Misplaced Pages

#959040

93-555: Since ancient times, the Strait of Otranto was of vital strategic importance. The Romans used it to transport their troops eastwards. The legions marched to Brundisium (now Brindisi), had only a one-day sea voyage to modern Albania territory and then could move eastwards following the Via Egnatia . During World War I , the strait was of strategic significance. The Allied navies of Italy , France , and Great Britain , by blockading

186-576: A Messapic variant like the ethnonym Graeci which may have been used in its original form by Illyrians for their Greek neighbours in Epirus. A Messapic morphological intermediary has been proposed for Latin lancea (spear) and balaena (from Greek phallaina ). In literature, Horace and Ennius who came from the region are the only authors of Roman antiquity who have preserved the non-Italic word laama (swamp) which might be Messapic. The Messapic verbal form eipeigrave ('wrote, incised'; variant ipigrave )

279-707: A castle with an essential new arsenal, and became a privileged port for the Holy Land . In 1156, a siege of Brindisi by the Byzantine Empire ended in a battle in which the believers were decisively defeated by the Sicilian Normans, ending the Byzantines' hopes of conquering Southern Italy. It was in the cathedral of Brindisi that the wedding of Norman Prince Roger III of Sicily took place, son of King Tancred of Sicily . Emperor Frederick II ,

372-610: A coastal area outside the port. As a Roman colony ( 244 BC ), the city experienced a major urban expansion that ensued economic and social development. According to Pliny the Elder , Brindisi was one of the most important Italian cities. During the Middle Ages , Brindisi suffered a sharp decline, after it was devastated by the Goths in the 6th century; Procopius describes it as a small city without defensive walls. The town shrank to

465-608: A deeper level clay of the Pleistocene era and an even later Mesozoic carbonate composed of limestone and soils. The development of agriculture has caused an increase in the use of water resources, increasing indiscriminate use. Brindisi experiences a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). Summers are hot and dry with abundant sunshine. Summer heat indexes can be regularly over 30 °C (86 °F) and occasionally as high as 37 °C (99 °F) during July and August. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. Brindisi and

558-522: A dental affricate or spirant /ts/ or /tš/). Proto-Indo-European * s was rather clearly reflected in initial and intervocalic positions as Messapic h , with notable examples including klaohi and hipa , but note Venas with * s in final position. The Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates *bh and *dh are certainly represented by the simple unaspirated voiced obstruents /b/ and /d/ in Messapic (e.g., 'berain' < *bher-; '-des' < *dʰeh₁). On

651-465: A few months so that it has a stronger flavor. Typical of the winter season are the Pecorino , ricotta and strong ricotta (or cottage cheese). It is used to flavor spaghetti sauce or spread on bruschetta . Fresh popular cheeses are burrata , junket , Manteca cheese , mozzarella or Fior di latte . Vegetables are the true protagonist of the traditional diet of Salento . Depending on season, are

744-625: A filling of almonds), jam with orange and lemon, and fig jam. Pasta and bread is made with unrefined flour, and thus takes on a dark colour. Durum wheat is mixed with traditional meal. Special local dishes include lasagna with vegetables, cavatelli , orecchiette (stacchioddi in Brindisi dialect) and ravioli stuffed with ricotta. In breadmaking, local custom favours the use of durum wheat, bread flour and barley bread. For bread made with yeast (called criscituni) and cooked on an oven stone, Brindisi bakers use bundles of olive branches to give

837-499: A god) Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the Italic languages of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and Oscan ran through Frentania- Irpinia - Lucania -Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and

930-590: A group of languages spoken by the Iapygians , a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" of non- Italic -speaking tribes ( Messapians , Peucetians and Daunians ) dwelling in the region of Apulia before the Roman conquest. However, some scholars have argued that the term ' Iapygian languages' should be preferred for referring to the group of languages spoken in Apulia, with the term 'Messapic' being reserved to

1023-524: A large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. Larinum , a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and Horace who was from Venusia in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in

SECTION 10

#1732773316960

1116-459: A link between the two languages, as some towns in Apulia have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources. Other linguistic elements such as particles , prepositions , suffixes , lexicon , but also toponyms , anthroponyms and theonyms of the Messapic language find singular affinities with Albanian. Some phonological data can also be compared between the two languages, and it seems likely that Messapic belongs, like Albanian, to

1209-470: A local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet rather than in the older Messapic script) only begins in the 4th century BC. The Greek letter Φ (/pʰ/) was not adopted, because it would have been superfluous for Messapic. While zeta "normally" represented the voiced counterpart to /s/, it may have been an affricate in some cases. The value of Θ is unclear, but is clearly dental; it may be an affricate or

1302-582: A natural harbour, that penetrates deeply into the Adriatic coast of Apulia. Within the arms of the outer harbour islands are Pedagne, a tiny archipelago , currently not open and in use for military purposes (United Nations Group Schools used it during the intervention in Bosnia ). The entire municipality is part of the Brindisi Plain, characterised by high agricultural uses of its land. It is located in

1395-421: A small but industrious community from 53 AD until the second half of the 16th century. The new Albanian migration has led to the recurrence of some Islamic religious presence. Significant in Brindisi is the cult of Tarantismo that combines pagan and Christian tradition. In the past it was believed that women who showed forms of hysteria were infected by the bite of a Lycosa tarantula . The only known remedy

1488-404: A small regional immigration, attracting families from neighboring provinces and regions. Another important chapter in the demography of the town was the exodus of people from Albania in 1990–1991, which lasted almost a decade and led to the port of Brindisi receiving waves of Albanian immigrants. The largest non-Italian ethnic community is Albanian. The number of those who decided to stay in

1581-686: A smaller area, probably around the San Leucio temple, outside the old town. The port was abandoned for several centuries. The rebirth came with the Byzantine domination (11th century ) and especially with the Normans and the Swabians (12th and 13th century), when it became a prime port for the Crusades . The city was divided into three districts or "pittachi": Santo Stefano (in the vicinity of

1674-519: A specific subgroup of the Indo-European languages that shows distinct reflections of all the three dorsal consonant rows. In the nominal context, both Messapic and Albanian continue, in the masculine terms in -o- , the Indo-European ending *-osyo (Messapic -aihi , Albanian -i / -u ). Regarding the verbal system, both Messapic and Albanian have formally and semantically preserved the two Indo-European subjunctive and optative moods. If

1767-631: A spirant. In any case it appears to have arisen partly as the reflex of the segment * ty . The script used in northern Apulia was rather peculiar, and some consider it to be a distinct writing system named Apulian . A notable difference between the Apulian alphabet and the Laconian-Tarentinian Messapic alphabet was the use of Η ( eta ) for /ē/ rather than /h/. The Messapic language is a 'fragmentary language' ( Trümmersprache ), preserved only in about 600 inscriptions from

1860-781: Is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the former capital of the province of Brindisi , on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . Historically, the city has played an essential role in trade and culture due to its strategic position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea. The city remains a major port for trade with the Balkan Peninsula , Greece and the Middle East. Its industries include agriculture, chemical works, and

1953-432: Is a notable loanword from Greek (with the initial stem eipigra- , ipigra- deriving from epigrá-phō , ἐπιγράφω, 'inscribe, engrave'), and is probably related to the fact that the Messapic alphabet has been borrowed from an Archaic Greek script. Other Greek loanwords include argora-pandes ('coin officials', with the first part deriving from ἄργυρος), and names of deities like Athana and perhaps Aprodita , however

SECTION 20

#1732773316960

2046-992: Is a prestigious public library housed in the Seminary of Brindisi, in Piazza Duomo. Founded in 1798 by archbishop of Brindisi Annibale De Leo, with an endowment of about 6,000 volumes, today it has over 20,000 volumes, 17 incunable , over 200 16th-century manuscripts. These include some rare works, and various manuscript collections. The University of Salento Brindisi has social sciences, politics and geography faculty with courses in Sociology, Social Services and Political Science . The University of Bari has courses in Business Administration , Management and Consulting, Economics, Maritime and Logistics, Information Technology, Design, Nursing and Physiotherapy . The "F. Ribezzo" Provincial Archaeological Museum

2139-538: Is a variant of Salentino and, although there are minor differences between the various municipalities, the root remains unchanged. It is spoken not only in Brindisi, but in some towns of the province of Taranto . The Brindisi also affects some dialects north of Lecce in the south Brindisi, along with Ostuni , is home of the Archdiocese of Brindisi-Ostuni (Archidioecesis Brundusina-Ostunensis in Latin), home of

2232-401: Is allowed to compose up to 10% of the blend with Montepulciano allowed to compose up to another 20% (or 30% if Sangiovese is not included). If it is to be a Reserva , the wine is aged a minimum of 2 years before release and must attain a minimum alcohol level of 12.5%. From an urban point of view [58] [59], the city's earliest signs of human settlement are on the promontory of Punta Terre,

2325-561: Is devoid of Christian references and a therapeutic repertoire and musical detail. The Provincial Library is a public library located in Commenda avenue. It has over 100,000 books and an extensive newspaper archive and participates in the National Library Service. Inside a modern auditorium, a media office and the secretariats of the university offices of Bari and Lecce operate. The Archbishop Annibale De Leo Library

2418-474: Is frequently used before the sounds ao- or o- , where it is most likely a replacement for the older letter [REDACTED] . Another special letter, [REDACTED] , occurs almost exclusively in Archaic inscriptions from the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Multiple palatalizations have also taken place, as in ' Zis ' < *dyēs, 'Artorres' < *Artōryos, or 'Bla(t)θes' < *Blatyos (where '(t)θ' probably denoted

2511-487: Is located in Piazza Duomo and has many large rooms, providing visitors with six sections: epigraphy , sculpture, the antiquarium, prehistoric, coins, medieval, modern and bronzes of Punta del Serrone. The Giovanni Tarantini Diocesan Museum is newly established and is housed in the Palazzo del Seminario. It has a collection of paintings, statues, ornaments and vestments from the churches of the diocese. Particularly important

2604-543: Is supported by a series of similar personal and place names from both sides of the Adriatic Sea . Proposed cognates in Illyrian and Messapic, respectively, include: ' Bardyl(l)is /Barzidihi', ' Teuta /Teutā', 'Dazios/Dazes', 'Laidias/Ladi-', 'Platōr/Plator-', ' Iapydes / Iapyges ', 'Apulus/Apuli', ' Dalmata /Dalmathus', 'Peucetioe/ Peucetii ', 'Ana/Ana', 'Beuzas/Bozat', 'Thana/Thana', ' Dei-paturos / Da-matura '. The linguistic data of Albanian can be used to compensate for

2697-463: Is the result of a recent phenomenon of families from Northern Europe, especially English and Irish, settling in the region. Many such settlers are pensioners, buying villas in the Brindisi countryside. This phenomenon is relatively recent in Apulia, known as "Salentoshire", a playful neologism along the lines of " Chiantishire " on the consolidation of British tourism in Tuscany . The Brindisi dialect

2790-567: Is the silver embossed Ark that has the remains of St Theodore of Amasea and a 7th-century pitcher, in which one can recognize the wedding at Cana . The Ethnic Salento Agrilandia Museum of Civilization offers tourists the chance to see many statues in wood and stone. It also features agriculture and interesting tools with the rural culture. Over the past decade the city has developed and consolidated non-amateur theater companies, some dealing with theater for research and actor training. These companies have developed several socio-cultural projects for

2883-579: The Catholic Church suffragan of Archdiocese of Lecce and part of the ecclesiastical region of Apulia. The diocese was erected in the 4th century, its first bishop was St. Leucio of Alexandria . In the 9th century following the destruction of the city by the Saracens , the bishops established their residence in Oria . The bishop Theodosius was successful in recovering the relics of St Leucio at

Strait of Otranto - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-653: The Messapians ), the Peucetians and the Daunians . Messapic was the pre- Roman , non- Italic language of Apulia . It has been preserved in about 600 inscriptions written in an alphabet derived from a Western Greek model and dating from the mid-6th to at least the 2nd century BC, when it went extinct following the Roman conquest of the region. The term 'Messapic' or 'Messapian' is traditionally used to refer to

3069-538: The 21st century, Brindisi is the home base of the San Marco Regiment , a marine brigade originally known as the La Marina Regiment. It was renamed San Marco after its noted defense of Venice at the start of World War I . On 19 May 2012, a bomb made of three gas cylinders, detonated in front of a vocational school in Brindisi, killing a 16-year-old female student. Brindisi is situated on

3162-552: The 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script. Along with Messapic, Greek and Oscan were spoken and written during the Romanization period all over Apulia , and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in southern Apulia at that time. Based upon

3255-554: The Adriatic, which were to plague the Allied powers for most of the war throughout the Mediterranean. In 1992, Albania and Italy signed a treaty that delimited the continental shelf boundary between the two countries in the Strait. Whatsoever the administration rights over the Strait were given to Albania not changing much from the former deal of Otranto. In 1997 and 2004, nearly 100 people died trying to illegally cross

3348-574: The Archdiocese of Brindisi-Ostuni plena. The new diocese was recognized civilly 20 October 1986, by decree of the Ministry of Interior. Brindisi contains an Eastern Orthodox Church parish, St. Nicholas of Myra Byzantine Rite . The rite of the Greek presence in Brindisi has long been established since the rule of the Byzantine Empire with a strong spread of the Basilian monks . The Jews were

3441-477: The Balkan peninsula in prehistoric times, or of a closer relation as shown by the quality of the correspondences in the lexical area and shared innovations between Messapic and Albanian. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) identify Messapic as the closest language to Albanian, with which it forms a common branch titled Illyric . Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as

3534-471: The Brindisi kitchen, is the use of green or white tomatoes: mainly used for tomato sauce but they are also consumed in olive oil, after a process of natural drying. Significant is also the consumption of green and black olives , crushed or in brine . Finally, legumes such as beans, peas and Vicia faba , eaten fresh or dried in the spring and during the winter season. Among the dishes prepared with fruit are quince , baked figs and dried figs (prepared with

3627-588: The IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. Although the Illyrian languages – and to some extent Messapic itself – are too scarcely attested to allow for an extensive linguistic comparison, the Messapic language is generally regarded as related to, though distinct from, the Illyrian languages . This theory

3720-463: The Illyrian language(s) spoken in the Balkans by the 5th century BC, while others considered it a direct dialect of Iron Age Illyrian. Messapic is today considered an independent language and not a dialect of Illyrian. Although the unclear interpretation of Messapic inscriptions cannot warrant the placement of Messapic in any specific Indo-European subfamily, some scholars place Illyrian and Messapic in

3813-508: The Latinization of the area. A small corpus of Messapic vocabulary did pass into Latin. They include baltea from balta (swamp), deda (nurse), gandeia (sword), horeia (small fishing boat), mannus (pony/small horse) from manda . Messapic was an intermediary for the passing of several, mostly ancient Greek words, into Latin such as paro (small ship) from Greek paroon . The Latin form of Odysseus , Ulixes might derive from

Strait of Otranto - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-504: The Messapic inscriptions are accessible in the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (MLM), published in print in 2002. Only Messapic words regarded as 'inherited' from its precursor are hereunder listed, thus excluding loanwords from Greek, Latin or other languages. Proto-Albanian: *bardza ; Albanian: bardhë/bardhi , Bardha ('white', found also in anthroponyms, e.g., Bardh-i , Bardhyl ) Taotor (name of

3999-697: The Romans, Brundisium – a large city in its day with some 100,000 inhabitants – was an active port, the chief point of embarkation for Greece and the East, via Dyrrachium or Corcyra . It was connected with Rome by the Via Appia and the Via Traiana . The termination of the Via Appia, at the water's edge, was formerly flanked by two fine pillars. Only one remains, the second being misappropriated and removed to

4092-568: The Sahara in the region. Snow is rare in Brindisi but occurred during the January 2017 cold spell, bringing snow and ice to much of southern Italy. Within the territory of the town of Brindisi environmental protected areas are located, some newly established: Brindisi has been the subject of extensive emigration during the 20th century, as well as all cities in the South. Emigration focused mainly on

4185-560: The ancestors of the Iapygians came to Southeastern Italy (present-day Apulia ) from the Western Balkans across the Adriatic Sea during the early first millennium BC. Messapic forms part of the Paleo-Balkan languages . Based upon lexical similarities with the Illyrian languages , some scholars contend that Messapic may have developed from a dialect of pre-Illyrian, meaning that it would have diverged substantially from

4278-453: The area of Brindisi are produced Aleatico di Puglia Doc, Ostuni Doc, Brindisi Rosso DOC, Rosato Brindisi DOC and Puglia IGT. Some grape varieties grown in Brindisi include: The Brindisi DOC produces both red and rose wines from grapes limited to a harvest yield of 15 tonnes/ha and must produce a wine with a minimum 12% alcohol level . The wines are usually blends made predominantly from Negaroamaro and Malvasia Nera but Sangiovese

4371-613: The beginning of the 5th century BC. After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during

4464-424: The bread a particular scent. One type of traditional bread is made with olives (called puccia). It is made with a much more refined wheat flour than for ordinary bread, to which are added black olives. Also important are frisella , a sort of dehydrated hard bread which can be stored for a long time, and tarallini , also easily stored for long periods. The pucce and uliate cakes are also typical. Among local desserts

4557-437: The category of aorists formed with the suffix -v- . However, except for the dorsal consonant rows, these similarities do not provide elements exclusively relating Messapic and Albanian, and only a few morphological data are comparable. The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following

4650-452: The central place is occupied by almond paste , obtained by grinding shelled almonds and sugar. Another specialty is cartellate, a pastry, particularly prepared around Christmas, made of a thin strip of a dough made of flour, olive oil, and white wine that is wrapped upon itself, intentionally leaving cavities and openings, to form a sort of "rose" shape; the dough is then deep-fried, dried, and soaked in either lukewarm vincotto or honey. In

4743-417: The city are BrindisiSera and " Brindisi News ". Brindisi is home to the television stations Teleradio Agricoltura Informazione and Puglia TV, which began broadcasts in January 1988 in Brindisi. Brindisi's cuisine is simple with basic ingredients used, starting with flour or unrefined barley , which is less expensive than wheat. Vegetables, snails , and bluefish figure prominently in its cuisine. Among

SECTION 50

#1732773316960

4836-470: The city, however, is negligible in light of the number of immigrants who migrated. Brindisi remains the first step towards western Europe for displaced people from the Balkans. The large number of Americans is largely due to a U.S. Air Force station , between Brindisi and San Vito dei Normanni that operated throughout the second half of the 20th century. Although the base is no longer operational, many soldiers have decided to stay. The British presence

4929-699: The columns), Eufemia (in Santa Teresa) and San Toma (in the area of Saint Lucia). Under the Aragonese and the Spanish kings, the main efforts were directed mainly around the ramparts (walls, castle and sea fort to provide relief from mostly the Greeks, Albanians and Slavs. Only through the reopening of the Pigott channel (1775), the city experienced a new impetus and reopened traffic with the East mainly due to

5022-500: The cross- Adriatic migrations of proto-Messapic speakers in the early first millennium BC. The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the Adriatic for the Italian Peninsula from the 11th century BC onwards, merging with pre-existing Italic and Mycenean cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint. Throughout the second half of the 8th century, contacts between Messapians and Greeks must have been intense and continuous; they began to intensify after

5115-608: The dawn goddess, goddess of love, beauty, fertility, health and protector of women, in the Albanian pagan mythology , the equivalent of Ancient Greek Aphrodite. The origin of the Messapic goddess Damatura/Damatira is debated: scholars like Vladimir I. Georgiev (1937), Eqrem Çabej , Shaban Demiraj (1997), or Martin L. West (2007) have argued that she was an Illyrian goddess eventually borrowed into Greek as Demeter , while others like Paul Kretschmer (1939), Robert S. P. Beekes (2009) and Carlo De Simone (2017) have argued for

5208-517: The end of the 9th and keeping them in a basicila he built on top of the martyrium of the saint. It was in the 10th century that established the Diocese of Ostuni, first joined the Diocese of Conversano - Monopoli and likely heir to the ancient diocese of Egnatia . On 30 September 1986, by decree of the Congregation for Bishops , the Archdiocese of Brindisi and Ostuni diocese were united in

5301-648: The establishment of the Suez Canal at the end of the 19th century. Messapic language Messapic ( / m ɛ ˈ s æ p ɪ k , m ə -, - ˈ s eɪ -/ ; also known as Messapian ; or as Iapygian ) is an extinct Indo-European Paleo-Balkanic language of the southeastern Italian Peninsula , once spoken in Salento by the Iapygian peoples of the region: the Calabri and Salentini (known collectively as

5394-504: The foundation of Taras by Spartan colonists around the end of the century. Despite its geographical proximity with Magna Graecia , however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in Greek colonial territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region. During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from

5487-646: The generation of electricity. From September 1943 to February 1944, Brindisi was the provisional government seat of the Kingdom of Italy . The name comes from the Latin Brundisium through the Greek Brentesion and Messapi Brention, meaning "head of the deer" related to Albanian bri, brî - pl. Brini zi (black horn) brirë, brinë ("horn"; "antler") [< late Proto-Albanian *brina < earlier *brena ]. The city's name appears, therefore, to refer to

5580-426: The heir to the crown of Jerusalem and Isabella of Brienne (9 November 1225) started from the port of Brindisi in 1227 for the Sixth Crusade Frederick II erected a castle, with massive round towers, to guard the inner harbour; it later became a convict prison. Like other Pugliese ports, Brindisi, for a short while, was ruled by Venice , but was soon reconquered by Spain. A plague devastated Brindisi in 1348; it

5673-411: The industrial development of some northern areas of the country, many Apulian migrants also settled in the Piedmont and Lombardy regions of northern Italy, and particularly in Milan . Since the 1960s, when the large petrochemical companies were joined by mechanical, naval, and aviation corporations, Brindisi was able to create employment opportunities for technicians and workers. The city experienced

SECTION 60

#1732773316960

5766-541: The inscriptions found in the Salento peninsula , where the specific tribe of the Messapians had been living in the pre-Roman era. The name Apulia itself derives from Iapygia after passing from Greek to Oscan to Latin and undergoing subsequent morphological shifts. Armenian Greek Phrygian (extinct) Messapic (extinct) Albanian Messapic was a non- Italic and non-Greek Indo-European language of Balkan origin. Modern archeological and linguistic research and some ancient sources hold that

5859-538: The lack of fundamental information on Illyrian, since Proto-Albanian (the ancestor language of Albanian ) was likewise an Indo-European language certainly spoken in the Balkans in antiquity, and probably since at least the 7th century BC, as suggested by the presence of archaic loanwords from Ancient Greek . A number of linguistic cognates with Albanian have been proposed, such as Messapic aran and Albanian arë ("field"), biliā and bijë ("daughter"), or menza- and mëz (" foal "). The toponomy points to

5952-405: The latter name is considered to be a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess. It coincides with the Proto-Albanian *apro dītā 'come forth brightness of the day/dawn', which could be the original source of the Ancient Greek Aphrodite , and which is preserved in the Albanian phrase afro dita 'come forth the day/dawn', referring to the planet Venus , and also used to refer to Prende ,

6045-407: The legends of the local currencies promoted by Rome, Messapic appears to have been written in the southern zone, Oscan in the northern area, while the central sector was a trilingual area where Messapic, Greek and Oscan co-existed in inscriptions. Messapic epigraphic records seem to have ended by the 2nd century BC. During the 1st century BCE, the language was replaced by Latin, which is the origin of

6138-421: The lower strata of society who abandoned the countryside. Emigration can be traced in two great waves. The first, which was at its peak in the years immediately before and after the First World War , was almost exclusively to the Americas (and mostly to the United States, Argentina , and Brazil ). The second wave of migrants from Apulia headed instead for Northern Europe after the Second World War . Attracted by

6231-399: The mid-6th up until the late-2nd century BC. Many of them consist of the personal names of the deceased engraved in burial sites (36% of the total), and only a few inscriptions have been definitely deciphered. Some longer texts are also available, including those recently found in the Grotta della Poesia ( Roca Vecchia ), although they have not been fully exploited by scholars yet. Most of

6324-459: The modern Italian Sallentine dialects of the region. A characteristic feature of Messapic is the absence of the Indo-European phonological opposition between the vowels /u/ and /o/, the language featuring only an o/u phoneme . Consequently, the superfluous letter /u/ ( upsilon ) was not taken over following the initial period of adaption of the Western ("red") Greek alphabet . The 'o/u' phoneme existed in opposition to an 'a/o' phoneme formed after

6417-436: The moratorium was extended until 2013. This article about a specific location in Vlorë County , Albania, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Apulia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Brundisium Brindisi ( US : / ˈ b r ɪ n d ɪ z i , ˈ b r iː n -/ BRIN -diz-ee, BREEN - ; Italian: [ˈbrindizi] )

6510-477: The mostly topographically flat Salento peninsula are subject to light winds most of the year. The two main winds in Salento are the Maestral and the Scirocco. The northerly Maestral wind from the Adriatic Sea is cooling, moderating summer heat and increasing winter wind chill. The southerly Scirocco wind from the Sahara brings higher temperatures and humidity to Salento. During spring and autumn, Sirocco winds can bring thunderstorms, occasionally dropping red sand from

6603-413: The nearby Taras. The use of writing systems was introduced during this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its progressive adaptation to the Messapic language. The oldest known Messapic texts date to the 6th century–early 5th century BCE. The relationship between Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from

6696-526: The neighbouring town of Lecce . Later, Brindisi was conquered by the Ostrogoths and reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century AD. In 674, it was destroyed by the Lombards led by Romuald I of Benevento , but such a fine natural harbor meant that the city was soon rebuilt. In the 9th century, a Saracen settlement existed in the city's neighborhood, stormed in 836 by pirates. In 1070, it

6789-617: The northeastern part of the Salento plains, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Itria Valley and the low Murge. The Natural Marine Reserve of the World Wide Fund for Nature of Torre Guaceto is close to the city. The Ionian Sea is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) away. The territory of Brindisi is characterised by a wide flat area from which emerge sub-deposits of limestone and sand of marine origin, which in turn have

6882-576: The old town of Brindisi) returned Corinthian jars in the first half of the 7th century BC. The Brindisi Messapia certainly entertained strong business relationships with the opposite side of the Adriatic and the Greek populations of the Aegean Sea . After the Punic Wars , it became a major center of Roman naval power and maritime trade. In the Social War , it received Roman citizenship and

6975-570: The other hand, the outcomes of the Indo-European palatal, velar, and labiovelar stops remain unclear, with slender evidence. The Messapic alphabet is an adaptation of the Western ("red") Greek alphabets , specifically the Laconian - Tarantinian version. The actual Messapic inscriptions are attested from the 6th century BC onward, while the Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic record (written in

7068-542: The phonological distinction between *o and *a was abandoned. The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowel /o/ regularly appears as /a/ in inscriptions (e.g., Venas < *Wenos; menza < *mendyo; tabarā < *to-bhorā). The original PIE phonological opposition between ō and o is still perceptible in Messapic. The diphthong *ou , itself reflecting the merged diphthongs *ou and eu , underwent sound change to develop into ao , then into ō (e.g., *Toutor > Taotor > Θōtor). The dental affricate or spirant written Θ

7161-536: The promotion of the theater for people with disabilities. The same group of companies has produced six shows. The municipal theatre is the Teatro Verdi (New Verdi Theatre). It is located in the historical center of the city, and opened in 2006. In 2022, Stefano Miceli was appointed chairman of the theatre foundation. Under his guidance, the theater debuted its resident orchestra named Orchestra del Nuovo Teatro Verdi and its first symphonic concert season. During

7254-657: The province. As for the press, the La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno publishes the Brindisi Journal . Salento's newspaper, the Nuovo Quotidiano di Puglia also covers Brindisi. Senzacolonne , which was founded in 2004, is the only one with a central editorial office in Brindisi. " The Nautilus " national scientific magazine based in Brindisi, reports on the sea, ports, transport and recreational boating. Other newspapers that have their headquarters in

7347-401: The recipes are " Pettole "(fried yeast dough, sweet or savory to taste stuffed maybe with cod or anchovy , with cauliflower or broccoli ), "Patani tajedda rice and mussels" (rice, potatoes and mussels ), soup, fish, mashed potatoes with fava beans , broad beans and mussels, and "Racana mussels". Almond milk : made by infusing water with the finely chopped almonds and then squeezing

7440-405: The reconstructions are correct, we can find, in the preterital system of Messapic, reflections of a formation in *-s- (which in other Indo-European languages are featured in the suffix of the sigmatic aorist), as in the 3rd sg. hipades/opades ('he dedicated' < *supo-dʰeh₁-s-t ) and in the 3rd pl. stahan ('they placed' < *stah₂-s-n°t ). In Albanian, this formation was likewise featured in

7533-418: The same branch. Eric Hamp has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian", which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European". Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan". A number of shared features between Messapic and Proto-Albanian may have emerged either as a result of linguistic contacts between Proto-Messapic and Pre-Proto-Albanian within

7626-410: The same to expel the "milk". The region of Apulia has entered the milk of almonds in its list of traditional Italian food products. Limoncello : a liquor made from the peel of fresh lemons and enriched with water, sugar and alcohol. Brindisi cheeses are mostly from sheep, due to the significant ranching of sheep and goats. In the summer they produce ricotta , which can be eaten fresh or matured for

7719-424: The same year the tenor Fabio Armiliato sang at the official inauguration of the first Verdi Gala at Nuovo Teatro Verdi, and new jazz and classical music festivals and international guests artists debuted at the theatre. Radio station CiccioRiccioBrindisi is heard throughout Apulia, Basilicata , parts of Molise , Campania, and Calabria . Radio Dara that started in a workshop, founded in 1980, now broadcasts across

7812-590: The shape of the natural harbour. According to other sources, in 267 BC (245 BC), it was conquered by the Romans and became a Latin colony. The peninsula of the Punta lands, which is located in the outer harbor, has been identified as a Bronze Age village (16th century BC) where a group of huts, protected by a barrier of stones, yielded fragments of Mycenaean pottery. Herodotus spoke of the Mycenaean origin of these populations. The necropolis of Tor Pisana (south of

7905-473: The shape of the port which recalls the shape of the head of the animal. The emblem of the city of Brindisi relates to certain unique characteristics of the ancient city of Brindisi, some of which are still visible today. The head of the deer derives from the Messapic name of the city Brention , a name inspired by the shape of the port city, which is reminiscent of the stag antlers. The emblem also contains

7998-716: The so-called "terminal pillar" of the Appian Way . Several traditions concern its founders; one claims it was founded by the legendary hero Diomedes . The geographer Strabo says that it was colonized from Knossos in Crete . Brindisi was originally a Messapian settlement predating the Roman expansion. The Latin name Brundisium , through the Greek Brentesion , is a corruption of the Messapian Brention meaning "deer's head" and probably referring to

8091-577: The strait following the 1997 unrest in Albania and poor economic conditions in the Tragedy of Otranto and the Karaburun tragedy . In 2006, the Albanian government imposed a moratorium on motor-powered sailing boats on all lakes, rivers, and seas of Albania to curb organized crime. The only exemption to the rule are government-owned boats, foreign-owned boats, fishing boats, and jet boats . In 2010,

8184-529: The strait, mostly with light naval forces and lightly armed fishing vessels known as drifters , hindered the cautious Austro-Hungarian Navy from freely entering the Mediterranean Sea , and effectively kept them out of the naval theatre of war. The blockade was known as the ' Otranto Barrage '. However, the barrage was notoriously ineffective against the German and Austrian U-boats operating out of

8277-474: The tops of turnips , various types of cabbage , the beet greens from the thistle , peppers, eggplant and zucchini (all served sun-dried or in olive oil ), and artichokes . There are also wild vegetables used in traditional cooking such as chicory , dandelion (or zangune), wild asparagus , the Wild mustard, the thistle, the lampascioni also called pampasciuni or pampasciuli, and capers . Frequent, in

8370-692: Was conquered by the Normans and became part of the Principality of Taranto and the Duchy of Apulia , and was the first rule of the Counts of Conversano . After the baronial revolt of 1132, owned by the will of Roger II of Sicily , the city recovered some of the splendor of the past during the period of the Crusades , when it regained the Episcopal See , saw the construction of the new cathedral and

8463-481: Was made a free port by Sulla . It suffered, however, from a siege conducted by Caesar in 49 BC, part of Caesar's Civil War ( Bell. Civ. i. ) and was again attacked in 42 and 40 BC, with the latter giving rise to the Treaty of Brundisium between Octavian , Mark Antony and Lepidus in the autumn of the same year. The poet Pacuvius was born here about 220 BC, and here the famous poet Virgil died in 19 BC. Under

8556-588: Was plundered in 1352 and 1383; and an earthquake struck the city in 1456 . Brindisi fell to Austrian rule in 1707–1734 and afterward to the Bourbons . Between September 1943 and February 1944, the city functioned as Italy's temporary government seat and hosted King Victor Emmanuel III , Pietro Badoglio , and a part of the Italian armed forces command in September 1943 after the armistice with Italy . In

8649-431: Was to dance continuously for days, so that the poison did not cause greater effect. Through music and dance was created a real exorcism in musical character. Each time a tarantato exhibited symptoms associated with Taranto, the tambourine , fiddle , mandolin , guitar and accordion players went in the house of the tarantato and began to play the pinch music with frenetic rhythms. The Brindisi pinch, as opposed to Lecce,

#959040