Otaniemi ( Finnish ), or Otnäs ( Swedish ), is a district of Espoo , Finland . It is located near the border of Helsinki , the capital of Finland.
70-628: Otaniemi is located on the southern shore of the Laajalahti bay, next to the district of Tapiola near the border to Helsinki . It is part of the Greater Tapiola major district. Otaniemi and Tapiola are separated by the Ring I beltway. The Aalto University metro station , located in Otaniemi, was taken into use in 2017. Otaniemi is the home of Aalto University 's campus, thus "Otaniemi"
140-526: A department store ( Stockmann ), a book store ( Akateeminen Kirjakauppa ), groceries (K-Supermarket, Food Market Herkku), Alko , a post office , banks ( Nordea , Danske Bank , Aktia , Osuuspankki , Ålandsbanken , Handelsbanken and Nooa Säästöpankki), photography stores, barber's shops, and other small businesses. Public services include the Tapiola health centre, a library , an employment bureau. Public transport in Tapiola consists of buses and
210-647: A bank in Tampere before becoming the director of the Finnish Family Federation. Under von Hertzen's leadership, the Housing Foundation bought 660 acres (267 ha) of forest land, six miles (9.65km) from the centre of Helsinki, and set out to create an ideal garden city. The role of the Housing Foundation included financing the project and overseeing the planning and building process so as to ensure consistency within different areas of
280-455: A certain figure. Hertzen's vision for Tapiola, which was originally planned for an area of 600 acres, was to have only 26 residents per acre, and a total of 15,000 people. The ground was divided into four neighbourhood units, separated by green belts, and in the middle was built a main shopping and cultural centre to meet the needs of 30,000 inhabitants (including those of surrounding districts) (Hertzen 1959). An important feature of garden cities
350-449: A dense method of building. The various residential units which made up Tapiola comprise multi-storey blocks and individual homes, either detached or in rows, introducing a note of variety in the neighbourhood and allowing for the mixing of residents. Combining the architecture of modernism and the ideology of the garden city movement is credited for the huge interest in Tapiola's planning history. The main planning features on which Tapiola
420-473: A heating engineer, two independent architects, an electrical engineer, a landscape gardener, a domestic science expert, a child welfare expert, a sociologist, and a housewife. This unique team, coupled with the board of the Housing Foundation, assessed housing designs, taking into consideration the needs and desires of future residents from a diverse range of backgrounds. The parties had different beliefs and values, which sometimes led to disagreements, for example
490-513: A higher population density (30 persons per acre) as recommended by other architects and the Housing Foundation. This shift was prompted by the need to accommodate a larger population, triggered by the housing shortage in Finland. Ervi took up Meurman’s position as master planner. The development of the eastern neighbourhood led to the implementation of important planning principles such as providing facilities that encourage interaction and foster
560-461: A host of other cutting-edge technology clusters, including mobility-based software and web-ware, as well as nanotechnology , microelectronics and quantum technology . Major companies that have sites in Otaniemi are for instance Tieto and Pöyry . The Finnish Customs laboratory is located in Otaniemi. The district of Otaniemi also includes the area of Keilaniemi , which contains the head offices of Fortum , Neste and Kone . In December 2007
630-483: A new direction for Finnish town planning and housing. The aim of the Housing Foundation was to create a garden city which would be a microcosm of Finnish society: all social classes would live there and there would be different types of buildings, ranging from detached houses to terraced and multi-storey blocks. The slogan of the project was: "we do not want to build houses or dwellings but socially healthful surroundings for contemporary man and his family". Tapiola provided
700-460: A response to urban sprawl in Helsinki. In 1946 von Hertzen explained his thoughts about urban planning in his pamphlet Koti vaiko kasarmi lapsillemme ("A home or a barracks for our children?"), where he strongly criticised the cramped and gloomy closed city blocks of Helsinki and defended the importance of nature in a built environment. This idea of a garden city movement was inspired by
770-405: A sense of community as well as the separation of vehicles and pedestrians. It was also deemed necessary to have a mixture of building types located within the one area to encourage social diversification. The eastern and western residential areas of Tapiola featured curved streets of varying sizes and positions, whilst the northern neighbourhood designed by architect Pentti Ahola, marked a return to
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#1732773127892840-412: A utopian vision of society and an alternative to what was seen at the time as an oppressive urban environment. In this sense, Tapiola was both an experiment and a model. Tapiola was built using some of the principles of Ebenezer Howard 's garden city. The founder of Tapiola, Heikki von Hertzen, believed that it was not possible to create a satisfactory residential centre if the population density exceeded
910-611: Is a manor in Espoo , Finland located in the Tapiola and Otaniemi areas. It has been owned by the families of von Wright , von Numers , Sinebrychoff and Grahn. The history of the manor starts from the 1540s. The main building is from the early 19th century, it was built by Carl Johan von Numers . From 1857 the manor was owned by Pavel Sinebrychoff . In the 1920s it was transferred to Arne Grahn , nephew of Fanny Sinebrychoff , widow of Pavel Sinebrychoff's son Paul Sinebrychoff . In
980-523: Is a small boat harbour for motor boats. The Itäkartano area east of the Tapiola centre is famous for its apartment buildings built in the 1950s, visited by architects from all around the world. The Itäkartano centre operated as the centre of the whole district of Tapiola before the current central area was built. Remnants of this central role include Tapiola's cinema , Kino Tapiola , by the Mäntyviita street, and office apartments. The area belongs to
1050-628: Is also a boxing ring in connection to the Tuulimäki gymnasium. In western Tapiola there is the Tapiola sports park , housing the ice hockey rink , skating rink and the tennis centre. The name Tapiola comes from a competition held by the apartment foundation. The lands originally belonged to the Hagalund mansion. In the centre of Tapiola, next to the central pool, there is the Tapiola Garden hotel , designed by Aarne Ervi. In autumn 2005,
1120-700: Is also the cultural centre of Espoo, as it houses the Espoo cultural centre (home of the Tapiola Sinfonietta ), the city museum (in the WeeGee house ), and the Espoo City Theatre. The Tapiola library is located in the cultural centre. Tapiola brought worldwide fame for Finnish urban planning. From its first stages it gained both a national and international reputation for its high class architecture and landscaping, as well as an ideological experiment. Tapiola's planners aimed at demonstrating
1190-692: Is also the location of the Border and Coast Guard Academy. Until 2008, the officer school of the Police College of Finland was also located there. Otaniemi is home to many of Finland's research and development organizations: The most prominent institutions for science and engineering in Otaniemi are the Finnish Innovation Center, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , the Micronova Center of Micro and Nanotechnology,
1260-682: Is at the core of Finnish scientific and technological activities. Preparations for the move of the Helsinki University of Technology from the Hietalahdentori square in Helsinki started in the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. Construction of the Teekkarikylä student residence started in 1950. Its first houses, designed by Heikki and Kaija Siren were built in May 1952. Construction materials included bricks that had been taken from
1330-472: Is explained by different etymologies. The Swedish name Hagalund comes from Hagalund manor , whose lands originally included the site of present-day Tapiola, even though the main building of the manor is actually located in nearby Otaniemi , separated from Tapiola by the Kehä I beltway. The original northernmost part of Tapiola was separated to its own district called Pohjois-Tapiola ("Northern Tapiola"). Tapiola
1400-580: Is often used as a synonym for Aalto. However, several research and business facilities are also located in Otaniemi. The most prominent institutions for science and engineering in Otaniemi are the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Business is represented in the area by the business incubator Technopolis . In 2010, Otaniemi became home to Aalto University , formed from
1470-408: Is the development of a self-contained community. This meant that as many jobs as possible had to be provided – as many as could be at a distance of less than 10 km from Helsinki. The architects commissioned to plan Tapiola had also been influenced by Le Corbusier and other proponents of Modernism, and thus their urban ideals also included tower blocks forming impressive silhouettes, as well as
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#17327731278921540-698: The Kalevala . Tapiola was largely constructed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Finnish housing foundation and was designed as a garden city . It is the location of the Espoo cultural centre , the Espoo Museum of Modern Art (EMMA), the Espoo city museum, and the Espoo City Theatre. According to the Finnish National Board of Antiquities , Tapiola was the largest and most valuable example of
1610-533: The Great Wrath , the lands of Otaniemi were bought by colonel Henrik Wright who had served in the army of King Charles XII of Sweden . This took place in 1734, and thus two new crofts were formed, Björnholm (Karhusaari) at the eastern shore of the Otsolahti bay and Lakör at the point of the Otaniemi peninsula. When the immense construction work of Sveaborg started, the farmstead of Otaniemi was transferred to
1680-537: The Police University College was located in Otaniemi until 2008. A new fire station will be constructed in Otaniemi next to the planned students' house as it is not possible to reach the area from elsewhere quickly enough. The new fire station will require a change in the zoning plan and dismantling the current Neste self-service petrol station. The projected price of the building is 5.3 million euro. The city council of Espoo still needs to accept
1750-465: The diphthong "ou" which is rarely used in Swedish , it can be deduced that there have been southern Sámi people or Tavastians in the ara in ancient times. There are also other place names of Sámi ancestry in Espoo, the most notable of which is probably Nuuksio . The village of Otaniemi, which according to tax documents from 1540 included three houses, originally belonged to Helsingin pitäjä , where
1820-667: The evacuees from Finnish Karelia had to be settled in Finland. Already during the Continuation War, the Finnish Family Federation had decided that action had to be taken to relieve the shortage of housing. Tapiola was one of the first post-war "new town" projects in Continental Europe. It was created by a private non-profit enterprise called Asuntosäätiö (the Housing Foundation), which was established in 1951 by six social trade organisations including
1890-406: The 1950s the substantial lands of the manor were converted into a residential area, which later formed into Tapiola and part of Otaniemi. Of the buildings in the manor, the main building and three old residential and economical buildings remain in Otaniemi in connection to the campus area of Aalto University . The Tapiola riding school is located at the stables of the manor. The Hagalund manor
1960-593: The 1960s construction ideologies in Finland. Its architecture and landscaping that combine urban living with nature have attracted tourists ever since. After the Continuation War had ended in 1944 the entire country of Finland suffered from shortage of housing. In the Moscow Armistice , Finland had been forced to reinstate all the areas it had ceded from the Soviet Union , which meant that
2030-835: The Confederation of Finnish Trade Unions, the Central Organisation of Tenants, the Mannerheim Child Welfare Federation, the Finnish Federation of Civilian and Military Invalids and the Civil Servants' Federation. The project was conceived, built and managed by Heikki von Hertzen , the executive of the Asuntosäätiö and garden city advocate. Von Hertzen was a lawyer, who had worked as a branch manager for
2100-708: The Finnish Toy Museum, Galleria AARNI, and other cultural institutions. Tapiola has its own metro station, the Tapiola metro station . The station was opened in November 2017. The founder of the Garden City Tapiola, Heikki von Hertzen, considered suing the insurance company Tapiola in 1981 for stealing the trade name of Tapiola. The Garden City had used substantial resources in advertisement. Hagalund manor The Hagalund manor ( Finnish : Hagalundin kartano , Swedish : Hagalund gård )
2170-420: The Finnish museum bureau's list of significant cultural environments. The highest, oldest, and most significant building in the area is the white, 11-storey Mäntytorni building. To the north of Tapiola centre is a central park, Silkkiniitty, a large grass field reaching to Pohjois-Tapiola . It is popular among sportspeople and sunbathers. According to the Finnish museum bureau, Tapiola is a unique phenomenon in
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2240-496: The Finnish word "oka" meaning the point of a spear, because of the sharp shape of the peninsula, or from "ohto" meaning a bear, which is also supported by the names of nearby places such as Otsolahti and Karhusaari, or from the Sámi word "outa" meaning a forested lowland. The latter might well be the correct etymology, because in late medieval sources the name Otaniemi also appears as Outnäs, Owttenes or Outenesby (later Otnäs). Because of
2310-662: The Government of Finland purchased the lands of Hagalund Manor for use as the campus of the Helsinki University of Technology and the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. First to be built was the student campus of the Helsinki University of Technology, which also served as one of the Olympic Villages in the 1952 Summer Olympics . Several thousand students currently live in Otaniemi. The region has since been built up around TKK and VTT, and
2380-449: The Housing Foundation was concerned with economising whilst the home-economics experts were chiefly concerned with the needs of families. Thus planning in Tapiola was collaborative and proactive as it involved targeting specific family types and classes, deciding on an ideal lifestyle for these residents, which accordingly influenced their behaviours. Many dwellings were designed to house a specific family-type and lifestyle. For example, it
2450-692: The KCL pulp and paper research center, the CSC IT Center for Scientific Computing, the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), and the National Bureau of Measures (MIKES). Helsinki University of Technology's 10 national centers of excellence create most of Finland's hi-tech patents within this small area. Otaniemi has gained international recognition in information and communication technologies thanks largely to Nokia , but it also contains
2520-486: The Tapionraitti, notable for its undercover, outdoor pathways. Later developments showed less consideration for the natural surroundings, though most developments respected the dominance of the existing buildings. Tapiola's centre did not expand to such an extent as to rival Helsinki. Finland's first shopping centre , Heikintori , was opened in Tapiola in 1968. The Tapiola centre has a large selection of services:
2590-523: The area was split in 1922. The smaller part (consisting of the current university campus and the Teekkarikylä student residence) was given to director Carl af Forselles, the husband of Fanny's niece, and the larger part, including the Hagalund manor, was given to Fanny's nephew, doctor and tennis player Arne Grahn , also known as the "father" of the district of Westend . In 1927 the Af Forselles family sold Otaniemi to three private persons, who founded
2660-515: The autumn semester 2019 the Otaniemi gymnasium with 800 students also started operating in Otaniemi, transferred over from the Pohjois-Tapiola and Olari gymnasiums, which were discontinued. The area is architecturally unique, boasting buildings designed by leading Finnish architects including Alvar Aalto , Heikki and Kaija Siren , and Reima and Raili Pietilä. Alvar Aalto was an alumnus of the Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), one of
2730-443: The central area producing a modern design completely separate from vehicles and featuring a special route for pedestrians and cyclists only (Tapionraitti). Ervi ensured the centre preserved the garden-city character of Tapiola by locating the buildings around an artificial lake, however this plan was considered strange and criticised for its lack of density. The centre was later expanded with a pedestrian based shopping centre linked to
2800-497: The company Ab Otnäs Gård in the area. In the 1930s ownership of the company was transferred to Kansallis-Osake-Pankki and it was renamed Otaniemi Oy. In 1949 the state of Finland bought an area of about 107 hectares north of Lehtisaarentie from the company, on the initiative of the Helsinki University of Technology . At the same time, the student body of the university acquired about two hectares of land at Otaniemi for
2870-557: The construction of the Teekkarikylä student residence. The Otaniemi manor and its surroundings make an appearance in Nyrki Tapiovaara 's film The Stolen Death (1938), which contains a scene where the cossacks pursue activists and ride right into the courtyard of the manor. As late as the 1940s, Otaniemi was part of the Hagalund manor and used as a park and farmland, from where an old linden allée survives. In 1949,
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2940-433: The death of Pavel Sinebrychoff in 1883 the entire area was transferred to his older son Nikolai, who travelled abroad three years later to take care of his health. Control of the area was taken by Nikolai's younger brother Paul, who had married actress Fanny Grahn. The couple moved to the Otaniemi manor in 1904. Their marriage did not result in children. Paul died in 1917 and Fanny died four years later. According to their will,
3010-598: The disappeared, because no bones of the dead were found from this pile. The graves were apparently built on islets, which the Jämeräntaival hill also used to be. Ancient fishermen were active in the area because the main course of the Vantaa river used to flow into the Iso Huopalahti bay at the bottom of Laajalahti at the time. The etymology of the name "Otaniemi" is not certain. It is thought to have come from
3080-407: The eastern neighbourhood based on Meurman's plan. They were required to design buildings suited to the surrounding environment and the topography of the area. A housing team was created to appraise the architects' housing designs; this process occurred more frequently during the development of the eastern neighbourhood. Team members were from a wide range of fields and included a building engineer,
3150-514: The fields of architecture, sociology, civil engineering, landscape gardening, domestic science, and youth welfare. The name of the garden city itself was chosen through a public competition in 1953. The winning name, which in Finnish means the home of the Tapio, the forest god from the Kalevala, was suggested by eleven different people. The prominent difference between the Finnish and Swedish names
3220-510: The fifth building of Swing life Center was built in Keilaniemi, making the construction of the centre complete. The Swing Life Center complex currently houses about thirty companies in four interconnected buildings. Otaniemi was home to the Border and Coast Guard Academy, Finland , which was discontinued in Otaniemi in 2014 when its activity was concentrated to Imatra . The officer school of
3290-567: The garden design principles of the British Ebenezer Howard . New residential areas in Sweden also served as inspiration for Tapiola. The original city plans for Tapiola were made by Otto-Iivari Meurman . Later, the Housing Foundation made significant changes to the plans, and handed planning of Tapiola over to a group of prominent Finnish architects, including Aarne Ervi , Alvar Aalto , and Kaija Siren . Each member of
3360-404: The grandsons of Karl von Numers. One of them received the lands of the Hagalund manor and the other received the farmstead proper with its main building. The Otaniemi manor was later sold in 1832 to banker Johan Norrman, who himself sold the entire property to beer merchant Pavel Sinebrychoff 25 years later. Sinebrychoff then expanded his property and also bought the Hagalund manor in 1859. After
3430-401: The group designed their own part of the area and its buildings, including social housing blocks (80% of all dwellings) and individual houses. The planners of Tapiola were convinced that no one professional group could solve the manifold problems of modern community planning; planning has to be highly skilled and strictly directed teamwork at all levels. Tapiola is a result of close teamwork in
3500-590: The highest wooden office building in Europe , called the Modular-office, was built in southern Tapiola by next to the Länsiväylä highway. The building is operated by Finnforest. Tapiola is also the name of a Finnish insurance company, presumably from the location of its headquarters. Among other major companies headquartered in Tapiola are Huhtamäki and M-real . In Otsolahti in eastern Tapiola, there
3570-448: The houses in Otaniemi in the 1630s and at that time they formed a unified farmstead for the first time in their history, a manor exempt from equipping cavalry. The mayor of Helsinki Gabriel Tavast bought Otaniemi in 1653 and almost ten years later in 1662 it was transferred to the state as a manor of the crown. Otaniemi was accepted as a farmstead required to equip cavalry in 1695. The area had already become part of Espoo before this. After
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#17327731278923640-446: The main building of the university. Tapiola Tapiola ( Finnish: [ˈtɑpiolɑ] ; Swedish : Hagalund ) is a district of the municipality of Espoo on the south coast of Finland , and is one of the major urban centres of Espoo. It is located in the western part of Helsinki capital region . The name Tapiola is derived from Tapio , who is the forest god of Finnish mythology , especially as expressed in
3710-646: The masters of the village often served as jurors in court sessions. During the Russo-Swedish War , on the icy cold winter of 1577 the Tatars attacked the coast of Espoo over the Gulf of Finland and burned the entire village of Otaniemi to the ground. In 1602 the lands were given to the experienced war hero, ensign Daniel Golovachev. The lord of the Turku Castle , Anders Nilsson (Hyttner) received control of
3780-666: The merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the University of Art and Design Helsinki , and the Helsinki School of Economics . The oldest signs of human activity in the Otaniemi area can be found in front of the courtyard of what is now Jämeräntaival 1 (the so-called summer hotel): a pile of rocks dating from the Bronze Age (also called "the grave of the primordial teekkari "), about 3000 years old. Graves of this kind have apparently also been built as memorial for
3850-736: The metro maintained by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority . The Tapiola metro station , a station of the Helsinki Metro , opened as a part of Länsimetro (the Western Metro Extension) in November 2017. The Tapiola centre houses a swimming pool and the Tapiola bowling alley . Near the centre is also the Tapiola tennis park. In the Tuulimäki defense shelter there are premises for wrestling , judo , shooting (air guns and archery), table tennis , gymnastics and fencing . There
3920-518: The nature of its demographic, Otaniemi is also the poorest ZIP code area in Finland: according to an investigation made by Statistics Finland in 2015, the median income per resident was reported to be only 11 062 euros. In the 2017 municipal elections , the Liberal Party won one council seat in Espoo; in there, the party's support was greatest in Otaniemi, where it received 6.6 percent of
3990-406: The orthogonal grid plan. Ahola's design however, reflected the original aims of Tapiola; that of encouraging social diversification by locating a variety of building types within the one area. Financial concerns affected the development of the western area of Tapiola, leading to the construction of housing units that were economically feasible. In 1953 Aarne Ervi was awarded the commission to plan
4060-463: The ownership of Karl von Numers in 1746. The construction workers and garrison men of Sveaborg required large amounts of accommodation space, and new residential buildings were built also in the Otaniemi area. One of these so-called military crofts later developed into the Hagalund manor , which still remains at its place, near the Otaniemi water tower . In 1810 the farmstead was split in two between
4130-433: The plan. Otaniemi has three daycares, a stadium, an indoor arena, and a small shopping mall called A Bloc. The Fat Lizard Brewing Company has had its brewery in Otaniemi since 2017. The Ring I beltway goes past Otaniemi, and the area is located at its end near the Länsiväylä highway. The most direct car connection from the Helsinki city centre to Otaniemi goes via Länsiväylä and the western end of Ring I. Additionally,
4200-480: The ruins of the embassy of the Soviet Union, which had been destroyed in the bombing of Helsinki during World War II. The Otaniemi Chapel , designed by the same architects, was built 1957. As soon as the houses in Teekkarikylä were completed, they served to accommodate athletes in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Construction of Teekkarikylä and the prominent actions of the teekkari students in 1956 sped up
4270-471: The same time as the university. The Teekkarikylä residence in Otaniemi also served as accommodation in the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics . Because of the 2005 championships, construction of new student apartments sped up and right before the event, six new buildings were built into Teekkarikylä at Jämeränaukio and Otaranta. The Haukilahti gymnasium moved to Otaniemi in autumn 2016. During
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#17327731278924340-471: The street Kuusisaarentie leads from Munkkiniemi in Helsinki to Otaniemi via a chain of islands. Many Espoo internal bus lines have their terminus stops at Teekkarikylä in Otaniemi, and many regional bus lines also travel past the area. Otaniemi has been connected to the Helsinki Metro since 2017. The Aalto University metro station of the Länsimetro line is located in Otaniemi to the southwest of
4410-570: The three merger schools that later formed Aalto University, and the designer of both the city plan for the Otaniemi area and the main building of TKK. Otaniemi hosts a student community especially concentrated in the several blocks of student housing called Teekkarikylä ( Swedish : Teknologbyn , literally technology students' village ). Some buildings of Teekkarikylä are owned by the student association of Aalto University AYY ; others are owned by HOAS . There are very few non-student apartments in Otaniemi, as almost all inhabitants are students. Due to
4480-489: The town centre. The aim of the town centre's design was to provide all the facilities necessary for a modern urban centre and to maximise social interaction. The centre included a market square, public square, church, public premises, businesses and an administration building. As with the other areas of Tapiola, the centre was designed with consideration for the site's features and terrain as well as to provide an active and versatile environment for pedestrians. Roads surrounded
4550-436: The town. The Housing Foundation's unique combination of various socio-political organisations facilitated the negotiation of funds with governmental bodies. Von Hertzen set out to create a modern urban environment that would address the housing shortage in Helsinki while also being economically viable and beautiful. Tapiola did not form part of any wider plan for Finland’s development other than von Hertzen's Seven Towns Plan,
4620-430: The university's move to Otaniemi from its old, cramped premises in the Helsinki city centre. Construction of the main building of the university started in 1961, when the old manor located at the same time, dating from the late 18th or early 19th century, was dismantled. The main building was completed in 1964 and officially inaugurated in 1966. The VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland moved from Helsinki to Otaniemi at
4690-455: The vote. On 1 January 2010, Otaniemi became home to Aalto University , formed from the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the University of Art and Design Helsinki , and the Helsinki School of Economics . Art and business teaching has been gradually moved from Aalto's Helsinki locations to Otaniemi. The name is a tribute to Alvar Aalto , a prominent architect known for his achievements in technology, economics, and art. Otaniemi
4760-695: The world. According to the bureau, new proposed changes to the city planning threaten the existence of this cultural heritage. The WeeGee house , designed by architect Aarno Ruusuvuori and completed in 1964, is the former printing house of the Weilin+Göös publishing house. It currently hosts the Espoo Museum of Modern Art (EMMA), the Espoo City Museum, the Helinä Rautavaara Museum, the Finnish Museum of Horology,
4830-665: Was built, as synthesised from Von Hertzen's writings, are summarised below: The development of Tapiola occurred in several stages: the eastern neighbourhood 1952 – 1956, the western neighbourhood, 1957-1960, the town centre 1958-1961-1970, the northern neighbourhood 1958-1967, the southern neighbourhood 1961-1965. Planning in Tapiola commenced with architect, Otto-Iivari Meurman's site plan and building schedule which were reviewed from 1951 onwards. His original plan detailed four neighbourhoods split by two crossing roads and set apart by green belts. Architects Aarne Ervi, Viljo Revell, Aulis Blomstedt and Markus Tavio were charged with designing
4900-539: Was perceived to be ideal to have families with children reside in dwellings, at or close to ground level in order for the children to have better access to the outdoors and to parks, whilst a tower block with one-room flats was designed to accommodate childless couples. Meurman resigned from the board of governors of the Housing Foundation in 1954 following a shift from developing a town with low population density (six persons per acre) and low-rise buildings dwellings, as advocated by Meurman, to more multi-storey buildings and
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