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65-710: From 2017 to 2021, the Outaouais has a lower per capita disposable income than the rest of Quebec. It was $ 32,364 in 2021, compared to $ 34,180 in Quebec overall. In 2021, the unfavourable margin remained stable at 5.3%. The name of the region comes from the French name for the Ottawa River, which in turn comes from the French name for the Indigenous Odawa that lived near the region. Prior to European arrival in

130-492: A net rate of +0.14% from 2016 to 2021. Interregional migration rate In 2021, the situation on the Outaouais labour market has improved. Employment increased by 9,500 positions. The participation rate increased to 63.7%. The negative gap between the region's participation rate and that of Quebec narrowed from 1.0 to 0.4 percentage points. The employment rate increased to 60.2% in the region. The region now has an employment rate comparable to that of Quebec (60.1%). Since 1999,

195-454: A peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794, Anthony Wayne built a string of forts in the upper Maumee River watershed, including Fort Defiance , across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth. While the British had encouraged

260-803: A practice that ended about 250 CE. The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated. The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the Council of Three Fires . Together they fought the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (who came from the East) and the Dakota people . In 1615 French explorer Samuel de Champlain met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call les cheueux releuez " (modern French: cheveux relevés (hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near

325-646: Is an island in Lake Huron , located within the borders of the Canadian province of Ontario , in the bioregion known as Laurentia . With an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), it is the largest lake island in the world, large enough that it has over 100 lakes itself. In addition to the historic Anishinaabe and European settlement of the island, archaeological discoveries at Sheguiandah have demonstrated Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures dating from 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC. The current name of

390-515: Is characterized by long stretches of marked seasonal differences. The island has two incorporated towns ( Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay ), eight townships ( Assiginack , Billings , Burpee and Mills , Central Manitoulin , Dawson , Gordon/Barrie Island , Robinson and Tehkummah ) and six Anishinaabe reserves ( M'Chigeeng , Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Aundeck Omni Kaning, Wiikwemkoong and Zhiibaahaasing ). During

455-481: Is dominated by tertiarization . The tertiary sector's percentage of total employment (86.1%) is substantially larger than that reported in Quebec overall (79.7%). This finding is explained by the significance of public services. In 2021, the Outaouais would account for 4.7% of Quebec's population and 4.6% of its jobs. Odawa The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa / oʊ ˈ d ɑː w ə / ) are an Indigenous American people who primarily inhabit land in

520-430: Is heavily geared towards the service sector. In 2021, the primary sector in the Outaouais accounted for a lower proportion of jobs than the primary sector in Quebec as a whole (1.4% vs. 2.2%). Also, the manufacturing sector employed fewer people than the rest of Quebec (4.0% vs. 11.3%). Nonetheless, the construction sector employed more people in the Outaouais (8.4%) than in Quebec overall (6.7%). The region's economy

585-459: Is located on Manitoulin Island near the underwater cave where legend has it that the spirit dwells. The modern Odawa name for Manitoulin Island is Mnidoo Mnis , meaning "Spirit Island". Manitoulin Island contains a number of lakes of its own. In order of size, its three most prominent lakes are Lake Manitou , Lake Kagawong and Lake Mindemoya . These three lakes in turn have islands within them,

650-582: Is made up of numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe , characterized by frequent syncope . Odawaa (syncoped as Daawaa , is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word adaawe , meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to

715-713: Is the largest island in a lake on an island in a lake in the world. Motors are prohibited on boats on Nameless Lake . The island also has four major rivers: the Kagawong , Manitou River , Blue Jay Creek in Michael's Bay and Mindemoya rivers, which provide spawning grounds for salmon and trout . The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association was formed in 2000 and incorporated in 2007. The organization rehabilitates streams, rivers and creeks on Manitoulin Island to improve water quality and

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780-406: The 1900 Hull–Ottawa fire . Hull remained a city until 2002, when it was merged with several neighboring cities to form the current city of Gatineau . For the next few years, the Outaouais is predicted to enjoy continuous demographic increase. From 2021 to 2026, the region's population is predicted to expand faster than the rest of Quebec (+4.8% against +4.2%). Longer-term projections show that

845-727: The Anishinaabeg , related to but distinct from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples. After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on Manitoulin Island , near the northern shores of Lake Huron , and the Bruce Peninsula in the present-day province of Ontario , Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the Ottawa River , and in what became

910-673: The Cree , Algonquin , Nipissing , Innu , Odawa, and Ojibwe. The Potawatomi spelling of Odawa and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The Anishinaabe word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is Wadaawewinini(wag). Fr. Frederic Baraga , a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language as "Watawawininiwok," noting that it meant "men of

975-476: The Eastern Woodlands region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada . Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their peoples are federally recognized as Native American tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized First Nations bands in Canada. They are one of

1040-840: The French and Indian War and contributed to the Seven Years' War on the European continent. In 1795, under the Treaty of Greenville , the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa. In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Wyandot people , in signing

1105-752: The Ho-Chunk , and Sioux (from Naadawensiw ) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of New France , the Odawa became so important to the French and Canadians in fur trade that before 1670, colonists in Quebec (then called Canada ) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as Anishinaabe ( Neshnabek ) meaning "people." The mostly highly prized fur

1170-651: The Ojibwe language group, noted for its frequent syncope . In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as Nishnabemwin , while the Odawa language is called Daawaamwin . Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in Ontario and Michigan speak this language. The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma has three fluent speakers. According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in Wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls),

1235-632: The Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, dating at least to 10,000 BC and possibly to 30,000 years ago. Additional studies were undertaken by a team he led from the National Museum of Canada in succeeding years. Popular interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to Ontario's passing legislation in 1953 to protect its archaeological sites. A team performed excavations again in the early 1990s, applying new methods of analysis from botany and other scientific disciplines. They concluded

1300-769: The Shawnee in Southwest Ohio; and the Delaware (Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio." In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their French trading partners against the British in the Seven Years' War , known as the French and Indian War in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief Pontiac has historically been reported to have been born at

1365-644: The Treaty of Detroit under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and William Hull , representing the Michigan Territory , gave the United States a large portion of today's Southeastern Michigan and a section of northwest Ohio near the Maumee River . Many Odawa bands moved away from the European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in

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1430-587: The War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. They ceded the island to the British Crown in 1836; the government set aside the land as a refuge for Natives. In 1838 Jean-Baptiste Proulx re-established a Roman Catholic mission . The Jesuits took over the mission in 1845. In 1862, the government opened up the island to settlement by non-Native people by the Manitoulin Island treaty. As

1495-610: The Wikwemikong chief did not accept this treaty, his people's reserve was held back from being offered for development. That reserve remains unceded. On August 7, 1975, the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve reasserted their claim to sovereignty over the islands off the east end of Manitoulin Island, declaring, "Wikwemikong Band has jurisdiction over its reservation lands and surrounding waters." The province erected an Ontario Historical Plaque on

1560-428: The escarpment , provides a lookout over the island. Manitoulin Island experiences a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with moderation from Lake Huron . The island experiences warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Manitoulin Island has a comparable climate to that of Hokkaido, Japan ( hemiboreal climate), despite being on the same latitude as Lugano, Switzerland , which has a temperate climate . The island

1625-532: The fur trade with the French. As part of what was called the Beaver Wars , the Iroquois drove the Anishinaabe people from the island by 1650. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, to purify the island from disease, the people burned their settlements as they left. The island was mostly uninhabited for nearly 150 years. Native people ( Odawa , Ojibwe , Potawatomi ) began to return to the island following

1690-812: The 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the Northwest Indian War . The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated. In 1792 President George Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on

1755-531: The Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief Memeskia . He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $ 300,000 worth (in today's dollars ) of trade goods. This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to

1820-560: The French colonists built Fort Detroit and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula, and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio. With movements of

1885-553: The Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community. Ettawageshik recorded Anishinaabe stories that speak of how the Anishinaabe people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by Howard Webkamigada and published as the book Ottawa Stories from

1950-706: The Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers , near the future site of Maumee, Ohio and about 11 miles upriver of present-day Toledo . In the winter of 1751–1752, Charles Langlade began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to Pickawillany . They attacked

2015-616: The Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area. After passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of Indian Territory : the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands. The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906,

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2080-570: The Odawa as an ally of the British in the American Revolutionary War . He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan. The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States. Following the Revolutionary War, in

2145-403: The Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers. The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in cornmeal , sunflower oil , furs and skins , rugs and mats , tobacco , and medicinal roots and herbs ." The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of

2210-517: The Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or Turtle Island , and from a region called Dawnland along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples). Directed by the miigis (luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the Saint Lawrence River . At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now Detroit , Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups,

2275-597: The Ojibwe and Odawa on Manitoulin and Cockburn Island were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa. In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of

2340-539: The Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi. There is archaeological evidence that the Saugeen complex people, a Hopewell -influenced group who were located on the Bruce Peninsula during the Middle Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork mounds for burials,

2405-409: The Outaouais has generally had a lower unemployment rate than Quebec as a whole. In 2021, this trend continued; the unemployment rate decreased by 2.5 percentage points to 5.6%, compared to 6.1% for Quebec as a whole. This decrease is explained by the improvement in employment. The Outaouais' industrial structure matches its mission, which is concentrated on government services. As a result, the economy

2470-1093: The Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong ezhinikaadek .   The following are or were Odawa villages: By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottawa in Ohio were concentrated in the northwest area along the Maumee River (which has its mouth at Lake Erie.) The reservations and reserves listed below resulted from the Treaty of Greenville (1795), and following ones. These are listed by Frederick Webb Hodge in his 1910 history of American Indians North of Mexico. Also see Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History" United States: Canada: Canada: United States: Manitoulin Island Manitoulin Island ( / ˌ m æ n ə ˈ t uː l ɪ n / MAN -ə- TOO -lin )

2535-555: The bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the Ottawa River . But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the Matàwackariniwak, a historical Algonquin band who lived along the Ottawa River. The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians ; the rest are considered Ottawa. Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to

2600-435: The city of Ottawa , Ontario , and the Ottawa River . The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them. Ottawa, Ohio , is the county seat of Putnam County , developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an Ottawa, Kansas . The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of

2665-479: The confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern Defiance, Ohio , later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a rebellion against the British , but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region. A decade later, Chief Egushawa (also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie (where Toledo later developed) led

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2730-536: The federally recognized Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada. There has been one major anthropological study of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians . Jane Willetts Ettawageshik devoted approximately two years of study in

2795-595: The fisheries resource. The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association has conducted enhancement strategies for the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek. The association has rehabilitated 17 major sites on the Manitou River and three major sites on Blue Jay Creek; it has completed work on Bass Lake Creek and Norton's Creek. The organization plans to start work on the Mindemoya River in 2010. Although culturally and politically considered part of Northern Ontario ,

2860-429: The island and Border Patrol clearance. As of 2016 , the population was 13,255. Ethnic groups Religious groups The most common first languages on Manitoulin Island in 2016 were English (80.8%), Ojibwe (11.2%), French (2.8%), German (0.8%), and Odawa (0.8%). In 1952 archaeologist Thomas E. Lee discovered Sheguiandah on the island, a prehistoric site. During excavation, he found artefacts of

2925-426: The island is physiographically part of Southern Ontario , an "eastward extension of the Interior Plains, a region characterized by low relief and sedimentary underpinnings". The island consists mainly of dolomite as it is a continuation of the Bruce Peninsula and Niagara Escarpment . This geological rock formation runs south into Niagara Falls and continues into New York . The "Cup and Saucer Trail", which climbs

2990-404: The island is the English version, via French , of the Ottawa or Ojibwe name Manidoowaaling (ᒪᓂᑝᐙᓕᓐᒃ), which means "cave of the spirit". It was named for an underwater cave where a powerful spirit is said to live. By the 19th century, the Odawa "l" was pronounced as "n". The same word with a newer pronunciation is used for the town Manitowaning (19th-century Odawa "Manidoowaaning"), which

3055-414: The island's trademark hawberries . These berries are so distinctive that people born on the island are referred to as " Haweaters ". Each year on the August long weekend , the island hosts the Haweater Festival. The festival attracts numerous tourists; it features parades, firework shows, craft shows, and rural competitions such as horse pulls. Year-round motor-vehicle access to the island is available via

3120-439: The larger part of Lake Huron to its south and west from Georgian Bay to its east and the North Channel to the north. Manitoulin Island itself has 108 freshwater lakes, some of which have their own islands; in turn several of these "islands within islands" have their own ponds. Lake Manitou , at 104 km (40 sq mi), is the largest lake in a freshwater island in the world, and Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya

3185-458: The largest of these being Lake Mindemoya's 33-hectare (82-acre) Treasure Island , located in the centre of Mindemoya. The island is the site of the administrative office of the band government of the Sheshegwaning First Nation . The island has an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), making it the largest freshwater island in the world, the 174th largest island in the world and Canada's 31st largest island . The island separates

3250-427: The lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the Mascouten . In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful Mohawk people (of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the Beaver Wars . The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in

3315-489: The mouth of the French River . Of these, he said: "Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced." In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the Huron Confederacy . The Jesuit Relations of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in

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3380-524: The one-lane Little Current Swing Bridge , which crosses the North Channel at Little Current . From late May to early October, a daily passenger-vehicle ferry, the MS  Chi-Cheemaun ( Ojibwe for "Big Canoe"), travels between Tobermory on the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth . Winter ice prevents ferry service during that season. There are two airports on the island. Gore Bay-Manitoulin Airport , and Manitoulin East Municipal Airport , which opened in 1988. Both allow small planes access to

3445-416: The present-day states of Michigan and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the Great Lakes in what became the United States. In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and Oklahoma (former Indian Territory , United States). The Ottawa dialect is part of the Algonquian language family . This large family

3510-418: The region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking Erie , were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired immunity to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities. In 1701

3575-409: The region's population will expand faster than Quebec's for each following five-year period. Year after year, the Outaouais' net migration (inflows minus outflows) with other areas is positive. Yet, for the first time in 20 years, the area had negative net migration in 2020-2021. Historically, the Outaouais area averaged positive inter-regional migration balances, gaining 541 residents each year for

3640-462: The region, the areas along the Ottawa River were commonly used by various tribes to trade and gather. The oldest European settlement in the region is Hull (now a neighbourhood of Gatineau) which was founded in 1800 by Philemon Wright as Wright's Town. The settlement quickly became involved in the lumber trade, which continued along the Ottawa River until the late 20th century. None of the original town buildings remain today, as they were destroyed in

3705-407: The route used by the French colonial voyageurs and coureurs des bois to reach Lake Superior . The first known European to settle on the island was Father Joseph Poncet , a French Jesuit , who set up a mission near Wiikwemkoong in 1648. The Jesuits called the island "Isle de Ste-Marie". In addition, the Five Nations of the Iroquois began raiding the island and area to try to control

3770-404: The same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language. Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the North American interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations’ own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include Winnebago (from Wiinibiigoo ) for

3835-403: The site was at least 9500 years old, making it one of the most significant in Ontario. Manitoulin means spirit island in Anishinaabemowin ( Ojibwe language ). The island is considered sacred by the Native Anishinaabe people, who identify as the "People of the Three Fires ." This loose confederation is made up of the Ojibwe , Odawa and Potawatomi tribes. The North Channel was part of

3900-460: The summer, the population (12,600 permanent residents) on the island grows by more than a quarter due to tourists coming for boating and other activities in scenic surroundings. The island, along with several smaller neighbouring islands, constitutes the Manitoulin District census division of Ontario. Manitoulin Island's soil is relatively alkaline , which precludes the growth of common Northern Ontario flora such as blueberries , but allows for

3965-472: The territory of the Maumee River. Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River. In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting reservations at Blanchard's Creek and the Little Auglaize River in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against

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4030-404: The tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern: "Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the English, in the south and east, the Miami settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the Wyandot settled in Central Ohio;

4095-400: The tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'" The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over

4160-436: The village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen Miami men and captured five English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped

4225-472: Was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and alcohol." Up to the time of Nicolas Perrot , the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through Green Bay, Wisconsin , or Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan . They allegedly did "their best to exploit"

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