36-558: Outeniqua may refer to: Outeniqua Mountains , a mountain range that runs a parallel to the southern coast of South Africa SAS Outeniqua , a sealift and replenishment ship operated by the South African Navy 1396 Outeniqua , an asteroid of the Main Belt Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
72-460: A Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprop aircraft. Near George Airport , the pilots lost visibility in clouds and were unable to land, partly due to unusable navigational equipment. While circling, the plane crashed into the Outeniqua mountains northeast of the airport. Cronje, aged 32, and the two pilots were killed instantly. The range is characterized by gentle southern slopes and steep drops on
108-418: A browser , the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Gestation lasts around six months, following which a single calf is born; births peak from spring to early summer. The calf leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. Its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , Somaliland and Ethiopia in
144-422: A browser , the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Grasses, eaten mainly in the wet season, form a minor portion of the diet. Some plants, such as Vellozia , may be preferred seasonally. Klipspringer depend mainly on succulent plants , and not on water bodies, to meet their water requirement. They can stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) above
180-466: A Khoikhoi tribe that once lived in the mountains, and means "they who bear honey". Indigenous rock paintings can still be found in the area. The San and Khoi people inhabited the mountains before the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s. The rugged mountains have long posed a barrier to the Klein Karoo and early settlers in the late 1600s used to follow herds of elephants to find easier ways through
216-550: A few metres away from the danger. Other social groups include small family herds of eight or more members or solitary individuals. Klipspringer greet one another by rubbing cheeks at social meetings. Males form territories , 7.5–49 hectares ( 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 –121 acres) large (the size depends on rainfall patterns), in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Males are generally more vigilant than females. Klipspringer form large dung heaps, nearly 1 m (3 ft 3 in) across and 10 cm (4 in) deep, at
252-567: A large area; 10 to 14 individuals occur per square kilometre in the Simien Mountains National Park , Ethiopia. However, the habitat is typically rocky over long stretches and grassy terrain is discontinuous; consequently the population density is typically between 0.01 and 0.1 individual per square kilometre. The antelope occurs in significant numbers across eastern and southern Africa; its range extends from northeastern Sudan , Eritrea , northern Somalia and Ethiopia in
288-403: A single calf, weighing slightly more than 1 kg (2 lb), is born; births peak from spring to early summer. Births take place in dense vegetation. The newborn is carefully hidden for up to three months to protect it from the view of predators; the mother suckles it three to four times a day, the visits gradually lengthen as the offspring grows. Males are protective of their offspring, keeping
324-516: A watch for other males and predators. The calf is weaned at four to five months, and leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer lives for around 15 years. The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. It migrates to lowlands at times of food scarcity. The klipspringer occurs at altitudes as high as 4,500 m (15,000 ft) on Mount Kilimanjaro . The klipspringer can occur at high population densities in favourable habitats extending over
360-469: Is a shrill whistle, given out by the klipspringer pair in a duet, as a means of communication or anti-predator response. Predators include the baboon , black-backed jackal , caracal , crowned eagle , leopard , martial eagle , serval , spotted hyena and Verreaux's eagle . Birds such as familiar chats , pale-winged starlings , red-winged starlings and yellow-bellied bulbuls have been observed feeding on ectoparasites of klipspringer. Primarily
396-506: Is a small, sturdy antelope; it reaches 43–60 centimetres (17– 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) at the shoulder and weighs from 8 to 18 kilograms (18 to 40 pounds). The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat. Unlike most other antelopes, the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The horns , short and spiky, typically measure 7.5–9 cm (3– 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in). Typically nocturnal ,
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#1732764681315432-526: Is based on this study. Tragelaphus Suni ( Neotragus moschatus ) Klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus ) Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirkii ) Cephalophus Philantomba As many as 11 subspecies have been identified, though zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb treat a few of them as independent species in a 2011 publication: The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope reaching 43–60 cm (17– 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) at
468-690: The Cape sugarbird and other fynbos birds. In 1908, work started on a railway route over the range from George to Oudtshoorn . This required the building of seven tunnels and numerous long cuttings. The line was opened in August 1913. The first road pass to cross the range into the Langkloof went via Duiwelskop, some 32 km east of George. In 1816, Cradock Pass, named after the Governor, Sir John Cradock , finished construction, and became known as
504-449: The "Voortrekker Road". It had a difficult reputation. As early as 1831, Magistrate George van der Riet had inspected the road and found it to be a "complete bar" for all trade activities, and it had been characterised over time variously as "the most formidably bad, if not of all roads I ever saw", a "stupendous mountain" and "dangerous and very bad". In 1847, a vastly improved Montagu Pass was constructed by convict labour, and named after
540-663: The Colonial Secretary, John Montagu . In 1943, to cope with the increasing demands of modern traffic, construction was started on the Outeniqua Pass , using the labour of Italian prisoners of war. At the end of World War II the Italians returned home with the greater part of the pass unfinished. The pass was opened to traffic in September 1951, having cost approximately £500 000. Two other road passes cross
576-481: The Maasai klipspringer, Stevenson's klipspringer and Zambian klipspringer. Cape klipspringer populations tend to have the largest males, while Maasai klipspringer exhibit the largest females. Typically nocturnal (active mainly at night), the klipspringer rests during the midday and at late night; the animal tends to be more active on moonlit nights. It basks in the morning sunlight to warm itself. A gregarious animal,
612-779: The Outeniqua Khoikhoi who lived there, is a mountain range that runs a parallel to the southern coast of South Africa, and forms a continuous range with the Langeberg to the west and the Tsitsikamma Mountains to the east. It was known as Serra de Estrella (Mountain of the Star) to the Portuguese. The mountains are part of the Garden Route of South Africa . "Outeniqua" is said to be derived from
648-452: The Outeniqua range are klipspringer , grey rhebuck, leopard and various rodents . The Outeniqua mountain range is also home to a very small number of African elephants. Although described as functionally extinct, new sightings of these very elusive animals, including that of a young bull give hope that the fabled animals might with time become re-established in the Outeniqua reserve. Birds include black eagles and other raptors as well as
684-608: The Outeniqua: the Robinson Pass west of George; and Prince Alfred's Pass, which connects Uniondale with Knysna . Klipspringer See text The klipspringer ( / ˈ k l ɪ p ˌ s p r ɪ ŋ ər / ; Oreotragus oreotragus ) is a small antelope found in eastern and southern Africa . The sole member of its genus and subfamily/tribe, the klipspringer was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The klipspringer
720-485: The area. The region was first explored by white settlers in 1668. In 1782 French explorer ornithologist François Levaillant explored the area, and discovered farmers had settled at foot of the mountain range. On 1 June 2002, former South Africa cricket captain Hansie Cronje 's scheduled flight home from Johannesburg to George, Western Cape was grounded so he hitched a ride as the only passenger on board
756-485: The borders of territories; another form of marking is the secretion of a thick, black substance, measuring 5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 in) across, from the preorbital glands onto vegetation and rocks in the territories. A study revealed that the tick Ixodes neitzi detects and aggregates on twigs marked by the klipspringer. Another study showed that plants near the borders with neighbouring territories are particularly preferred for marking. The main vocalisation
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#1732764681315792-597: The east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. Smaller populations occur in the northern and western highlands of Central African Republic , southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo , Jos Plateau and east of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria . It is feared to be extinct in Burundi . The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies
828-409: The east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern . There are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Significant numbers occur on private farmlands. As of 2008, nearly 25% of
864-418: The eyes, and white lips and chin. The horns , short and spiky, present only on males, typically measure 7.5–9 cm (3– 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in); the maximum recorded horn length is 15.9 cm ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 in). The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat; the underbelly is white. Unlike most other antelopes,
900-503: The ground; some individuals in Namibia were observed climbing Faidherbia albida trees up to a height of 5.4 m (17 ft 9 in). The klipspringer is a seasonal breeder; the time when mating occurs varies geographically. Females become sexually mature by the time they are a year old; males take slightly longer to mature. Mating behaviour has not been extensively observed. Gestation lasts around six months, following which
936-565: The hair is less coarse. The hair often turns erect, especially if the animal is ill or if its temperature increases. Another feature unique to the klipspringer is its gait; it walks on the tips of its cylindrical, blunt hooves. This enhances the grip on the ground, enabling the animal to deftly climb and jump over rocky surfaces. The subspecies vary in coat colour – from golden yellow in the Cape klipspringer, Ethiopian klipspringer, golden klipspringer and Transvaal klipspringer to ochre or rufous in
972-433: The klipspringer as Least Concern . The klipspringer is hunted for its meat, leather and hair. However, there are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Moreover, the antelope does not have to compete with livestock, that do not frequent montane areas . However, populations at lower altitudes are more vulnerable to elimination. In 1999, Rod East of
1008-402: The klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The incisors might even get damaged by the hairs while grooming. However, the coat is a significant adaptation that saves the animal during steep falls and provides effective insulation in the extreme climates characteristic of its mountain habitat. A study showed that ticks occur in larger numbers on the underbelly, where
1044-483: The klipspringer rests during the middle of the day and late at night. A gregarious animal, the klipspringer is monogamous to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes exhibit long-term to lifelong pair bonding . The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m (16 ft) of each other at most times. Males form territories , 7.5–49 hectares ( 18 + 1 ⁄ 2 –121 acres), in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Primarily
1080-433: The klipspringer, like the dik-diks and the oribi , exhibits monogamy to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes form pairs that might last until one dies. The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m (16 ft) of each other at most times; for instance, they take turns at keeping a lookout for predators while the other feeds, and face any danger together. The klipspringer will hop
1116-452: The north side down to the low valley Little Karoo . High points include Cradock Peak at 1578 m and George Peak at 1370 m located to the north of George . The varying conditions create diverse habitats. On the south-facing slopes there is montane fynbos at higher, moister altitudes, while the north hosts karroid and renosterveld shrubland. On the mesic southern slopes there are Afromontane gallery forests. The high rainfall on
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1152-417: The populations occur in protected areas throughout its range. The scientific name of the klipspringer is Oreotragus oreotragus / ˌ ɔːr i ˈ ɒ t r ə ɡ ə s / , from Greek ὄρος ( óros ), "mountain", and τράγος ( trágos ), "he-goat". It is the sole member of the genus Oreotragus and subfamily Oreotraginae or tribe Oreotragini , and is classified under the family Bovidae . The species
1188-478: The range has created numerous perennial streams used for irrigation in the Olifants River valley. While the climate along the range is generally hot to moderate, with an average summer temperature of 20.5 °C, weather conditions can vary greatly. In winter the temperature can drop to 5 °C (and even lower on the southern slopes) and snowfalls may occur on the higher peaks. Among the animals found in
1224-460: The shoulder. The head-and-body length is typically between 75 and 115 cm (30 and 45 in). It weighs from 8 to 18 kg (18 to 40 lb). The klipspringer is sexually dimorphic ; females are slightly larger and heavier than the males. The tail measures 6.5–10.5 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in). Prominent facial features include the brown forehead, short ears marked with black, prominent preorbital glands near
1260-494: The title Outeniqua . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outeniqua&oldid=861865198 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Outeniqua Mountains The Outeniqua Mountains , named after
1296-548: Was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The vernacular name "klipspringer" is a compound of the Afrikaans words klip ("rock") and springer ("leaper"). Another name for this antelope is "klipbok". A 2012 phylogenetic study showed that the klipspringer is closely related to Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirkii ) and the suni ( Neotragus moschatus ). The klipspringer evolved nearly 14 million years ago. The cladogram below
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