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77-618: The Out Islands are also referred to as the Family Islands , a term adopted in the 1970s. There are approximately 700 Out Islands, of which only a small number are inhabited. A History of the Bahamian People notes that even as Nassau became a more important port, "the majority of the Out Islands remained fixed in the age of sail well into the twentieth century." A significant number of American Loyalists fleeing from

154-487: A Sustainable Future for Shipping discusses the potential of a return to wind propulsion through the firsthand experiences of Christiaan De Beukelaer , who spent five months aboard a sailing cargo ship in 2020. Battle of Lepanto (1571) [REDACTED] Holy League ： [REDACTED]   Republic of Venice [REDACTED]   Spanish Empire [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 65,000 men: 67,000 men: Mediterranean The Battle of Lepanto

231-477: A palm branch with a motto for Fernando, who is held up by Philip: "Majora tibi" (may you achieve greater deeds; Fernando died as a child, in 1578). The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto (c. 1572, oil on canvas, 169 x 137 cm, Gallerie dell'Accademia , Venice ) is a painting by Paolo Veronese . The lower half of the painting shows the events of the battle, whilst at the top a female personification of Venice

308-492: A period when Europe was torn by its own wars of religion following the Protestant Reformation . Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory , and Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the " Most Catholic King " and defender of Christendom against Muslim incursion. Historian Paul K. Davis writes that More than a military victory, Lepanto was a moral one. For decades,

385-558: A speed advantage and were rarely hindered by adverse winds, freeing steam-powered vessels from the necessity of following trade winds . As a result, cargo and supplies could reach a foreign port in a fraction of the time it took a sailing ship. Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only economically viable for small-scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting and passenger sail excursion ships. In recent decades,

462-605: A swift sailing vessel, exhorting his officers and men to do their utmost. The Sacrament was administered to all, the galley slaves were freed from their chains, and the standard of the Holy League was raised to the truck of the flagship. The wind was at first against the Christians, and it was feared that the Turks would be able to make contact before a line of battle could be formed. But around noon, shortly before contact,

539-552: Is estimated that the Christians had 1,815 guns, while the Turks had only 750 with insufficient ammunition. The Christians embarked with their much improved arquebusier and musketeer forces, while the Ottomans trusted in their greatly feared composite bowmen . The Christian fleet started from Messina on 16 September, crossing the Adriatic and creeping along the coast, arriving at the group of rocky islets lying just north of

616-675: Is presented to the Virgin Mary , with Saint James Major (patron of Spain), Saint Peter (patron of the Papal States), Saint Justina (patron of Padua), Saint Mark (patron of Venice), and a group of angels in attendance. A painting by Wenceslas Cobergher , dated to the end of the 16th century, now in San Domenico Maggiore , shows what is interpreted as a victory procession in Rome on the return of admiral Colonna. On

693-695: The Catholic Church as the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary . Dominican friar Juan Lopez in his 1584 book on the rosary states that the feast of the rosary was offered "in memory and in perpetual gratitude of the miraculous victory that the Lord gave to his Christian people that day against the Turkish armada". A piece of commemorative music composed after the victory is the motet Canticum Moysis ( Song of Moses Exodus 15 ) Pro victoria navali contra Turcas by

770-513: The Doge's Palace, Venice , by Andrea Vicentino on the walls of the Sala dello Scrutinio , which replaced Tintoretto 's Victory of Lepanto , destroyed by fire in 1577. Titian painted the battle in the background of an allegorical work showing Philip II of Spain holding his infant son, Don Fernando , his male heir born shortly after the victory, on 4 December 1571. An angel descends from heaven bearing

847-895: The Duchy of Savoy , three galleys from the Knights of Malta and some private ships. John of Austria , half-brother of Philip II of Spain , was named by Pope Pius V as overall commander of the fleet and led the centre division along with Papal captain Marcantonio Colonna and the Venetian Sebastiano Venier ; the wings were commanded by the Venetian Agostino Barbarigo and the Genoese Gianandrea Doria . The Ottoman fleet consisted of 222 galleys and 56 galliots and

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924-518: The Gulf of Patras , where they encountered the Ottoman fleet. While neither fleet had immediate strategic resources or objectives in the gulf, both chose to engage. The Ottoman fleet had an express order from Selim II to fight, and John of Austria found it necessary to attack in order to maintain the integrity of the expedition in the face of personal and political disagreements within the Holy League. On

1001-501: The HMBS Flamingo, in the Out Islands, killing four Bahamian marines. Survivors of the attack came ashore on Ragged Island . The Cuban government maintained that it had mistaken the ship for a pirate vessel. The incident greatly angered Bahamians, and Cuba later issued an apology and reparations. The Out Islands are more sparsely inhabited and less economically developed than New Providence and Grand Bahama. The most populous of

1078-727: The Knights Hospitaller , and others. The banner for the fleet, blessed by the Pope, reached the Kingdom of Naples (then ruled by Philip II of Spain) on 14 August 1571, where it was solemnly consigned to John of Austria . All members of the alliance viewed the Ottoman navy as a significant threat, both to the security of maritime trade in the Mediterranean Sea and to the security of continental Europe itself. Spain

1155-620: The Knights of Saint Stephen , said to be the standard of the Turkish commander, is still on display, in the Church of the seat of the Order in Pisa . On the Christian right, the situation was different, as Doria continued sailing towards the south instead of taking his assigned position. He would explain his conduct after the battle by saying that he was trying to prevent an enveloping manoeuvre by

1232-591: The Revolution migrated to the Bahamas (including the Out Islands), along with their slaves, profoundly influencing the islands' history. Specifically, some 300 white families (owning an estimated 5,000 slaves) fled from East Florida to New Providence; among these, the majority of the whites stayed on New Providence, while two-thirds of the slaves went to the previously undeveloped Out Islands. A History of

1309-565: The Venetian colony of Famagusta on the island of Cyprus , which was being besieged by the Turks in early 1571 subsequent to the fall of Nicosia and other Venetian possessions in Cyprus in the course of 1570. On 1 August the Venetians surrendered after being reassured that they could leave Cyprus freely. However, the Ottoman commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha had lost some 50,000 men in

1386-580: The de facto division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Spanish Crown and their Italian allies. The battle halted the Ottoman encroachment on Italian territories, but the Holy League did not regain any territories that had been lost to the Ottomans prior to Lepanto. Historian Paul K. Davis sums up the importance of Lepanto this way: "This Turkish defeat stopped Ottomans' expansion into

1463-457: The largest naval battle in Western history since classical antiquity, involving more than 450 warships. Over the following decades, the increasing importance of the galleon and the line of battle tactic would displace the galley as the major warship of its era, marking the beginning of the " Age of Sail ". The victory of the Holy League is of great importance in the history of Europe and of

1540-844: The "Golden Age of Sail". The second sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat Experiment , an ex-French lugger ; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813. The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton Aaron Manby , built in 1821 by Aaron Manby at the Horseley Ironworks , and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the English Channel in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h). The first purpose-built steam battleship

1617-407: The Bahamian People notes that the Out Islands were historically "a miniature replica of Nassau's socialeconomic system based on race, differential wealth, and economic power" with some settlements being inhabited entirely by Afro-Bahamians , others by white Bahamians, and others by mixed communities generally dominated by whites. In 1980, a Cuban MiG fighter jet attacked a Bahamian patrol boat ,

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1694-737: The Events, which occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle against the Turks was published in 1572, a few months after Lepanto. It was the first comprehensive account of the war, and the only one to attempt a concise but complete overview of its course and the Holy League's triumph. Contarini's account went beyond effusive praise and mere factual reporting to examine

1771-742: The French version by Du Bartas , accompanied James' 1591 edition; a Latin version, the Naupactiados Metaphrasis by Thomas Murray (1564–1623), followed a year after James' 1603 publication. The royal connection ensured that the battle was featured in Stuart aquatic pageants representing sea battles between Christians and Turks well into the reign. In 1632, the story of the battle was retold in couplets in Abraham Holland 's Naumachia . Centuries later G. K. Chesterton revisited

1848-516: The Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don Juan attacked and took Tunis , only for it to be retaken by the Ottomans in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of its Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of Friuli , and eager to cut its losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the Porte . The Holy League was disbanded with

1925-538: The Mediterranean from the Straits of Gibraltar to Greece under Ottoman authority, with the exceptions of the Spanish-controlled trading city of Oran and strategic settlements such as Melilla and Ceuta . But after 1580, the Ottoman Empire could no longer compete with the advances of European navies, especially following the development of the galleon and line of battle tactics. The Holy League credited

2002-460: The Mediterranean, thus maintaining Western dominance, and confidence grew in the West that Turks, previously unstoppable, could be beaten." The Ottomans were quick to rebuild their navy. By 1572, about six months after the defeat, more than 150 galleys, 8 galleasses, and in total 250 ships had been built, including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean. With this new fleet

2079-694: The Ottoman Empire was able to reassert its supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sultan Selim II 's Chief Minister, the Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha , even boasted to the Venetian emissary Marcantonio Barbaro that the Christian triumph at Lepanto caused no lasting harm to the Ottoman Empire, while the capture of Cyprus by the Ottomans in the same year was a significant blow, saying that: You come to see how we bear our misfortune. But I would have you know

2156-470: The Ottoman Empire, with the Ottoman fleet almost completely destroyed. However, the battle had no lasting impact on the Ottoman navy as the Ottomans rapidly rebuilt their fleet in under 6 months. The battle has long been compared to the Battle of Salamis , both for tactical parallels and for its crucial importance in the defense of Europe against imperial expansion. It was also of great symbolic importance in

2233-591: The Ottoman Turks had terrified Europe, and the victories of Suleiman the Magnificent caused Christian Europe serious concern. The defeat at Lepanto further exemplified the rapid deterioration of Ottoman might under Selim II , and Christians rejoiced at this setback for the Ottomans. The mystique of Ottoman power was tarnished significantly by this battle, and Christian Europe was heartened. The Christian coalition had been promoted by Pope Pius V to rescue

2310-587: The Ottoman admiral ( Kapudan-i Derya ), supported by the corsairs Mehmed Sirocco (Mehmed Şuluk) of Alexandria and Uluç Ali , commanded an Ottoman force of 222 war galleys, 56 galliots , and some smaller vessels. The Turks had skilled and experienced crews of sailors but were significantly deficient in their elite corps of janissaries . The number of oarsmen was about 37,000, virtually all of them slaves, many of them Christians who had been captured in previous conquests and engagements. The Ottoman galleys were manned by 13,000 experienced sailors—generally drawn from

2387-592: The Out Islands are Abaco , Andros , and Eleuthera ; the Out Islands tend to be less populous as one moves southward. Poverty has historically been high in the Out Islands, given the small size of the islands and the lack of natural resources. In 2013, the Bahamas Department of Statistics reported a poverty rate of 17.16% in the Out Islands, compared to 12.58% in Nassau and 9.69% in Grand Bahama. At

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2464-465: The Out Islands; beaches, snorkeling , and scuba diving are the principal tourist draws. A 2017 academic study reported that the relative economic importance of shark diving was greater in the Out Islands than elsewhere in the Bahamas. Age of sail The Age of Sail is a period in European history that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th (or mid-15th) to the mid-19th centuries, in which

2541-766: The Papal States, five galleys from the Order of Saint Stephen and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, three galleys each from the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta, and some privately owned galleys in Spanish service. This fleet of the Christian alliance was manned by 40,000 sailors and oarsmen. In addition, it carried approximately 30,000 fighting troops: 7,000 Spanish Empire regular infantry of excellent quality, (4,000 of

2618-787: The Polish victory procession following this battle with the backdrop of the Battle of Lepanto. It was later owned by the Dominicans of Poznań and since 1927 has been on display in Wawel Castle , Kraków . The Battle of Lepanto by Juan Luna (1887) is displayed at the Spanish Senate in Madrid. The statue of John of Austria in Messina was erected by decision of the city's Senate in 1571, as John had returned to Messina after

2695-622: The Roman Marcantonio Colonna and the Venetian Sebastiano Venier ; the wings were commanded by the Venetian Agostino Barbarigo and the Genoese Gianandrea Doria . The Republic of Venice contributed 109 galleys and six galleasses, 49 galleys came from the Spanish Empire (including 26 from the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily, and other Italian territories), 27 galleys of the Genoese fleet , seven galleys from

2772-504: The Spanish Empire's troops were drawn from the Kingdom of Naples, mostly Calabria), 7,000 Germans, 6,000 Italian mercenaries in Spanish pay, all good troops, in addition to 5,000 professional Venetian soldiers. A significant number of Greeks also participated in the conflict on the side of the Holy League with three Venetian galleys commanded by Greek captains. The historian George Finlay estimated that over 25,000 Greeks fought on

2849-733: The Spanish composer based in Rome Fernando de las Infantas . The other piece of music is Jacobus de Kerle 's "Cantio octo vocum de sacro foedere contra Turcas" 1572 (Song in Eight Voices on the Holy League Against the Turks), in the opinion of Pettitt (2006) an "exuberantly militaristic" piece celebrating the victory. There were celebrations and festivities with triumphs and pageants at Rome and Venice with Turkish slaves in chains. Giovanni Pietro Contarini's History of

2926-429: The Turkish left. But Doria's captains were enraged, interpreting their commander's signals as a sign of treachery. When Doria had opened a wide gap with the Christian centre, Uluç Ali swung around and fell on Colonna's southern flank, with Doria too far away to interfere. Ali attacked a group of some fifteen galleys around the flagship of the Knights of Malta , threatening to break into the Christian centre and still turn

3003-557: The Turkish ships were supplied with arms and joined in the fighting, turning the battle in favour of the Christian side. Meanwhile, the centres clashed with such force that Ali Pasha's galley drove into the Real as far as the fourth rowing bench, and hand-to-hand fighting commenced around the two flagships, between the Spanish Tercio infantry and the Turkish janissaries. When the Real was nearly taken, Colonna came alongside, with

3080-462: The Turkish side about 30,000. The engagement was a significant defeat for the Ottomans, who had not lost a major naval battle since the fifteenth century. However, the Holy League failed to capitalize on the victory, and while the Ottoman defeat has often been cited as the historical turning-point initiating the eventual stagnation of Ottoman territorial expansion, this was by no means an immediate consequence. The Christian victory at Lepanto confirmed

3157-699: The age is inexact and serves only as a general description. The term is used differently for warships and merchant vessels. By the 14th century naval artillery was employed in Europe, documented at the Battle of Arnemuiden (1338). The 15th century saw the Iberian naval ventures all the way along the African Atlantic coast and across the Atlantic Ocean, starting the Age of Discovery . For warships,

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3234-402: The age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar -propelled galleys played a major role, to the development of steam-powered warships . The period between the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, when sailing vessels reached their peak of size and complexity (e.g. clippers and windjammers ), is sometimes referred to as

3311-434: The allied fleet and headed for the safety of the fortress of Modon . The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don Juan squandered the opportunity. Pius V died on 1 May 1572. The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573,

3388-600: The battle. It was sculpted by Andrea Calamech and dedicated in 1572. There was an immediate poetical response to the victory at Lepanto. In Italy alone 233 titles of sonnets, madrigals and poems were printed between 1571 and 1573, some of these including writing in dialect or Latin. This was replicated by the Spanish response, with poems in Catalan and the Mallorcan dialect and full scale epics by Juan Latino ( Austriados libri duo 1573), Jerónimo Corte-Real ( Austriada ou Felicissima Victoria , 1578) and es:Juan Rufo ( La Austriada , 1586). Though these longer works have, in

3465-427: The beginning of the 20th century, more than 75% of all Bahamians lived in the Out Islands; by the 1970s, two-thirds of all Bahamians lived in Nassau or elsewhere on New Providence Island. This dramatic population shift was related to a lack of stable job market in the Out Islands; only pineapple cultivation and salt-raking provided steady wage jobs, and only on a few islands. Today, tourism is economically significant in

3542-504: The bow of his galley, and mounted a counter-attack. With the help of Colonna, the Turks were pushed off the Real and the Turkish flagship was boarded and swept. The entire crew of turkish's flagship was killed, including Ali Pasha himself. The banner of the Holy League was hoisted on the captured ship, breaking the morale of the Turkish galleys nearby. After two hours of fighting, the Turks were beaten left and centre, although fighting continued for another two hours. A flag taken at Lepanto by

3619-441: The centre body. Ali Pasha is supposed to have told his Christian galley slaves, "If I win the battle, I promise you your liberty. If the day is yours, then God has given it to you." John of Austria, more laconically, warned his crew, "There is no paradise for cowards." The lookout on the Real sighted the Turkish van at dawn of 7 October. Don Juan called a council of war and decided to offer battle. He travelled through his fleet in

3696-408: The commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in wind assisted ships as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of sustainability . A New Age of Sail has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in energy technology and a desire to reduce carbon emissions from maritime shipping through wind-assisted propulsion . The book Trade Winds: A Voyage to

3773-433: The conflict in his lively narrative poem Lepanto , first published in 1911 and republished many times since. It provided a series of poetic visions of the major characters in the battle, particularly the leader of the Christian forces, Don Juan of Austria, then closed with verses linking Miguel de Cervantes , who also fought in the battle, with the "lean and foolish knight" he would later immortalise in Don Quixote . At

3850-434: The difference between your loss and ours. In wrestling Cyprus from you, we deprived you of an arm; in defeating our fleet, you have only shaved our beard. An arm when cut off cannot grow again; but a shorn beard will grow all the better for the razor. In 1572, the allied Christian fleet resumed operations and faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under Kılıç Ali Pasha , but the Ottoman commander actively avoided engaging

3927-412: The dominance of sailing ships in global trade and warfare culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of naval artillery , and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of steam power . Enabled by the advances of the related Age of Navigation , it is identified as a distinctive element of the early modern period and the Age of Discovery . Like most periodic eras , defining

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4004-415: The first fight between ironclads. The Suez Canal in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter European-Asian sea route , which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with Agamemnon in 1865. By 1873, the Age of Sail for warships had ended, with HMS  Devastation commissioned in 1871. Devastation

4081-408: The fleet of the Holy League which was sailing east from Messina , Sicily . The fleet of the Holy League consisted of 109 galleys and six galleasses from the Republic of Venice , 49 galleys from the Spanish Empire , 27 galleys from the Republic of Genoa , seven galleys from the Papal States , five galleys from the Order of Saint Stephen and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , three galleys from

4158-416: The former were gradually replaced in all galley fleets (including those of Venice from 1549) during the 16th century by cheaper slaves, convicts, and prisoners-of-war owing to rapidly rising costs. The Venetian oarsmen were mainly free citizens and able to bear arms, adding to the fighting power of their ships, whereas convicts were used to row many of the galleys in other Holy League squadrons. Ali Pasha ,

4235-433: The general misery of battle. Many Greek rowers serving on Turkish galleys managed to seize them with mutiny and deliver them in time to the Christian allies. At the end of the battle, the Christians had taken 117 galleys and 20 galliots, and sunk or destroyed some 50 other ships. Around ten thousand Turks were taken prisoner, and many thousands of Christian slaves were rescued. The Christian side suffered around 7,500 deaths,

4312-460: The main force from Venice under Sebastiano Venier , later Doge of Venice , in July and August 1571 at Messina , Sicily . The Christian fleet consisted of 206 galleys and six galleasses (large new galleys with substantial artillery , developed by the Venetians). John of Austria, half-brother of Philip II of Spain, was named by Pope Pius V as overall commander of the fleet and led the centre division, with his principal deputies and counselors being

4389-413: The maritime nations of the Ottoman Empire—mainly Greeks (according to Finlay, around 5,000 ), Berbers , Syrians , and Egyptians —and 25,000 soldiers from the Ottoman Empire as well as a few thousand from their North African allies. While soldiers on board the ships were roughly matched in numbers, an advantage for the Christians was the numerical superiority in guns and cannon aboard their ships. It

4466-502: The meaning and importance of these events. It is also the only full historical account by an immediate commentator, blending his straightforward narrative with keen and consistent reflections on the political philosophy of conflict in the context of the Ottoman–Catholic confrontation in the early modern Mediterranean. There are many pictorial representations of the battle. Prints of the order of battle appeared in Venice and Rome in 1571. Numerous paintings were commissioned, including one in

4543-469: The morning of 7 October, after the decision to offer battle was made, the Christian fleet formed up in four divisions in a north–south line: The Ottoman fleet consisted of 57 galleys and two galliots on its right under Mehmed Siroco, 61 galleys and 32 galliots in the centre under Ali Pasha in the Sultana , and about 63 galleys and 30 galliots in the south offshore under Uluç Ali . A small reserve consisted of eight galleys, 22 galliots, and 64 fustas , behind

4620-404: The most fertile agricultural areas near the cities, with adverse effects on the economy of the Venetian cities in the region. Peace would hold between the two states until the Cretan War of 1645. In 1574, the Ottomans retook the strategic city of Tunis from the Spanish-supported Hafsid dynasty, which had been re-installed after John of Austria's forces reconquered the city from the Ottomans

4697-447: The northern shore of the Gulf. Barbarigo had attempted to stay so close to the shore as to prevent Sirocco from surrounding him, but Sirocco, knowing the depth of the waters, managed to still insert galleys between Barbarigo's line and the coast. In the ensuing mêlée, the ships came so close to each other as to form an almost continuous platform of hand-to-hand fighting in which both leaders were killed. The Christian galley slaves freed from

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4774-418: The opening of the Gulf of Corinth on 6 October. Serious conflict had broken out between Venetian and Spanish soldiers, and Venier enraged Don Juan by hanging a Spanish soldier for impudence. Despite bad weather, the Christian ships sailed south and, on 6 October, reached the port of Sami, Cephalonia (then also called Val d'Alessandria), where they remained for a while. Early on 7 October, they sailed toward

4851-419: The peace treaty of 7 March 1573, which concluded the War of Cyprus . Venice was forced to accept loser's terms in spite of the victory at Lepanto. Cyprus was formally ceded to the Ottoman Empire , and Venice agreed to pay an indemnity of 300,000 ducats . In addition, the border between the two powers in Dalmatia was modified by the Turkish occupation of small but important parts of the hinterland that included

4928-432: The side of the Holy League during the battle (both as soldiers and sailors/oarsmen) and stated that their numbers "far exceeded that of the combatants of any other nation engaged". Oarsmen were mainly drawn from local Greek populations, who were experienced in maritime affairs, although there were some Venetian oarsmen as well. Free oarsmen were generally acknowledged to be superior to enslaved or imprisoned oarsmen , but

5005-423: The siege and broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians, and had Marco Antonio Bragadin flayed alive . The members of the Holy League were the Republic of Venice , the Spanish Empire (including the Kingdom of Naples , the Habsburg monarchy , the Kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia as part of the Spanish possessions), the Papal States , the Republic of Genoa , the Duchies of Savoy , Urbino and Tuscany ,

5082-477: The stairs of Saint Peter's Basilica, Pius V is visible in front of a kneeling figure, identified as Marcantonio Colonna returning the standard of the Holy League to the pope. On high is the Madonna and child with victory palms. Tommaso Dolabella painted his The Battle of Lepanto in c. 1625–1630 on the commission of Stanisław Lubomirski , commander of the Polish left wing in the Battle of Khotyn (1621) . The monumental painting (3.05 m × 6.35 m) combines

5159-407: The start of the 20th century too, Emilio Salgari devoted his historical novel, Il Leone di Damasco ("The Lion of Damascus", 1910), to the Battle of Lepanto, which was eventually to be adapted to film by Corrado D'Errico in 1942. In 1942 as well, English author Elizabeth Goudge has a character in her war-time novel, The Castle on the Hill (1942), recall the leading role of John of Austria in

5236-541: The tide of the battle. This was prevented by the arrival of the reserve squadron commanded by Bazán. Uluç Ali was forced to retreat, escaping the battle with the captured flag of the Knights of Malta. Isolated fighting continued until the evening. Even after the battle had clearly turned against the Turks, groups of janissaries kept fighting to the last. It is said that at some point the Janissaries ran out of weapons and started throwing oranges and lemons at their Christian adversaries, leading to awkward scenes of laughter among

5313-400: The victory to the Virgin Mary , whose intercession with God they had implored for victory through the use of the Rosary . Andrea Doria had kept a copy of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Guadalupe given to him by King Philip II of Spain in his ship's state room. Pope Pius V instituted a new Catholic feast day of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate the battle, which is now celebrated by

5390-404: The wind shifted to favour the Christians, enabling most of the squadrons to reach their assigned position before contact. Four galeasses stationed in front of the Christian battle line opened fire at close quarters at the foremost Turkish galleys, confusing their battle array in the crucial moment of contact. Around noon, first contact was made between the squadrons of Barbarigo and Sirocco, close to

5467-695: The words of a later critic, "not unjustly been consigned to that oblivion which few epics have escaped", there was also a Spanish ballad which retained its popularity and was translated into English by Thomas Rodd in 1818. The most popular British poem on the subject was The Lepanto by King James VI of Scotland. Written in fourteeners about 1585, its thousand lines were ultimately collected in His Maiesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres (1591), then published separately in 1603 after James had become king of England too. There were also translations in other languages, including into Dutch as Den Slach van Lepanten (1593) by Abraham van der Myl, La Lepanthe ,

5544-529: The year before. Thanks to the long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance , the Ottomans were able to resume naval activity in the western Mediterranean. In 1576, the Ottomans assisted in Abdul Malik's capture of Fez – this reinforced the Ottoman indirect conquests in Morocco that had begun under Suleiman the Magnificent . The establishment of Ottoman suzerainty over the area placed the entire southern coast of

5621-539: Was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League , a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V , inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras . The Ottoman forces were sailing westward from their naval station in Lepanto (the Venetian name of ancient Naupactus – Greek Ναύπακτος , Turkish İnebahtı ) when they met

5698-402: Was led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha , Mahomet Sirocco and Occhiali . In the history of naval warfare , Lepanto marks the last major engagement in the Western world to be fought almost entirely between rowing vessels, namely the galleys and galleasses which were the direct descendants of ancient trireme warships. The battle was in essence an "infantry battle on floating platforms". It was

5775-781: Was the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850. Multiple steam battleships saw action during the Crimean war , especially the Allied (British, French and Ottoman) fleet Bombardment of Sevastopol as part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) . The first ironclad battleship, Gloire , was launched by the French Navy in November 1859. In the March 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads , the ironclad CSS  Virginia fought USS  Monitor , making this

5852-455: Was the first class of ocean-going battleships that did not carry sails. Sailing ships continued to be an economical way to transport bulk cargo on long voyages into the 1920s and 1930s, though steamships soon pushed them out of those trades as well. Sailing ships do not require fuel or complex engines to be powered; thus they tended to be more independent from sophisticated dedicated support bases on land. Crucially though, steam-powered ships held

5929-531: Was the largest financial contributor, though the Spaniards preferred to preserve most of their galleys for Spain's own wars against the nearby sultanates of the Barbary Coast rather than expend its naval strength for the benefit of Venice. The combined Christian fleet was placed under the command of John of Austria with Marcantonio Colonna as his principal deputy. The various Christian contingents met

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