Duma

3825-601: The programme of the group was largely similar to that of the Menshevik-Internationalists, and politically it positioned itself between the Menshevik-Internationalists and the Bolsheviks. The faction merged with the Bolsheviks in 1919. The Menshevik-Internationalists were the faction who opposed involvement of Russian socialists in the war effort; they split from the Mensheviks in 1914 under that faction's founder, Martov. The Menshevik-Internationalists eventually merged with Mezhraiontsy, which merged with

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3900-695: The resignation of all members of the Council of Ministers was needed, "to make it clear that they want to go in a new way." On Monday soldiers of the Volhynian Life Guards Regiment brought the Litovsky, Preobrazhensky , and Moskovsky Regiments out on the street to join the rebellion. On the 27th the Duma delegates received an order from his Majesty that he had decided to prorogue the Duma until April, leaving it with no legal authority to act. The Duma refused to obey, and gathered in

3975-410: The rioting by force. Mutinous soldiers of the fourth company of the Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment refused to fall in on parade when commanded, shot two officers, and joined the protesters on the streets. Nikolai Pokrovsky believed that "no one neither the Duma, nor the government cannot do anything one without the other one." The liberal Vasily Maklakov and Bloc spokesman, expressed his opinion that

4050-513: The same party at a conference in Vienna, but he was largely rebuffed by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution in 1917 when all political power was transferred to the soviets and in 1918 changed their name to the All-Russian Communist Party . They later banned the Mensheviks after the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921. The Interdistrictites , known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Internationalists), emerged in 1913 as another faction originating from

4125-497: The seventeen months of the "Tsarina's rule", from September 1915 to February 1917, Russia had four Prime Ministers, five Ministers of the Interior, three Foreign Ministers, three War Ministers, three Ministers of Transport and four Ministers of Agriculture. This "ministerial leapfrog", as it came to be known, not only removed competent men from power, but also disorganized the work of government since no one remained long enough in office to master their responsibilities. On 2 March 1917

4200-402: The strike, demanding woman suffrage , an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of World War I. Although all gathering on the streets were absolutely forbidden, on 25 February, some 250,000 people were on strike. The tsar ordered Sergey Semyonovich Khabalov , an inexperienced and extremely indecisive commander of the Petrograd military district (and Nikolay Iudovich Ivanov ) to suppress

4275-431: The tasks of the bourgeois democratic revolution would have to be carried out without the participation of the bourgeoisie . The 3rd Party Congress was held separately by the Bolsheviks. The 4th Party Congress was held in Stockholm , Sweden and saw a formal reunification of the two factions (with the Mensheviks in the majority), but the discrepancies between Bolshevik and Menshevik views became particularly clear during

4350-418: The tsarist government. On 17 July 1915 the Duma reconvened for six weeks. Its former members became increasingly displeased with Tsarist control of military and governmental affairs and demanded its own reinstatement. When the tsar refused its call for the replacement of his cabinet on 21 August with a "Ministry of National Confidence", roughly half of the deputies formed a "Progressive Bloc", which in 1917 became

4425-402: The tsarist police state. From this was derived the faction names: "Majority" ("Bolshevik") and "Minority" ("Menshevik"). Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. As time passed, ideological differences emerged in addition to the original organizational differences. The main difference that emerged in the years after 1903 was that the Bolsheviks believed that only

4500-416: The underground struggle for political freedom with the class struggle of the proletariat. In 1903, the 2nd Party Congress met in exile in Brussels to attempt to create a united force. However, after unprecedented attention from the Belgian authorities the Congress moved to London, meeting on 11 August in Charlotte Street . At the Congress, the party split into two irreconcilable factions on 17 November:

4575-452: The votes of landowners and owners of city properties, and less value to the votes of the peasantry, whom he accused of being "misled", and, in the process, breaking his own Fundamental Laws. This ensured the third Duma (7 November 1907 – 3 June 1912) would be dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. The number of deputies from non-Russian regions was greatly reduced. The system facilitated better, if hardly ideal, cooperation between

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4650-423: The way for an alternative makeup for the second Duma. The Second Duma (from 20 February 1907 to 3 June 1907) lasted 103 days. One of the new members was Vladimir Purishkevich , strongly opposed to the October Manifesto . The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (that is, both factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ) and the Socialist Revolutionaries all abandoned their policies of boycotting elections to

4725-436: The workers, backed up by the peasantry, could carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia, which would then provide incentive to socialist revolution in Germany, France and Britain, while the Mensheviks believed that the workers and peasants must seek out enlightened people from the liberal bourgeoisie to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia. The two warring factions both agreed that

4800-418: The years of Tsarist repression that followed the defeat of the 1905 Russian Revolution , both the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions faced splits, causing further splits in the RSDLP, which manifested themselves from late 1908 and the years immediately following. The Mensheviks split into the "Pro-Party Mensheviks" led by Georgi Plekhanov , who wished to maintain illegal underground work as well as legal work; and

4875-399: Was also of limited political influence. The first session was held from 15 November 1912 to 25 June 1913, and the second session from 15 October 1913 to 14 June 1914. On 1 July 1914 the tsar suggested that the Duma should be reduced to merely a consultative body, but an extraordinary session was held on 26 July 1914 during the July Crisis . The third session gathered from 27 to 29 January 1915,

4950-433: Was based strictly on the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Specifically, that despite Russia's agrarian nature at the time, the true revolutionary potential lay with the industrial working class. At this time, there were three million Russian industrial workers, just 3% of the population. The RSDLP was illegal for most of its existence. Within a month after the Congress, five of the nine delegates were arrested by

5025-437: Was consistently reduced. It also supported more regressive laws, however, such as on the question of Finnish autonomy and Russification , with a fear of the empire breaking up being prevalent. Since the dissolution of the Second Duma a very large proportion of the empire was either under martial law, or one of the milder forms of the state of siege. It was forbidden, for instance, at various times and in various places, to refer to

5100-409: Was dissolved on the pretext of the discovery of an SD conspiracy to subvert the army. Under new electoral laws, the SD presence in the Third Duma (1907–1912) was reduced to 19. From the Fourth Duma (1912–1917), the SDs were finally and fully split. The Mensheviks had seven members in the Duma and the Bolsheviks had six, including Roman Malinovsky , who was later uncovered as an Okhrana agent. In

5175-415: Was elected Chairman. Lev Urusov held a famous speech. Scared by this liberalism, emperor dissolved the parliament, reportedly saying "Curse the Duma. It is all Witte's doing". The same day, Pyotr Stolypin was named as the new prime minister who promoted a coalition cabinet , as did Vasily Maklakov , Alexander Izvolsky , Dmitri Trepov and the emperor. In frustration, Pavel Milyukov , who regarded

5250-403: Was formed, fearing Rasputin's influence over Tsarina Alexandra would increase. The Duma gathered on 9 February 1916 after the 76-year-old Ivan Goremykin had been replaced by Boris Stürmer as prime minister and on the condition not to mention Rasputin. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer held his speech. Because of the war, he said, it was not the time for constitutional reforms. For

5325-497: Was later represented by the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs). The RSDLP was formed at an underground conference in Minsk in March 1898 . There were nine delegates: from the Jewish Labour Bund , and from the Robochaya Gazeta ("Workers' Newspaper") in Kiev , both formed a year earlier in 1897; and the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class in Saint Petersburg . Some additional social democrats from Moscow and Yekaterinburg also attended. The RSDLP program

5400-659: Was not asked to remain in session because it would only be in the way." The Duma volunteered its own dissolution until 14 February 1915. A serious conflict arose in January as the government kept information on the battlefield (in April at Gorlice ) secret to the Duma. In May Guchkov initiated the War Industries Committees in order to unite industrialists who were supplying the army with ammunition and military equipment, to mobilize industry for war needs and prolonged military action, to put political pressure on

5475-470: Was rejected by Duma, it was dissolved on 3 June by an ukase (imperial decree) in what became known as the Coup of June 1907 . On June 3, 1907, the Second Duma was dissolved. The reason was an alleged insurrection attempt planned by Social Democrat members of the Duma based on dubious evidence. In the manifesto dissolving the Duma, Nicholas II went into considerable detail to explain his action: “To Our regret,

5550-510: Was superfluous, and that the only two options left were repression or a social revolution." On 19 November Vladimir Purishkevich , one of the founders of the Black Hundreds , gave a speech in the Duma. He declared the monarchy had become discredited because of what he called the "ministerial leapfrog". On 2 December, Alexander Trepov ascended the tribune in the Duma to read the government programme. The deputies shouted "down with

5625-536: Was to be the lower house of a parliament, and the State Council of Imperial Russia the upper house . However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power (in which he succeeded). On April 23, 1906 ( O.S. ), he issued the Fundamental Laws , which gave him the title of "supreme autocrat". Although no law could be made without the Duma's assent, neither could the Duma pass laws without

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