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21-701: An outrigger describes any contraposing float rigging beyond the side ( gunwale ) of a boat to improve the vessel's stability. If a single outrigger is used it is usually but not always windward . The technology was originally developed by the Austronesian people . There are two main types of boats with outriggers: double outriggers (prevalent in maritime Southeast Asia ) and single outriggers (prevalent in Madagascar , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia ). Multihull ships are also derived from outrigger boats. In an outrigger canoe and in sailboats such as

42-462: A British professional rower, popularised the use of the modern tubular-metal version and the top rowing events accepted the physiological and ergonomic advantages so acceded to its use in competitions. In recent decades, some manufacturers of racing shells have developed wing-riggers which are reinforced arcs or flattened tubular projections akin to aircraft wings, instead of conventional triangular structures. Rigging Rigging comprises

63-476: A keelboat , "outrigger" refers to a variety of structures by which the running rigging (such as a sheet ) may be attached outboard (outside the lateral limits) of the boat's hull . The Racing Rules of Sailing generally prohibit such outriggers, though they are explicitly permitted on specific classes, such as the IMOCA Open 60 used in several major offshore races. In fishing from vessels, an outrigger

84-720: A spreader . Bending can induce unseen stress fractures. Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay , a backstay , and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under the load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals , swage terminals , shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators. Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by

105-408: A sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging. Theophrastus in his History of Plants ( c. 300 BCE) states that the rigging on King Antigonus ' fleet was made from papyrus reed . Rigging is divided into two classes, standing , which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and running , which controls

126-504: Is a pole or series of poles that allow boats to trawl more lines in the water without tangling and simulates a school of fish. In a rowing boat or galley , an outrigger (or rigger) is a triangular frame that holds the rowlock (into which the oar is slotted) away from the saxboard (or gunwale in gig rowing ) to optimize leverage. Wooden outriggers appear on the new trireme around the 7th or 6th centuries BC and later on Italian galleys around AD 1300 , while Harry Clasper (1812–1870),

147-409: Is by far the most common as it combines extreme strength, relative ease of assembling and rigging with reliability. Unlike rigid stainless steel rod, it is comparatively easy to recognize wear and stress as individual strands (normally 19) break often near a swage fitting , and can be inspected while standing. Solid rod stainless steel is more aerodynamic so is often used in extreme racing yachts but it

168-403: Is difficult to see stress as this requires professional inspection such as dye penetrate testing or x-raying . Rod rigging is strongest when terminated with a cold head rather than swage fittings. This process requires a different, expensive machine but yields a more durable end fitting. Rod-type stays fail suddenly (rather than strand by strand as a cable would), often where the rod bends around

189-759: Is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds. Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from the use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers, which include dacron , nylon and kevlar . Running rigging varies between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails, halyards (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On gaff-rigged vessels, topping lifts hold

210-399: The proa , an outrigger is a thin, long, solid, hull used to stabilise an inherently unstable main hull. The outrigger is positioned rigidly and parallel to the main hull so that the main hull is less likely to capsize . If only one outrigger is used on a vessel, its weight reduces the tendency to capsize in one direction and its buoyancy reduces the tendency in the other direction. On

231-432: The end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop the other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast , top mast , and topgallant mast . This construction relied heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction had a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft

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252-452: The fixed lines, wires, or rods, which support each mast or bowsprit on a sailing vessel and reinforce those spars against wind loads transferred from the sails . This term is used in contrast to running rigging , which represents the moveable elements of rigging which adjust the position and shape of the sails. Early sailing vessels used rope of hemp or other fibers, which gave way to wire ropes of various types. Galvanized steel

273-413: The large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line— lanyards —to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform, called a " top ", or cross-wise beams, called " crosstrees ". Each additional mast segment

294-464: The load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals , swage terminals , shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators. Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop

315-433: The orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing . Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging is almost always between a mast and the deck , using tension to hold the mast firmly in place. Due to its role, standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable. It

336-498: The other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast , top mast , and topgallant mast . This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes , circular blocks that have

357-630: The system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat 's masts and sails. Standing rigging is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays . Running rigging is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel's sails and spars including halyards , braces , sheets and vangs . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition "rigging" derives from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing , "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging"

378-477: The system of tensioning started with the stays that were anchored in front each mast. Shrouds were tensioned by pairs of deadeyes , circular blocks that had the large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allowed smaller line— lanyard —to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast were supported laterally by shrouds that connected to either

399-453: The yards across the top of the sail aloft. Sail shape is usually controlled by lines that pull at the corners of the sail, including the outhaul at the clew and the downhaul at the tack on fore-and-aft rigs. The orientation of sails to the wind is controlled primarily by sheets , but also by braces , which position the yard arms with respect to the wind on square-rigged vessels. Standing rigging Standing rigging comprises

420-458: Was common for the first half of the 20th century, continuing as an inexpensive option to its 1960s successor material—stainless steel cables and rods. In the late 20th Century, racing yachts adopted composite fiber lines for standing rigging, with the goal of reducing weight and windage aloft. On modern yachts, standing rigging is often stainless steel wire , Nitronic-50 stainless steel rod or synthetic fiber . Semi-rigid stainless steel wire

441-426: Was historically made of the same materials as running rigging, only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements. Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay , a backstay , and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under

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